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Climate Change Adaptation in Four Indian States: The Missing Gender BudgetsMADHYA PRADESH | UTTAR PRADESH | UTTARAKHAND | WEST BENGAL

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Centre for Budget and Governance AccountabilityNew Delhi

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Alternative FuturesNew Delhi

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Invisible Gender Budgets for Climate Change Adaptation in Four Indian States:

The Missing Gender Budgets

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Policy Brief, 2014

© Alternative Futures and Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA)

ALTERNATIVE FUTURES

Development Research and Communication Group

B-177, East of Kailash, New Delhi 110065

Website: www.alternativefutures.org.in; http://gencap.org.in

Email: [email protected]

CENTRE FOR BUDGET AND GOVERNANCE ACCOUNTABILITY

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Website: www.cbgaindia.org

Email: [email protected]

Written by: Aditi Kapoor, Saumya Shrivastava, Gyana Ranjan Panda

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Series Editor: Rakesh Kapoor

Supported by: Climate and Development Knowledge Network (www.cdkn.org)

“This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development

(DFID) for the benefi t of developing countries. However, the views expressed and information contained in

it are not necessarily those of or endorsed by DFID, which can accept no responsibility for such views or

information or for any reliance placed on them.”

Designed by: Aspire Design

11

Climate Change Adaptation Budgets Cannot Be Gender Neutral

Gender budgeting refl ects government priorities for the empowerment of women across all sectors. India’s blueprint for climate action, the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), acknowledges that the impacts of climate change on (poor) women will be ‘particularly severe,’ worsening the deprivations already faced by women (NAPCC, 2008 pg 12). State-level Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs) are largely silent on gender but over 87% of India’s rural women workers (as per the 2011 census one in four women in India is a worker) work as farmers and agricultural labourers on small rainfed farms. Th ey also shoulder the greater burden for collecting water, fi rewood and fodder for their households and for livestock. Th e government needs to recognize this and thus make appropriate policy changes to help women adapt to climate vagaries. Gender budgeting is a powerful tool that State governments can use to bring women into adaptation planning and decision-making (Box 1).

Box 1: Gender Budgeting

Over the last decade, several countries have adopted budgets that are more gender-sensitive and gender-responsive. Gender budgets are an instrument to hold governments accountable to both men and women by allocating a proportion of its revenues and expenditure to meet womens’ needs across sectors.

India presented its fi rst Gender Budget Statement (GBS) in Budget 2005-06. The GBS has two parts depending on the extent of allocations to women. Part A covers schemes where 100% provision is for women. In Part B schemes, at least 30% of the benefi t is for women.

In Budget Estimates (BE) 2013-14, 30 Ministries/State De-partments and fi ve Union territories included GBSs. The total allocations for women showed an overall increase of 10.2% compared to BE 2012-13. This included an 18.6% increase in Part A schemes.

Crop Improvement and Research

6%Drought Proofing

and Flood Control

3%

Poverty Alleviation and

Livelihood Preservation

45%Forest

Conservation0%

Health11%

Risk Financing5%

Disaster Management

3%

Rural Education and

infrastructure27%

Figure 1: Proportion of Critical Components in India's Total Adatation Expenditure (2006-07)

Source: Ghosh (2009)

Climate Change Adaptation in Four Indian States: The Missing Gender Budgets

Climate change is projected to adversely aff ect agricultural productivity, livestock, fi shing and forest produce over the next two decades (NAPCC, 2008; INCAA, 2010). Women marginal workers outnumber men among cultivators and agricultural labourers (Census 2011)

22

and this growing trend is termed as ‘feminsation of agriculture.’ Women workers dominate in the dairy sector, are a majority in collecting minor forest products and form a substantial workforce in the fi shing sector (11th fi ve-year plan). Adoption of gender-budgeting in adaptation sectors is indeed essential.

Th e Indian government states that it already invests 2.63% of its GDP (2006-07) in adaptation. Th is is, however, largely located within the development paradigm, covering ‘business-as-usual’ programmes, comprising poverty alleviation and livelihoods preservation, crop improvement and research, forest conservation, drought proofi ng and fl ood control, health, risk fi nancing, disaster management and rural education and infrastructure (Figure 1).

Th ough the above categories are not ‘adaptation programmes,’ budget allocation to these sectors does help people become more resilient to climate vagaries by ensuring them enhanced food, assets, income, insurance against natural risks, etc. Additional budgets for adaptation are required for each of these sectors and these must be responsive to women’s needs.

Th is study, therefore, examines: (a) state budgets across 7 similar expenditure categories (Box 2) in the four States of Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal; and (b) state-level allocations to women through gender budgeting/women’s component. State-level funds fl ow through a variety of schemes including Central Sponsored Schemes (CSS), Central Sector Schemes, State Plan Schemes and District Sector Plans. Th is study covers only state budgets during four fi nancial years – from 2009-10 (Actuals) to 2012-13 (Budget Estimates).1

Research fi ndings reveal that Total Adaptation Expenditure (TAE), as a proportion of their the Gross State Domestic Product (2012-13 budget outlay) varies from a low 1.38% in Uttarakhand to 4.36% in Madhya Pradesh. Yet, there is remarkable similarity across the four States on their priorities regarding this allocation and their approach to investing for women. Bulk of the funds go towards Poverty alleviation, Livelihoods promotion and Food Security, a lot in subsidized welfare schemes rather than in empowering livelihoods activities. Allocations to climate-critical areas like risk insurance and disaster 1. Budgets for four financial years for Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand were

covered. For Uttar Pradesh budgets for six years were covered (actuals for 2007-08 to 2010-11, RE for 2011-12 and BE for 2012-13). For West Bengal budgets for only three years were covered (actuals for 2010-11, RE for 2011-12 and BE for 2012-13).

management are minuscule. Agriculture and allied activities are low on priority.

Only two of the States – Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand - have adopted Gender Budgeting. Th e other two States continue with Women’s Component Plan (WCP). Reporting under WCP is ad hoc, anomalies abound with even women-focused schemes not accounted for and sometimes it is just an accounting exercise, as in Uttar Pradesh. Th e Gender Budgeting Statement, signifi cantly, is similarly fl awed. Its Part A hardly covers schemes under adaptation categories and where they are reported, the allocations are very low. Th ere is no provision for earmarking gender-budgets at the planning stage or making them responsive to women’s needs and representation in that sector. Findings from each State are given below.

Box 2: Adaptation Expenditure Categories in this Study• Land Development, Drought Proofi ng, Irrigation and Flood

Control including programmes like the Drought Prone Areas Programme and the Integrated Watershed Management Programme;

• Agriculture and Allied activities including programmes like the National Food Security Mission and Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA), Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA), National Horticulture Mission, Dairy Develop-ment programmes;

• Water Resources including programmes like the Desalination Project and Artifi cial Recharge of Ground Water through Dug wells;

• Forestry, Wildlife and Biodiversity including programmes like the Integrated Forest Protection Scheme and the Inte-grated Development of Wildlife Habitats;

• Poverty Alleviation, Livelihoods Promotion and Food Secu-rity including programmes like the Food Subsidy: Antodaya Anna Yojana and Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (now changed to National Rural Livelihoods Mission);

• Risk Management including programmes like theNational Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and Weather-based Crop Insurance; and

• Disaster Management including programmes like the Na-tional Disaster Management Programme and the Tsunami and Storm Surge Warning System.

33

Figure 2: Allocations for Adaptation to Climate Change in MP

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Critical fi ndings from the States

MADHYA PRADESH

Madhya Pradesh, one of the largest Indian states with a correspondingly large budget, is also one of India’s poorest with a large arid area and the highest incidence of malnutrition among its people, especially women and children. Over 72% of its population is rural and 70% of the people rely on the primary sector - like agriculture, horticulture, fi shery, livestock, poultry and forestry - for their livelihoods. Women are bigger stakeholders because 80% of all women workers, compared to 64% of all male workers, are in the primary sector (Census 2011). Yet, only 9.6% of the land (Agriculture Census, 2010-11) is owned by women. Adaptation budgets must not only prioritise women but also empower them.

