Gender Equality At The Heart of Decent Work

At The Heart of Decent Work June 27, 28, 29, 2012 Kathmandu

Three-Day Gender Mainstreaming Workshop for ILO Tripartite Constituents and Gender Focal Persons in Government

Ministries

Gender Equality

DAY TWO

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Recap of Day 1

Reporting Team

What we learned yesterday….

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Technical Session 2

Understanding Gender:

Key Concepts

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Sex versus Gender

Technical Session 2

Group Work

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� Gather into two equal groups

� On a chart, draw two columns

� At the top of one column write “Man” and on other “Woman”

� Do a free-listing of words associated with these terms and write them in the appropriate column

Man Woman

You have 10 minutes!

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Sex Versus Gender

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Manifestations of Gender Stereotypes

Technical Session 2

Group Work

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� Divide in two groups

� One group “Home”, the other “Workplace”

� Answer the following:

� Type of work women and men perform or are given?

� What is the basis of this work distribution?

� What is the impact of this assigning of work on the basis of gender on men and women?

HomeWorkplace

Type of Work Basis of Work distribution

Impact of this work

Women

Men


Gender Stereotypes

Femininity & Masculinity

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Key Gender Concepts

Technical Session 2

Key Gender Concepts

Gender Equality and Equity

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Key Gender Concepts

Gender Gap and Justice

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Key Gender Concepts

Gender Division of Labour

� Depends on socioeconomic and cultural context

� Differentiation of work performed by women and men

� Women’s labour: Productive, Reproductive, Community

� Can be rigid or flexible, similar or different, conflicting or complementary

� Is subject to change 14

Key Gender Concepts

Practical and Strategic Gender Needs

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PRACTICAL NEEDS STRATEGIC NEEDS

Arise from actual conditions Vary according to social, economic and political contexts

Related to inadequacies in living and working conditions

Required to overcome the subordination of women to men

Often linked to the very survival Concerned with equality issues

Linked to gender roles and division of labour

Linked to gender roles and division of labour

Do not address power relations Alter power relations

Food, shelter, water, income, healthcare etc.

Decision-making, control over resources, legal rights etc.

Key Gender Concepts

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Gender Blind, Neutral and Aware

BLIND NEUTRAL AWARE/SENSITIVE

No recognition of existing differences

Knowledge of gender differences

Recognizes gender differences

No distinction between the two sexes

Overcome biases in delivery

Recognizes inequalities

Biased in favour of existing gender relations

Related to practical gender needs

Recognizes differing needs, interests and priorities

Excludes women Existing gender division of resources and responsibilities

Technical Session 3

Equality between women and men:

Approaches, Strategies and Principles

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Approaches to Tackling Gender Inequalities

Technical Session 3

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Approaches, Strategies and Principles WID GAD

WID Approach� Based on the principle of exclusion of women

� Promoted by feminist policy advocates as keys to access

� Getting women into policy/development processes

� Increasing the volume of women as clients or beneficiaries, ensuring more resources reached women

� Key words access, benefit, resource allocation

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WID Approach Outcomes� Material conditions of women improved to varying degrees

� Social and economic power relations with men remained unchanged

� Political marginalisation from the echelons of decision-making continued

� Given the institutional nature of exclusion, an institutional redress was required

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GAD Approach

� Recognises the importance of power redistribution in social relations

� Institutionalisation or mainstreaming the modus operandi

� Transcends an inclusion agenda to a transformative one

� Compelling consideration of gender issues across national development policy and planning; and ministries and departments with a rights-based approach

� Requires transformation in institutional structures, procedures and philosophies

� Embedding of a gender perspective in policy-making and implementation regimes

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The GAD approach Defined:� process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action

� strategy of making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated

� the ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality

� Key words transformation, entrenchment and equality


Sameness Perspective

� Men and women same – treated the same

� No consideration of biological and gender differences

� No consideration of social and economic reality of women

� Gender blind

� Disadvantages women

� Achieve male standards

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Protectionist Perspective

� Recognizes difference between men and women

� Aims to protect women as “weaker sex”

� Unsafe, inappropriate work

� Results in barring women

� Disadvantages women

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Equality in Outcomes Perspective

� Corrective perspective

� Recognizes difference but underlines equality

� Analyses the what and why of inequalities

� Aims at equality of outcomes

� Eliminates discrimination (corrective/positive action)

� Approach adopted by international human rights and labour law

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� Is not just women’s but everybody’s business

� Means better quality of life for all in society

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To overcome existing gender inequalities and give equal & fair chance to both sexes

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Roles of men and women are different in families and workplaces, therefore, their needs are different.

Practical needs

basic needs, survival needs

e.g. food, water, shelter, income, clothing and

healthcare

Strategic needsequality, empowermente.g. sharing of family

responsibilities & decision making, equal access to education and training


Technical Session 4

Gender Mainstreaming:

The Key to Gender Equality

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What is Gender Mainstreaming and

How is it Applied?

Technical Session 4

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What is Gender Mainstreaming

� Bringing gender issues into the mainstream in any planned action:

� legislation

� policies

� programmes

� budgets

in all areas & at all levels by all actors

� Globally accepted strategy for promoting gender equality

Not and end: means to an end!

What is Gender Mainstreaming

Gender Mainstreaming means

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Changing the way organizationswork so that the complexities anddifferences between men’s andwomen’s experiences, needs andpriorities are equally valued,automatically considered, andaddressed from the outset at alllevels, in all sectors, at all stages of an action.

That professionals working in organization, at all levels, no longer simply assume that either gender(especially women) willautomatically benefit from aproposed policy or project. Rather,it is consciously thinking abouthow this will happen.