Key Findings

• Th e Total Adaptation Expenditure (TAE) stood at 4.36% of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) at current prices in 2012-13. Budget outlay but has declined as a proportion of the GSDP over the last 3 years.

• However, expenditure in the above 7 categories has risen marginally both in absolute terms and as a proportion of the Total Budget Expenditure (TBE) during the same period - between 2009-10 (AE) and 2012-13 (BE) (Figure 2).

• Poverty Alleviation, Livelihoods Promotion and Food Security has the highest allocation but with large subsidy elements.

• Risk Management and Disaster Management, critical to climate change adaptation, have miniscule budgets and Agriculture and Allied Activities allocations are abysmally low (Figure 3).

• Expenditure share for each of the 7 categories varies considerably over the study period and refl ects the State government’s overall and shifting priorities (Figure 4).

• Risk Management and Disaster Management, for instance, have not witnessed any substantial increase in their share over the years under study though the

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Agriculture and Allied Ac vi es

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Risk Financing

Forest, Biodiversity and Wild life Conserv

Disaster Management

Water Resources

Figure 4: Allocations for various sectors within the TAE in MP (Rs. In Crore)

Land Devt., Drought

ng, Irriga on & Flood

Control9%

Agriculture and Alli vi es,

8%

Poverty Allevia on,

Livelihood and Food Security,

63%

Risk Financing, 1%

Forest, Biodiversity and

Wild life Conserva on 2%

Disaster Management 0%

Water Resources, 17%

Figure 3: Percentage Share of Adaptation Components in the TAE in 2012-13 for MP (%)

44

State is extremely drought-prone and droughts are projected to worsen in the wake of climate change (MP SAPCC).

• Land Development, Drought Proofi ng, Irrigation and Flood Control witnessed a sharp fall after peaking in 2010-11 (AE).

• However, there has been some increase in agriculture and in water resources (Figure 4).

• Analysis of the Gender Budget Statement (GBS) reveals that most sectors remain outside the ambit of gender budgeting.

• Very few departments have all-women schemes and these too have miniscule allocations.

• Most of the allocations in gender budgets fall within the poverty alleviation category.

• Sectors like disaster management and forestry are not reported under GBS.

• Allocations under the agriculture sector remain low and have witnessed a falling trend over the last few years. Th is is a concern, especially in view of the feminization of agriculture.

• Planning for gender concerns in the budget process is missing with most interventions an ex-post exercise by the relevant department (Figure 5).

UTTARAKHAND

Uttarakhand (UK) is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to its geophysical location and because of its almost complete dependence on climate sensitive natural resources. About 65% of its area is under forests and more than half of its population is dependent on agriculture, horticulture and livestock for their living. Most of the agriculture is rain-fed and so very sensitive to climate vagaries. A whopping 73% of women workers are engaged in farm-related activities, compared to 40% of all male workers (Census 2011), but only 10% of all landholders are women (Agricultural Census 2010-11). All the hill districts register high male out-migration.

Key Findings

• Th e marginal increase of 0.04% in the Total Adaptation Expenditure (TAE) between 2009-10 (AE) and 2012-13 (BE) is of little consequence given that the TAE fell by 0.24% as a proportion of the

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Figure 5: Adaptation to Climate Change under the GB Statement in MP (Rs. in Crore)

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Figure 6: Allocations for Adaptation to Climate Change in UK

55

Total Budget Expenditure (TBE) during the same period (Figure 6).

• Th e TAE increased marginally from 1.34% of GSDP in 2009-10 (Actuals) to 1.38% of GSDP in 2012-13 (BE) but fell from 6.66% of TBE in 2009-10 (AE) to 6.42% in 2012-13 (BE) with some increase in the year before that.

• In the 7 categories of adaptation, ‘poverty alleviation, livelihood and food security’ continues to dominate but is followed closely by ‘land development, drought proofi ng, irrigation and fl ood control’ as also by agriculture and allied services.

• Together, the above three categories constitute nearly 80% of the total adaptation expenditure (Figure 7).

• Poverty alleviation, livelihood and food security, as a category, has witnessed a marked increase in the allocations between 2011-12 and 2012-13.

• During the same period, Land development, drought- proofi ng, irrigation and fl ood control as a category, as well as Agriculture and allied activities as a category have experienced a fall in their respective allocations.

• Interestingly, 2012-13 (RE) saw a doubling of allocations over 2011-12 (BE) in two categories - Forestry, biodiversity and wildlife conservation, as also Disaster management (Figure 8). Perhaps this is indicative that the State is fi nally acknowledging the need to concentrate on certain climate sensitive sectors even within its overall strategies for development. However, these allocations remain very low within the State’s total budget.

• Uttarakhand is one of the few Indian states to have institutionalized Gender Budgeting and presents its Gender Budget Statement (GBS) along with the State Budget Documents.

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Poverty Alleviation, Livelihood & Food Security

Land Development, Drought Proofing, Irrigation and Flood Control

Agriculture & Allied Activites

Forestry, Biodiversity, and Wildlife Conservation

Water Resources

Disaster Management

Figure 8: Allocations for various sectors within the TAE in UK (Rs. in Crore)

Poverty Alleviation,

Livelihood & Food Security

, 29%Land Devt,

Drought Proofing,

Irrigation & Flood Control,

26%

Agriculture & Allied activities

25%

Forestry, Biodiversity, and Wildlife

Conservation7%

Water Resources

12%Disaster

Management1%

Figure 7: Share of various sectors in the TAE in 2012-13 in UK (%)

66

• Yet, there is low commitment to gender budgeting as a practice and there are several anomalies in its reporting, such as no GBS for Joint Forest Management scheme where women’s participation is mandatory (Figure 9).

• Anomalies are also seen in gender budgets for sectors like Agriculture and Watershed Management which hardly report any schemes under Part A of the GBS where 100% of the allocation is for women. Where schemes are reported, like dairy development (where women workers dominate), the budgetary allocations under these are miniscule.

• Again, under the GBS, allocations under Food Security get maximum priority and these allocations are mainly on account of the ‘Centrally Sponsored Scheme’ for nutrition.

• Several key climate change sensitive sectors like Disaster Management and Risk Financing do not report even under Part B of the GBS, where at least 30% of the budget is centrally mandated for women. Where these departments report some schemes, these again have very low allocations.

• Above all, interventions being reported under the GBS in these 7 categories are mainly welfare-oriented; they do not empower people by building their capacities and resilience to various shocks, including climate change.

• Th e budget planning process in Uttarakhand does not refl ect gender concerns.

UTTAR PRADESH

Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populated state and one of its poorest, is projected to witness both intense rainfall and fl oods in some regions and sparser rainfall and prolonged droughts in other areas. Th is poses a grave threat to an economy primarily dependent on agriculture and a means of livelihoods for over 59% of its people. Less than 7% of all landholders are women (Agricultural Census 2010-11) but 61% of all women workers, compared to 59%

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Figure 10: Allocations for Adaptation to Climate Change in UP

Agriculture and Allied

vi es7%

Watershed Management

5%

Rural Development

17%Food

Security71%

Forestry0%

Figure 9: Adaptation to Climate Change under GB Statement in UK for 2012-13 (%)

77

of all male workers (Census 2011) are dependent on the primary sector for their living. Other major enterprises where women workers dominate include dairy farming, kitchen gardens, backyard poultry and goat rearing. Women are the main workers in these activities.

Key Findings

• Total Adaptation Expenditure (TAE) in the State has increased from 3.16% of GSDP in 2007-08 to 4.20% of GSDP in 2012-13 (BE).

• Fortunately, the TAE has also shown an upward swing as a proportion of the Total Budgetary Expenditure (TBE) -increasing from 13.71% in 2007-08 (AE) to 17.36 % in 2012-13 (BE) (Figure 10).

• In the sectoral share, the Poverty Alleviation category dominates (Figure 11) and shows an increasing trend.

• Agriculture and allied activities allocations are relatively small and not growing as required. Irrigation and fl ood control shows some increase, perhaps in response to more frequent disasters in recent years (Figure 12).

• Uttar Pradesh has still not moved on to adopting gender budgeting as a tool to empower its women. Th e state has in place, since 2005-06, a Women’s Component Plan (WCP) which, under plan allocations, reported an outlay of Rs. 2253.09 crore, about 1.21% of the TBE during 2012-13.

• Th e WCP has witnessed an increase in the quantum of funds over recent years.

Agriculture & allied Activites

8%Forestry &

Wildlife1%

Irrigation & Flood Control

15%

Poverty Allieviation

59%

Water Supply7%

Land Development

1%

Risk Financing9%

Figure 11: Share of Various Sectors in TAE in 2012-13 in UP (%)

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Figure 12: Allocations for various sectors within the TAE in UP (Rs. in Crore)

Agriculture & allied Activites Forestry & Wildlife

Irrigation & Flood Control Poverty Allieviation

Water Supply Land Development

Risk Financing

• However, no schemes under Agriculture and allied activities are reported under WCP and most schemes reported do not address specifi c gender concerns but are a procedural ex-post accounting exercise.

• Again, reported schemes are welfare-oriented, not empowering and there are no core climate-sensitive schemes accounted for.

88

• Th ere are also huge variations in the allocations reported under WCP with social welfare witnessing a sharp fall in 2011-12 followed by a sharp increase in 2012-13; Nutrition and Women welfare scheme, critical to cushion the impact of low food production in the wake of climate vagaries, witnessed a sharp fall in 2012-13 compared to 2011-12 (Figure 13).

rise in both receipts and expenditures has not been substantial. Th e Total Adaptation Expenditure (TAE) has shown an increasing trend as a proportion of the TBE over the last 3 budgets -11.15% in 2010-11 (AE) to 13.40% in 2012-13 (BE); and a similar trend as a proportion of the GSDP (Figure 14).

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Figure 13: Adaptation to Climate Change under the Women Component Plan in UP (Rs. in Lakh)

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Figure 14: Allocations for Adaptation to Climate Change in WB

WEST BENGAL

West Bengal (WB), the fourth most populated State in India (after U.P., Maharashtra and Bihar), with a fi fth of its people living below the poverty line (GOI, 2013), has a long history of recurring cyclones and fl oods. Climate change brings with it the threat of sea-level rise and worse disasters. Primary sector workers comprise only 44% of total workers but they are extremely resource poor with women comprising only 3.5% of total landowners (Agricultural Census 2010-11).Th is is one of the few states where the proportion of primary sector male workers is marginally higher than that of women workers.

Key Findings

• Th e size of the budget in West Bengal has seen an increasing trend over the last three years though the

• However, the share of the TAE as a proportion of the GSDP is quite insignifi cant at 2.162 % in 2012-13 (BE).

• As usual, the bulk of the budgetary expenditure goes towards Poverty Alleviation, livelihood and food security. It surpasses all other sectors by a huge margin.

• Th e budget for Risk Management is abysmally small.

• Forest, biodiversity and wildlife conservation as well as Disaster management are accorded a low priority.

• Th e share of Agriculture and allied activities is merely 8% in the total adaptation expenditure (Figure 15).

• All sectors have seen an increasing trend in expenditure over the three years under analysis.

• Th ere is a marked increase in allocations under the Land development head and some rise is seen in Agriculture and allied activities (Figure 16).

• West Bengal has not yet adopted gender budgeting.

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Figure 16: Allocations for various sectors within the TAE in WB (Rs. In Crore)

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Figure 17: Adaptation to Climate Change under the Women Component Plan in WB (Rs. in Crore)

Agri. & Allied Activities, 8%

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Figure: 15 Share of various sectors in the Total Adaptation Expenditure in 2012-13 in WB (%)

• Th e State reports under its Women’s Component Plan (WCP) which has witnessed a marginal increase in allocations over the last three last years (2010-11 to 2012-13) (Figure 17).

• Very few departments report under the WCP and key adaptation-centric sectors remain outside the ambit of the WCP.

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Key Recommendations• Gender budgeting must replace Women’s Component Plan in all States and this must be non-negotiable, with

presentation of the Gender Budget Statements (GBS) with the State Budget.

• State governments with majority of its people dependent on the primary sector - agriculture and allied activities – must prioritise climate change adaptation policy with requisite gender-based budgets.

• State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs) must earmark gender-based adaptation budgets for strategies outlined for the primary sector, including risk insurance and disaster management aff ecting lives and livelihoods.

• Collection of gender-disaggregated data on climate vulnerability and building technical capacities in gender budgeting must be adopted as a basic principle by all government departments.

• Planning, allocation, expenditure and evaluation of gender adaptation budgets must be decentralized at the three governance levels – State, district and gram panchayat/municipality because adaptation requires local capacities, local knowledge and local resources.

• Gender adaptation budgets must be fair to the proportion of women participation in each sector, and not be based on some un-related ratio. If women workers are more than male workers in a sector, public resourcing must refl ect this at the stage of planning and expenditure.

• Gender budgets for adaptation must be monitored and evaluated and independent impact assessment should be done at regular intervals.

References

Central Statistics Offi ce, Ministry of Statistics, New Delhi.

Directorate of Economics and Statistics of respective State Governments.

Ghosh, P (2009), National Action Plan on Climate Change, Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change, Prime Minister’s Offi ce, New Delhi. Available at <http://moef.nic.in/downloads/others/CC_ghosh.pdf>

Madhya Pradesh: State Annual Plan (various years), State Planning Commission; State Budget Documents, Department of Finance; Gender Budget Statement 2012-13, Department of Finance.

Uttarakhand: State Annual Plan (various years), Department of Planning; State Budget Documents, various years, Department of Finance, Gender Budget Statement 2012-13, Department of Finance;

Uttar Pradesh: State Annual Plan (various years), State Planning Commission; State Budget Documents (various years), Department of Finance Women’s Component Plan, compiled from State Annual Plan Document 2012-13.

West Bengal: State Annual Plan (various years), State Planning Commission; State Budget Documents (various years), Department of Finance; Women’s Component Plan, Government of West Bengal.

Government of India (2007). Gender Budgeting Handbook for Government of India Ministries & Departments. Ministry of Women and Child Development, New Delhi.

------ (2008a). Eleventh Five Year Plan Vol I-III (2007-2012). Planning Commission. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

------ (2008b). ‘National Action Plan on Climate Change’. Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change, Prime Minister’s Offi ce, New Delhi.

------- (2010). Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment: A Sectoral and Regional Analysis for 2030s. Ministry of Environment and Forests.

------- (2011) Census 2011 – Provisional Population Totals – India. Ministry of Home Aff airs, New Delhi. Available at <http://www.censusindia.gov.in>.

• Reporting under the WCP is not robust with many interventions that benefi t women not being included under the WCP. Some of these interventions include the District Poverty Initiatives Project, Tejeswini Rural

Women Empowerment Project, Mahila Mondals, Total Sanitation Campaign and Poultry and Small Animal Development scheme.