But Equality Sometimes Requires Equity

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1 2

3 4

If a stork and a fox are hungry and you want to make sure that they are both well fed

You will have to provide for them differently

The fox will be able to eat out of a flat plate, while the stork will need a deep container

Special measures are sometimes needed to ensure equal benefit for women

But Equality Sometimes Requires Equity

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Two persons with equal potential enter a race. But one is burdened. It does not require much intelligence to know who will win.

1

To allow both an equal opportunity to win, the one who is currently burdenedwill first have to be supported to release the burden.

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Having been left behind, womensometimes require additional supportso that they can participate equally.

3

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Tools for Gender Mainstreaming

Types of action:

� Gender analysis

� Gender-specific action:

� ensure equal opportunities for all

� address existing gender inequalities

� Start a process of institutional change

� Give equal voice & representation to girls and women along side with boys and men

� Gender budgets

� Gender audits

� Gender monitoring

Group Work

Practical And Strategic Gender Needs Checklist� At your tables, identify a rapporteur

� You will be given a sheet with a checklist of initiatives relating to women

� Discuss among yourselves, agree and then tick under the appropriate heading whether the activities refer to women's practical gender needs, strategic needs, or could be either depending on how the initiative is designed

� Be prepared to report back on your findings!

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Gender Analysis

The Why, What and How…

Technical Session 4

Gender Analysis

� Systematic tool to examine social and economic differences between women and men

� Looks at their:

� Specific activities

� Conditions

� Needs

� Access to and control over resources

� Access to benefits and services

� Decision-making

� Studies factors in the larger social, political, economic and environmental context 38

Gender Analysis

� First critical step in the gender mainstreaming process

� Not confined only to identifying differences

� Recognizes the politics of gender relations

� Asks why inequalities exists

� Identifies the required adjustments by institutions

� Identifies opportunities and constraints in the larger environment

� Identifies institutional capacity gaps and needs

� Suggests interventions39

Gender Analysis Makes Visible

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Gender Analysis Reminds Us That

� Women's work and men's work differs from place to place

� Women and men have different roles, responsibilities, resources, constraints and opportunities - because of gender

� Unless well analyzed, initiatives can inadvertently end up creating a greater burden for any one gender

� Women and men have different needs and priorities that all initiatives must account for

� Given the different roles that women and men play at various levels, they will have different specialized skills and knowledge

� Success demands that we move beyond the 'danger' words, such as 'the community', 'the villagers', 'the people', or 'the farmers', and learn to ask such questions as 'who are these 'farmers', men or women'?

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Gender Analysis3 Steps

� Collect data by sex

� Obtain Gender Sensitive Information:� Division of labour� Access to and control over resources and benefits� Opportunities and constraints in larger environment� Understand needs, constraints & opportunities of girls

and boys, women and men - practical and strategic gender needs

� Analyze the combination of the two!

Gender AnalysisTools

The Harvard Analytical

Framework

Three components

� Activity Profile

� Access and Control Profile

� Influencing Factors

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Gender Analysis ToolsHarvard – Access and Control

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Gender Analysis ToolsHarvard – Influencing Factors

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Gender Analysis Tools

Gender Needs Assessment (GNA)

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Gender Analysis ToolsThe Gender Analysis Matrix (GAM)

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Gender Analysis ToolsWEEF

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Group Work

Disaggregating Gender � You will be given a sheet with some content

� Discuss among yourselves, and answer the questions on the sheet

� Use the flipchart to record your answers

� Open discussion

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Gender Planning

The Why, What and How…

Technical Session 4

Important Link Between Gender Analysis and Planning

� A 5-year leadership programme for 12-15 year girls in 20 villages created a disparity, where the boys of the same age group remained under-confident and less able.

� A computer center, established at a local level, accessible to boys mainly due to distance left the girls far behind with regard to information technology.

� A new variety of wheat seed improved the quality of wheat, but reduced the quantity and quality of the wheat husk. Women used to make mats out of the husk and sell them to local vendors. They had complete control of the money they used to earn. As a result of the new variety of wheat, they lost their income. 51

Who is the target(both direct and indirect)of the proposed policy,programme or project,Women, Men, or both ?Who will benefit, who willlose? Which Women?Which Men?Will there be any possible negative effects for either gender? If so, forwhom?

Before planning, they should have asked…

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Gender Planning

� Ensures equal, fair and just participation, representation and distribution of resources to men and women

� Redresses any existing imbalances and inequalities between women and men

It rests on the findings of the Gender Analysis!

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Gender Planning: Two Steps

Step 1: Gender Integration

� Integrate gender into policy/programme objectives, outputs ,activities and indicators based on the results from the gender analysis

� Be gender-specific and explicit and ensure that the objectives reflect priority concerns of girls and boys, and women and men

� Address both practical and strategic needs

Gender Planning: Two Steps

Step 2: Gender-specific Action

� Measures or activities within a policy or programmedesigned to address the disadvantage of one particular sex

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Gender Planning: Two Types of Gender-specific Actions

Positive or Affirmative action

� Temporary measure(s) to eliminate effects of past or current discrimination

� Targets

� Quotas

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Gender Planning: Two Types of Gender-specific Actions

Sex-specific action(s)

� Cultural norms and values restrict joint activities

� Enable one gender to share views freely

� Reproductive health training and/or women’s rights education

� Career counseling and mentoring programmes

� Gender-based violence and/or sexual harassment sensitization

� Raising awareness and involvement

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Group Work

Planning for Gender Equality

� You will be given a sheet with content

� Discuss among yourselves, and answer the questions on the sheet

� Use the flipchart to record your answers

� Open discussion

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Documents

Gender Equality At The Heart of Decent Work