1111

tyok;q&ifjorZu lEcUèkh vuqdwyu ctV fyax rVLFk ugh a gks ldrktyok;q ifjorZu ij Hkkjr dk eq[; nLrkost us’kuy ,D’ku Iyku vkWu DykbZesV psUt ¼,u-,-ih-lh-lh-½ c[kwch n’kkZrk gS fd vkus okys le; esa tyok;q ifjorZu dk izHkko ns’k dh efgykvksaa ij fo’ks"k :i ls xEHkhj gksxkA ;g izHkko vkSjrksa dh pyh vk jgh vHkkoiw.kZ fLFkfr dks vkSj Hkh T;knk c<+kok nsxk ¼,u-,-ih-lh-lh-&2008] i`"B 12½A ysfdu blds ckotwn ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd tyok;q ifjorZu ij ns’k ds jkT;ksa dh dk;Z&;kstuk,a & LVsV ,D’ku Iyku vkWu DykbZesV psUt ¼,l-,-ih-lh-lh-½ & efgyk&lEcUèkh tyok;q eqíksa ij fdlh rjg dh lksp ugha j[krh gSaA lp rks ;g gS fd ns’k dh 87 izfr’kr xzkeh.k efgyk;sa ;k rks NksVs&NksVs o"kkZ ij fuHkZj [ksrksa ij [ksrh&ckM+h djrh gSa ;k [ksfrgj etnwj dk dke djrh gSaA ;gh ugha ;s esgurd’k vkSjrsa vius ?kjksa vkSj i'kqvksa ds fy;s ikuh] pkjs vkSj ydM+h dks nwj&njkt ds bykdkas ls bdëk djus dk dke Hkh djrh gSaA jkT; ljdkjksa dks bl fLFkfr dks le>us dh t:jr gSA mUgsa efgykvksa dks tyok;q ifjorZu ls gks jgh vkSj gksus okyh vfu;ferrkvksa ds

ckWDl 1% efgyk&dsfUnzr ctV ;kuh tsaMj ctfVax

fiNys n”kd esa dbZ ns”kksa esa tsaMj ctfVax viuk;h gSA tsaMj ctfVax ljdkjksa dk efgykvksa dh vko”;drkvksa ds izfr laosnu”khy ,oa ftEesnkj gksus dk ,d mik; gSA

Hkkjr esa viuh igyh tsaMj ctV LVsVesaV ¼th-ch-,l-½ 2005&06 esa izLrqr dh FkhA th-ch-,l- ds Hkkx v esa ;g ;kstuk;sa gSa ftuesa 100 izfr”kr izko/kku efgykvksa ds fy, gSA Hkkx c dh ;kstukvksa esa U;wure 30 izfr”kr Hkkx efgykvksa ds fy, gSA

o’kZ 2013&14 esa ns”k ds 30 eU=ky;ksa@jkT; foHkkxksa vkSj ik¡p dsUnz “kkflr jkT;ksa us vius ctV vuqeku esa efgyk&dsfUnzr ctV dks “kkfey fd;kA o’kZ 2012&13 dh rqyuk esa ml o’kZ esa efgykvksa ds vkoaVu esa 10-2 izfr”kr c<r ns[kh xbZA Hkkx&v dh ifj;kstukvksa esa ;g c<r 18-6 izfr”kr FkhA

Hkkjr ds pkj jkT;ksa esa tyok;q&ifjorZu vuqdwyu% tsaMj ctV dgk¡ gaS\

Crop Improvement and Research

6%Drought Proofing

and Flood Control

3%

Poverty Alleviation and

Livelihood Preservation

45%Forest

Conservation0%

Health11%

Risk Financing5%

Disaster Management

3%

Rural Education and

infrastructure27%

Figure 1: Proportion of Critical Components in India's Total Adatation Expenditure (2006-07)

Source: Ghosh (2009)

lkFk rkyesy cSBkus ds fy;s viuh uhfr;ksa esa mfpr cnyko ykus dh vko';drk gSA blds fy;s efgyk&dsfUnzr ctV ;kuh tsaMj ctfVax ,d 'kfDr’kkyh rjhdk gS tks vke efgykvksa dks mudh tyok;q vuqdwyu dh yEch rS;kjh esa Lo;a fu.kZ; ysus esa l’kDr cuk ldrk gS ¼ckWDl 1½A

1212

,u-,-ih-lh-lh-&2008] INCAA&2010 rFkk vU; fjiksVaZs ckj&ckj ;g n’kkZrh gaS fd vkusokys nks n’kdksa esa d`f"k mRikndrk] i’kqèku] eRL;&ikyu o y?kq ou&mRikn tSls {ks=ksa ij tyok;q cnyko dk vlj Hkh"k.k gksxkA tux.kuk&2011 ds vuqlkj efgyk Jfedksa dh la[;k ns’k ds dqy fdlkuksa vkSj d`f"k Jfedksa esa dgha T;knk gSA blfy, bl izfØ;k dks Hkkjrh; d`f"k dk L=h&izeq[k gks tkuk dgk tkrk gSA 11oha iap&o"khZ; ;kstuk ds vuqlkj efgyk Jfed Ms;jh o i'kqikyu rFkk y?kq ou&mRikn&laxzg tSls {ks=ksa esa iq#"kksa ds eqdkcys dgha T;knk la[;k esa layXu gSaA lkFk gh lkFk eRL;&ikyu {ks= esa Hkh mudh la[;k de ugha gSA blfy;s tyok;q vuqdwyu ls tqM+s {ks=ksa esa efgyk&dsfUnzr ctfVax fofèk dk ykxw gksuk cgqr t:jh gSA

jkT; Lrj ij èkujkf’k dbZ ;kstukvksa ds ekè;e ls [kpZ gksrh gSA vk¡d³ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ljdkj ns’k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ dk 2-63 izfr’kr tyok;q vuqdwyu lEcUèkh ;kstukvksa ij [kpZ djrh gSA ysfdu ;g [kpZ dkQh gn rd dbZ ;kstukvksa o dk;ZØeksa esa ijks{k :i ls gh fd;k tkrk gSA buesa 'kkfey gS xjhch&mUewyu] vkthfodk&fodkl] Qly&lqèkkj vkSj vuqlaèkku] ou&laj{k.k] lw[kk&cpko] LokLF;] vkink&tfur tksf[keksa gsrq foRrh; enn] vkink&izcaèku] xzkeh.k f’k{kk rFkk cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fodkl ¼fp= 1½A

lkQ gS fd ;s ;kstuk;sa o dk;ZØe Li"V :i ls tyok;q& vuqdwyu Js.kh es ugha vkrs gSa ij fQj Hkh ;s dqN gn rd yksxksa dh tyok;q&cnyko ls gks jgh {kfr;ksa ls mHkj ikus esa enn dj ldrs gSa] tSls ?kj&ifjokj ds fy;s i;kZIr vkenuh o Hkkstu] ifjlEifRr dk cu ikuk rFkk izkd̀frd vkinkvksa ls cpko] bR;kfnA blhfy, ;g t:jh gS fd eq[; ctV ds lkFk&lkFk vuqdwyu ctV dk izkoèkku gks tks efgykvksa dh vko’;drkvksa ds eqrkfcd gksA

bl lUnHkZ esa ;g vè;;u tsaMj ctfVax ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ns’k ds pkj jkT;ksa & eè; izns’k] mRrjk[k.M] mRrj izns’k o if’pe caxky ds jkT;&ctVksa esa efgyk&fodkl ds fy;s fn;s x;s vyx izkoèkku dh ij[k djrk gSA bl fo’ys”k.k ds fy;s jkT;&ctVksa dks lkr vuqdwyu&O;; Jsf.k;ksa ¼ckWDl 2½ esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA ;g vè;;u dsUnzh; izk;ksftr ;kstuk;sa ¼lh- ,l- ,l-½] dsUnzh;] jkT; o ftyk ;kstukvksa rFkk pkj foRrh; o"kksaZ & 2009&10 ¼okLrfod½ ls 2012&13 ¼vuqeku½ ds vkWadM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA1

bl vè;;u ds 'kksèk fu"d"kksaZ ds vuqlkj mRrjk[kaM dk dqy vuqdwyu&O;; (Total Adaption Expenditure-TAE) ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn ¼2012&13½ dk dsoy 1-28 izfr’kr gS vkSj eè; izns’k dk 4-36 izfr’krA blds ckotwn ;g ik;k x;k 1 e/; izns’k ,oa mRrjk[kaM ds fy, pkj o”kZA mRrj izns’k ds fy, N% o”kZ ¼2007&08 ls

2010&11% okLrfod] 2011&12 ds fy, fjokbTM ,fLVesV ,oa 2012&13 ds fy, vuqeku½A if’pe caxky ds fy, rhu o”kZ ¼2010&11% okLrfod] 2011&12% fjokbTM ,fLVesV ,oa 2012&13 ds fy, vuqeku½A

fd pkjksa jkT;ksa ds n`f”Vdks.k esa fuos’k gsrq efgyk&fodkl izkFkfedrkvksa esa dkQh lekurk gSA vkthfodkvksa dks l’kDr cukus ds ctk; T;knkrj [kpZ xjhch&mUewyu] vkthfodk&fodkl vkSj [kk| lqj{kk rFkk vusd fj;k;rh dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa ij fd;k tk jgk gSA vkink&tfur tksf[keksa gsrq foRrh; enn o chek] vkSj vkink izcaèku tSls tyok;q lEcaèkh egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksa ds fy;s vkoaVu ugha ds cjkcj gSA d`f"k vkSj lEcfUèkr xfrfofèk;ksa ij Hkh dksbZ [kkl tksj ugha gSA

pkj jkT;ksa esa dsoy eè; izns’k vkSj mRrjk[kaM us tsaMj ctfVax dks viuk;k gSA vU; nks jkT;ksa esa efgyk ?kVd ;kstuk ¼Women Component Plan½ ¼MCYk;w- lh- ih-½ tkjh gSA MCYk;w- lh- ih- ds rgr efgyk lEcUèkh ys[kk&tks[kk dPpk&iDdk gh gS] folaxfr;k¡ bruh gSa fd dbZ ckj rks efgyk lEcUèkh ;kstuk;sa ;k rks nk;js esa ugha vkrh gSa ;k cl muds uke gh fn;s tkrs gSaA tsaMj ctfVax dkQh =qfViw.kZ gSA blds Hkkx&v esa lkr vuqdwyu Jsf.k;ksa ds rgr 'kkfey ;kstukvksa dk vkoaVu cgqr dh de gSA ;kstuk cukus ds Lrj ij fyax ctV fuèkkZfjr djus dk] efgykvksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus dk ;k muds izfrfufèkRo dks c<+kok nsus dk dksbZ izkoèkku ugha gSA izR;sd jkT; ds ckjs esa 'kksèk fu”d”kZ uhps fn;s x;s gSaA

ckWDl 2% bl vè;;u dh ^vuqdwyu O;;*

Jsf.k;k¡ Hkwfe fodkl] lw[kkjksèku] flapkbZ ,oa ck<+ fu;a=.k tSls

dk;ZØeksa lw[kk izo.k {ks= dk;ZØe vkSj ,dhd`r okVj'ksM izcaèku dk;ZØe

d`f"k vkSj lacafèkr xfrfofèk;k¡% jk"Vªh; [kk| lqj{kk fe'ku vkSj eSØks eSustesaV Ñf"k ¼,e-,e-,-½ ,xzhdYpjy VsDukWykWth esustesaV ,tsalh ¼,-V-e-,-½] jk"Vªh; ckxokuh fe'ku] Ms;jh fodkl dk;ZØe

ty lalkèku% Mhlsfyus'ku ifj;kstuk vkSj dqvksa ds ekè;e ls Hkwty ds d`f=e iquZHkj.k tSls dk;ZØe

okfudh] oU; thou vkSj tSo fofoèkrk% ,dhd`r ou laj{k.k ;kstuk vkSj ,dhd`r oU;tho fuokl fodkl tSls dk;ZØe

xjhch mUewyu] vkthfodk vkSj [kk| lqj{kk% vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk] [kk| lfClMh tSls dk;ZØe vkSj Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ¼vc jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k vkthfodk fe'ku½

vkink&tfur tksf[keksa gsrq foRrh; enn o chek% jk"Vªh; Ñf"k chek ;kstuk ¼,u-,-vkbZ-,l-½ vkSj ekSleh&Qly chek tSls dk;ZØe

vkink izcaèku% jk"Vªh; vkink izcaèku dk;ZØe vkSj] lqukeh vkSj rwQku psrkouh iz.kkyh dk;ZØe

1313

jkT;ksa ls eq[; fu"d"kZ

eè; izns'k

eè; izns’k ns’k ds cM+s jkT;ksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj rnuqlkj mldk ctV Hkh cM+k gSA ysfdu ;g ns’k ds lcls xjhc jkT;ksa esa fxuk tkrk gSA lkFk&gh&lkFk bldk ,d cM+k {ks= lw[kk gS vkSj ;gk¡ dh vfèkdrj turk fo’ks"kr;k efgyk;sa vkSj cPps dqiks”k.k ds f’kdkj gSaA bl jkT; dh 72 izfr’kr vkcknh xzkeh.k gS vkSj 70 izfr’kr yksx viuh vkthfodk ds fy;s d`f"k] ckxokuh] eNyh] i’kq o eqxhZ ikyu vkSj okfudh tSlh izkFkfed {ks= dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA bl izkFkfed {ks= esa efgykvksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk gS D;ksafd tux.kuk&2011 ds vuqlkj 64 izfr’kr iq#"k Jfedksa ds eqdkcys 80 izfr’kr vkSjrsa bl {ks= esa layXu gSaA ysfdu buds vfèkdkj esa jkT; dh 9-6 izfr’kr Hkwfe gh gS tSlk fd d`f"k&tux.kuk ¼2010&11½ us n’kkZ;k gSA tyok;q&vuqdwyu lEcUèkh ctV esa u dsoy efgykvksa dks izkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg;s cfYd mUgsa eqn~nksa ls tw>us ds fy;s l’kDr Hkh cukuk pkfg;sA

eq[; fu"d"kZ

• o"kZ 2012&13 esa orZeku ewY;ksa ds vkèkkj ij dqy vuqdwyu&O;; ¼Total Adaption Expenditure½ ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th-,l-Mh-ih-½ dk 4-36 izfr’kr FkkA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd fiNys rhu o”kksaZ esa ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn ds vuqikr esa ;g ctV de gksrk pyk x;kA

• o"kZ 2009&10 ¼okLrfod½ vkSj lu~ 2012&13 ¼vuqeku½ ds chp Åij nh xbZ vuqdwyu&lEcUèkh lkr Jsf.k;ksa ij ekewyh c<+r ns[kh xbZ ¼fp= 2½A bl vofèk esa dqy vuqdwyu ctV O;; esa Hkh ekewyh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZA

• xjhch&mUewyu] vkthfodk&fodkl vkSj [kk|&lqj{kk dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZ ij Hkkjh lfClMh ds lkFkA

• vkink&tfur tksf[keksa gsrq foRrh; enn vkSj vkink&izcaèku tSls tyok;q ifjorZu ds izfr vfr laosnu’khy Jsf.k;ksa ds fy;s vkoaVu cgqr de FkkA d`f"k vkSj lEcfèkr xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy;s vkoaVu Hkh ugha ds cjkcj Fkk ¼fp= 3½A

• vè;;u dh vofèk esa lkr Jsf.k;ksa ij O;; dkQh vyx ik;k x;k tks jkT; ljdkj dh cnyrh izkFkfedrkvksa dks n’kkZrk gS ¼fp= 4½A

• eè; izns’k vR;Ur lw[kk izHkkfor jkT; gS vkSj eè; izns’k LVsV ,D’ku Iyku vkWu DykbZesV psUt ¼e-i-,l-,-ih-lh-

Figure 2: Allocations for Adaptation to Climate Change in MP

0

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2009-10AE

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2012-13Outlay

TotalAdaptationExpenditure (Rs.In crore)

AdaptationExpenditure asa % of GSDP atcurrent prices

AdaptationExpenditure asa % of TBE

0

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2009-10 AE 2010-11 AE 2011-12 Outlay 2012-13 Outlay

Land Development, Drought ng, Irrig and Flood Control

Agriculture and Allied Ac vi es

Poverty Allevia on, Livelihood and Food Security

Risk Financing

Forest, Biodiversity and Wild life Conserv

Disaster Management

Water Resources

Figure 4: Allocations for various sectors within the TAE in MP (Rs. In Crore)

Land Devt., Drought

ng, Irriga on & Flood

Control9%

Agriculture and Alli vi es,

8%

Poverty Allevia on,

Livelihood and Food Security,

63%

Risk Financing, 1%

Forest, Biodiversity and

Wild life Conserva on 2%

Disaster Management 0%

Water Resources, 17%

Figure 3: Percentage Share of Adaptation Components in the TAE in 2012-13 for MP (%)

1414

lh-½ ds vuqlkj vkus okys le; esa lw[kk dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh Hkh”k.k gks tk;sxhA blds ckotwn vkink&tfur tksf[keksa gsrq foRrh; enn vkSj vkink&izcaèku ds fy;s i;kZIr lkykuk o`f) ugha dh xbZA

• o"kZ 2010&11 esa Hkwfe&fodkl] lw[kk&funku] flapkbZ ,oa ck<+ fu;a=.k esa c<+ksRrjh gqbZ ysfdu ckn blesa rsth ls fxjkoV ns[kh xbZA

• blds ckotwn d`f"k vkSj ty&lzksr izcUèku ds ctV esa dqN o`f) gqbZ ¼fp= 4½A

• tsaMj ctfVax dk vè;;u ;g n’kkZrk gS fd T;knkrj {ks= tsaMj ctfVax ds nk;js ds ckgj FksA

• ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd jkT; ds dqN gh foHkkxksa us iw.kZr% efgyk&;kstuk;sa o dk;ZØe viuk;s vkSj budk ctV Hkh u ds cjkcj FkkA

• tsaMj ctfVax ds T;knkrj vkoaVu xjhch mUewyu dh Js.kh esa vk;sA

• vkink izcaèku vkSj okfudh {ks= tSls eqís tsaMj ctfVax ds rgr ugha j[ks x;sA

• d`f"k {ks= gsrq fuèkkZfjr ctV cgqr gh de FkkA fiNys dqN o”kksaZ ls rks ;g ctV vkoaVu de gksrk tk jgk gSA ;g fpark

dk fo”k; gS] fo’ks"k :i ls tc Hkkjrh; d`f"k L=h&izèkku gks pqdh gSA

• ctV izfØ;k esa fyax lacaèkh eqíksa dks ;kstukc) ugha fd;k x;k vkSj ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd bl lEcUèk esa foHkkxksa }kjk tks dqN Hkh fu.kZ; fy;s x;s os lc dke&pykÅ gh Fks ¼fp= 5½A

mRrjk[kaM

mRrjk[kaM ds fy;s tyok;q&ifjorZu ,d cM+k [krjk lkfcr gks ldrk gSA bldk dkj.k gS bl jkT; dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr vkSj mu izkd`frd lalkèkuksa ij bldh fuHkZjrk tks tyok;q&cnyko ls izHkkfor gks ldrs gSaA bldk 65 izfr’kr {ks= ouksa ds vèkhu gS vkSj vkèks ls vfèkd vkcknh d`f"k] ckxokuh vkSj i’kqikyu ij fuHkZj gSA vfèkdka’k d`f"k o"kkZ lhafpr gS vkSj bl dkj.k ;g d`f"k tyok;q vfu;ferrk ds izfr cgqr gh laosnu’khy gSA o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj bl jkT; esa ,d cM+h la[;k esa ¼73 izfr’kr½ Jfed vkSjrsa d`f"k&lEcUèkh xfrfofèk;ksa esa tqVh gqbZ gaSA 40 izfr’kr iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa dsoy 10 izfr’kr vkSjrksa ds ikl tehu dh ekyfd;r gS( d`f"k&tux.kuk ¼2010&11½A ;g Hkh ik;k x;k gS fd jkT; ds lHkh nwj&njkt igk³h bykdksa ls iq#"k Hkkjh la[;k esa ‘kgjksa dh vksj iy;ku dj tkrs gSaA

3284.57

4192.43

5147.01 5387.43

0

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6000

2009

-10

AE

2010

-11

AE

2011

-12

RE

2012

-13

BE

Land development, Drought Proofing, Irrigation and Flood Control


Poverty Alleviation, Livelihood and Food security

Rsik Financing

Adaptation to Climate Change under the GB Statement

Figure 5: Adaptation to Climate Change under the GB Statement in MP (Rs. in Crore)

0

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Adaptation Expenditure as a % of GSDP atcurrent prices


Figure 6: Allocations for Adaptation to Climate Change in UK

1515

eq[; fu"d"kZ

• o"kZ 2009&10 ¼vuqeku½ vkSj 2012&13 ds chp dqy vuqdwyu O;; (Total Adaption Expenditure) esa 0-04 izfr’kr dh ekewyh o`f) gqbZ~A ijUrq ;g o`f) ux.; gS D;ksafd mlh vofèk esa dqy ctV O;; ¼Total Budget Expenditure½ ds vuqikr esa Vh-,-bZ- esa 0-24 izfr’kr dh fxjkoV gqbZ ¼fp= 6½A

• dqy vuqdwyu O;; eas cgqr ekewyh c<+r ns[kh xbZ ¼o"kZ 2009&10 essa th-,l-Mh-ih- ds 1-34 izfr’kr ls o"kZ 2012&13 esa 1-38 izfr’kr½ ysfdu dqy ctV O;; ¼Vh-ch-bZ-½ ds vuqikr esa bl jkf’k esa fxjkoV ns[kh xbZ ¼o"kZ 2009&10 esa 6-66 izfr’kr ls 2012&13 esa 6-42 izfr’kr½ ¼o"kZ 2011&12 esa gYdh c<+ksÙkjh ns[kh xbZA ½

• tyok;q vuqdwyu dh lkr Jsf.k;ksa esa ^xjhch mUewyu rFkk vkthfodk vkSj [kk| lqj{kk^ eq[; {ks= jgk gSA blds ckn ^Hkwfe fodkl] lw[kkjksèku] flapkbZ ,oa ck<+ fu;a=.k^ rFkk d`f"k o lac) xfrfofèk;kWa vkrs gSaA

• Åij dh rhu eq[; Jsf.k;ksaa ij O;; dqy vuqdwyu O;; dk YkxHkx 80 izfr’kr gS ¼fp= 7½A

• o"kZ 2011&12 vkSj 2012&13 ds chp ds xjhch mUewyu rFkk vkthfodk vkSj [kk| lqj{kk ds dqy vkoaVu esa mYys[kuh; o`f) ns[kh xbZA

• bl vofèk ds nkSjku ds Hkwfe fodkl] lw[kkjksèku] ty&lapkj vkSj ck< fu;a=.k ds dqy vkoaVu ds lkFk&lkFk d`f"k ds vkoaVu esa fxjkoV ns[kh xbZA

• mYys[kuh; gS fd lu~ 2012&13 esa nks Jsf.k;k¡ gSa &okfudh&tSfod fofoèkrk&outhou laj{k.k vkSj vkink&izcUèku&ftudk vkoaVu lu~ 2011&12 ls nqxquk gks x;k ¼fp= 8½A blls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd ‘kk;n bl jkT;

esa varr% tyok;q&laosnu’khy {ks=ksa ij è;ku dsafnzr djus dh vko’;drk dks Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA gkykafd] buds gsrq vkoaVu jkT; ds dqy ctV dk cgqr gh NksVk fgLlk gSA

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2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13



Agriculture & Allied Activites

Forestry, Biodiversity, and Wildlife Conservation

Water Resources

Disaster Management

Figure 8: Allocations for various sectors within the TAE in UK (Rs. in Crore)

Poverty Alleviation,


, 29%Land Devt,

Drought Proofing,

Irrigation & Flood Control,

26%

Agriculture & Allied activities

25%

Forestry, Biodiversity, and Wildlife

Conservation7%

Water Resources

12%Disaster

Management1%

Figure 7: Share of various sectors in the TAE in 2012-13 in UK (%)

1616

• mRrjk[kaM ns’k ds dqN ,sls jkT;ksa esa ls ,d gS tgka tsaMj ctfVax ds izkoèkku dks vkSipkfjd rkSj ij LFkkfir dj fy;k x;k gSA bl jkT; esa tsaMj ctfVax jkT; ds eq[; cTkV nLrkost ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

• bl izkoèkku ds ckotwn tsaMj ctfVax dks ykxw djus ds izfr izfrc)rk de utj vkrh gSA vkSj blds ys[ks&tks[ks esa dbZ folaxfr;k¡a ik;h x;h gaSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s la;qDr ou&izcUèk esa] ftlesa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh vfuok;Z gS] tsaMj ctfVax dk dksbZ izcaèku ugha gSa ¼fp= 9½A

• d`f"k vkSj okWVj’ksM izcUèku tSls {ks=ksa ds tsaMj ctV esa Hkh folaxfr;ksa dh Hkjekj gSA th-ch-,l- ds Hkkx&v esa ¼ftlesa ‘kr&izfr’kr vkoaVu efgykvks ds fy, gS½ bu {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, dksbZ ;kstuk;sa fjiksVZ ugha dh x;ha gSaA Ms;jh fodkl tSls {ks=ksa esa Hkh] ftuesa efgyk Jfed Hkkjh la[;k esa tqM+ha gaS] ctV vkoaVu cgqr gh de gSA

• tsaMj cTkV nLrkost esa [kk| lqj{kk dks izeq[krk nh xbZ gS vkSj bldk dkj.k gS dsUnz ljdkj }kjk lqiks”k.k ;kstuk ds varZxr fey jgk vkoaVuA

• tsaMj cTkV nLrkost ds Hkkx&c esa vkink izcaèku vkSj tksf[ke foRriks”k.k tSls dbZ egRoiw.kZ tyok;q ifjorZu ds izfr laosnu’khy {ks=ksa ¼ftuesa dsUnz }kjk ;g vfuok;Z gS fd de ls de 30 izfr’kr efgykvksa ij [kpZ fd;k tk;s½ dk dksbZ ftØ ugha gSA bu dqN foHkkxksa esa tgka ,slh Ldhesa ykxw dh xbZ gS buds fy;s vkoaVu cgqr gh de gSA

• tsaMj cTkV nLrkost dh lkr Jsf.k;ksa esa lksps x;s gLr{ksi eq[; :i ls dY;k.k mUeq[k gSa] os yksxksa dks tyok;q ifjorZu ds fofHkUu izHkkoksa dk lkeuk djus gsrq l{ke cukus esa dksbZ [kkl ;ksxnku ugha ns ik jgs gaSA

• mRrjk[kaM esa ctV ;kstuk izfØ;k fyax&Hksn lacafèkr eqíksa dks izfrfcafcr ugha djrkA

mRrj izns'k

mRrj izns’k] Hkkjr dk lcls vfèkd vkcknh okyk vkSj lcls xjhc jkT;ksa esa ls ,d gSA d`f"k tux.kuk 2010&11 dk vuqeku gS fd Hkfo”; esa bl jkT; ds dqN bykds rhoz o"kkZ o ck<+ ls xzLr gksaxs vkSj vU; bykdksa esa u ds cjkcj o"kkZ vkSj yEcs le; rd lw[ks dk izdksi gksxkA bl rjg ds izHkko jkT;

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Adaptation Expenditure as a % of GSDP at currentprices


Figure 10: Allocations for Adaptation to Climate Change in UP

Agriculture and Allied

vi es7%

Watershed Management

5%

Rural Development

17%Food

Security71%

Forestry0%

Figure 9: Adaptation to Climate Change under GB Statement in UK for 2012-13 (%)

1717

dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, xEHkhj [krjk cu tk;saxs tks eq[;r% d`f"k&izèkku gS vkSj ftl ij jkT; dh 59 izfr’kr vkcknh fuHkZj djrh gSA ;g Hkh ik;k x;k gS fd 7 izfr’kr ls Hkh de efgykvksa ds ikl viuh tehu gSA 59 izfr’kr iq#"k Jfed vkSj 61 izfr’kr efgyk Jfed vkthfodk gsrq bl vFkZO;oLFkk ds izkbZejh {ks= ij fuHkZj gSA Ms;jh QkfeZax] jlksbZ ckxckuh] ?kjksa esa eqxhZ o cdjh ikyu vU; {ks= gaS ftuesa efgyk;sa cM+h la[;k esa dk;Zjr gSaA

eq[; fu"d"kZ

• jkT; dk dqy vuqdwyu O;; (Total Adaption Expenditure) o"kZ 2007&08 esa th-,l-Mh-ih- ds 3-16 izfr’kr ls c<+dj o"kZ 2012&13 ¼vuqeku½ esa 4-20 izfr’kr igqWp x;kA

• dqy ctVh; O;; (Total Budget Expenditure) ds vuqikr ds :i esa Hkh dqy vuqdwyu O;; o"kZ 2007&08 esa 13-71 izfr’kr Fkk tks rsth ls c<+rk gqvk o"kZ 2012&13 esa 17-36 izfr’kr gks x;k ¼fp= 10½A

• fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa xjhch mUewyu dk vkoaVu lc ls vfèkd ik;k x;k vkSj ;g vkoaVu ¼fp= 11½ ,d c<+rh gqbZ izo`fRr dks Hkh n’kkZrk gSA

• d`f"k vkSj lacafèkr xfrfofèk;ksa ds vkoaVu vis{kkd`r NksVs jgs gSa vkSj ftruh t:jr gS mlds fglkc ls ugha c<+ jgs gSaA flapkbZ vkSj ck<+ fu;a=.k {ks= & ‘kk;n gky ds o"kksaZ esa yxkrkj ?kVrh vkinkvksa ds dkj.k ¼fp= 12½ dqN o`f) n’kkZrs gSaA

• mRrj izns’k es tsaMj ctfVax }kjk efgykvksa dks l’kDr cukus dh dksbZ igy ugha dh xbZ gSA jkT; us o"kZ 2005&06 esa efgyk ?kVd ;kstuk & okWesu dEiksusUV Iyku ¼MCYk;w- lh- ih-½ ykxw fd;k FkkA bl Iyku dk vkoaVu 2253-09 djks³ #i;s gS tks dqy ctV O;; dk flQZ 1-21 izfr’kr gSA

• gky ds o"kksaZ esa MCYk;w-lh-ih- dh vkoaVu èkujkf’k esa c<+ksÙkjh ns[kh xbZA

Agriculture & allied Activites

8%Forestry &

Wildlife1%

Irrigation & Flood Control

15%

Poverty Allieviation

59%

Water Supply7%

Land Development

1%

Risk Financing9%

Figure 11: Share of Various Sectors in TAE in 2012-13 in UP (%)

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Figure 12: Allocations for various sectors within the TAE in UP (Rs. in Crore)

Agriculture & allied Activites Forestry & Wildlife

Irrigation & Flood Control Poverty Allieviation

Water Supply Land Development

Risk Financing

1818

• ysfdu MCYk;w-lh-ih- ds rgr d`f"k o lacfèkr xfrfofèk;ksa gsrq dksbZ ;kstuk ugha ykxw dh xbZA T;knkrj ;kstuk;sa [kkl fyax eqíksa dks lacksfèkr ugha dj ikbZaA os dsoy ys[kksa&tks[kksa dh vkSipkfjd xfrfofèk;k¡ cudj jg x;haA

• blds lkFk&lkFk ;g ns[kk x;k fd lkjh dh lkjh ;kstuk;sa nku&dY;k.k ls izsfjr jgh u fd tu&l’kfDrdj.k lsA buesa dksbZ fo’ks"k tyok;q&lEcUèkh ;kstuk Hkh ugha ik;h xbZA

• MCYk;w-lh-ih- ds rgr fofHkUu ;kstukvksa esa Hkkjh mrkj&p<+ko ns[kk x;kA tSls o"kZ 2011&12 esa tu&dY;k.k ;kstuk ds vkoaVu esa fxjkoV vk;h ysfdu o"kZ 2012&13 esa bl vkoaVu esa Hkkjh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZA lqiks"k.k o efgyk&dY;k.k ;kstuk;sa tyok;q vlekurk ls gksus okyh [kk| deh dks lEHkkyus esa dkjxj gks ldrh gSA ysfdu bu ;kstukvksa dk vkoaVu o"kZ 2011&12 ds eqdkcys] o"kZ 2012&13 esa cgqr de gks x;k ¼fp= 13½A

Ikf'pe caxky

if’pe caxky ns’k dk pkSFkk lc ls vfèkd vkcknh okyk jkT; gS ¼mRrj izns’k] egkjk”Vª vkSj fcgkj ds ckn½ tgk¡ gjsd ikapok¡ O;fDr xjhch js[kk ds uhps gS ¼Hkkjr ljdkj] 2013½A ;g jkT; ges’kk ls Hkh”k.k pØokrksa o ck<+ksa dk lkeuk djrk jgk gSA tyok;q&ifjorZu ds dkj.k u dsoy blds vkl&ikl ds

leqnzh Lrj esa o`f) gks tk;sxh] vkSj Hkh dbZ cM+h vkinkvksa dk [krjk Hkh c<+ tk;sxkA d`f"k tux.kuk ¼2010&11½ ds vuqlkj vFkZO;oLFkk ds izkFkfed {ks= ls flQZ 44 izfr’kr Jfed tqM+s gSa tks lalkèkufoghu gSaA jkT; esa tehu ds ekfydksa esa efgykvksa dh la[;k dsoy 3-5 izfr’kr gSA if’pe caxky ,sls dqN jkT;ksa esa ls ,d gS tgk¡ izkFkfed lsDVj esa iq#"kksa dh la[;k efgykvkssa dh la[;k ls FkksM+h T;knk gSA

eq[; fu"d"kZ

• fiNys rhu o”kksaZ esa if’pe caxky ds ctV esa c<+r dk #>ku ns[kk x;k gkykafd èkujkf’k izkfIr o O;; fglkc ls ;g c<+r cgqr gh ekewyh FkhA dqy ctVh; O;; ds vuqikr esa dqy vuqdwyu O;; esa fiNys rhu lkyksa esa c<+r dk #>ku ns[kk x;k & 11-15 izfr’kr o"kZ 2010&11 esa vkSj 13-40 izfr’kr o"kZ 2012&13 esaA ,slh gh #>ku dqy vuqdwyu O;; ds th-,l-Mh-ih- ds vuqikr esa ns[kk x;k ¼fp= 14½A

• ysfdu dqy vuqdwyu O;; th-,l-Mh-ih- dk cgqr gh ekewyh fgLlk Fkk ¼2012&13 ¼vuqeku½ ds ctV dk 2-162 izfr’kr½A

• bl vè;;u ds Ckkdh jkT;ksa dh rjg ctVh; O;; dk T;knkrj fgLlk xjhch&mUewyu vkSj vkthfodk o [kk| lqj{kk ds {ks= ij [kpkZ fd;k x;kA bl {ks= ds vkSj vU; {ks=ksa ds O;; esa Hkh Hkkjh QdZ ns[kk x;kA

• vkink&tfur tksf[keksa gsrq foRrh; enn o chek gsrq ctV cgqr dh de gSA

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Figure 14: Allocations for Adaptation to Climate Change in WB

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Figure 13: Adaptation to Climate Change under the Women Component Plan in UP (Rs. in Crore)

1919

• okfudh] tSo&fofoèkrk] outhou&laj{k.k vkSj vkink izcUèku tSls {ks=ksa dks cgqr gh de izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA

• dqy tyok;q&vuqdwyu O;; (Total Adaption Expenditure) esa d`f"k o lacafèkr xfrfofèk;ksa dk ctV fgLlk dsoy 8 izfr’kr gS ¼fp= 15½A

• fiNys rhu o"kksaZ esa lHkh {ks=ksa ds O;; esa c<+ksÙkjh gqbZA

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Forest, Biodiversity, and Wildlife Conservation

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Figure 16: Allocations for various sectors within the TAE in WB (Rs. In Crore)

Agri. & Allied Activities, 8%

Forest, Biodivrsity &

Wildlife Conservation

1%

Disaster Management

3%

Poverty Alleviation


60%

Land Devt, Drought Proofing,

Irrigation and Flood Control,

20%

Water Resources

7%

Risk Financing1%

Figure: 15 Share of various sectors in the Total Adaptation Expenditure in 2012-13 in WB (%)

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Empowerment Of Women & Development Of Children

Figure 17: Adaptation to Climate Change under the Women Component Plan in WB (Rs. in Crore)

2020

izeq[k vuqjksèk ,oa lq>ko

• lHkh jkT;ksa dks pkfg;s fd MCYk;w-lh-ih- ds LFkku ij efgyk&dsfUnzr ctV fofèk ¼tsaMj ctfVax½ izfrLFkkfir djsa tks Bksl :Ik ls vfuok;Z gksA fyax ctV LVsVeasV dks jkT; ds eq[; ctV ds lkFk is’k fd;k tkuk Hkh vfuok;Z gksuk pkfg,A

• ftu jkT;ksa esa T;knkrj yksx izkFkfed {ks= dh d`f"k o lacafèkr xfrfofèk;ksa ij fuHkZj gS mUgas pkfg;s fd tyok;q&vuqdwyu uhfr cukus dks izkFkfedrk nsa vkSj vko’;d fyax ctV fuèkkZfjr djsaA

• jkT;ksa dks LVsV ,D’ku Iyku vkWu DykbZesV psUt ¼,l-,-ih-lh-lh-½ esa izkFkfed {ks= dks lEHkkyus ds fy, bl vè;;u esa mfYyf[kr j.kuhfr;ksa dks vey esa ykuk pkfg;sA blds fy;s vko’;d fyax&vkèkkfjr tyok;q vuqdwyu ctV fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA bu j.kuhfr;ksa esa izeq[k gaS vkink&tfur tksf[keksa gsrq foRrh; enn o chek vkSj vkink izcaèkuA

• tyok;q ifjorZu ds nq"izHkkoksa vkSj muls fuiVus ds fy;s rduhdh {kerkvksa dk fuekZ.k lHkh ljdkjh foHkkxksa dks djuk pkfg,A blds fy, fyax&fuèkkZjd MsVk dk laxzg ,d cqfu;knh fl)kUr ds :Ik esa viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

• efgyk&vuqdwyu ctV dh ;kstuk&fofèk] vkoaVu] O;; vkSj ewY;kadu dks] jkT;] ftyk rFkk iapk;r@uxj&fuxe ds rhuksa Lrjksa ij fodsUnzhd`r dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g blfy;s fd iw.kZ vuqdwyu ds fy, LFkkuh; {kerkvksa] LFkkuh; Kku vkSj lalkèkuksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA

• efgyk&vuqdwyu ctV dh èkujkf’k gj {ks= esa efgykvska dh Hkkxhnkjh ds vuqikr esa gksuh pkfg,A ;fn fdlh {ks= es efgyk Jfedksa dh la[;k iq#"k Jfedksa ls vfèkd gS rks ;g varj ctV dh Iykfuax o O;; es Li"V utj vkuk pkfg,A

• efgyk&vuqdwyu ctV dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk&gh&lkFk ,d Lora= vkadyu dk Hkh izkoèkku gksuk pkfg, tks fu;fer varjky ij djok;k tk;sA

• Hkwfe&fodkl Js.kh ds vkoaVu esa Hkkjh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ vkSj FkksM+h cgqr c<+ksÙkjh d`f"k vkSj lEcfUèkr xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkh ns[kh x;h ¼fp= 16½A

• if’pe caxky us vHkh rd efgyk&dsfUnzr ctV fofèk ¼tsaMj ctfVax½ dks ugha viuk;k gSA

• jkT; esa pyk;h tk jgh efgyk ?kVd ;kstuk ¼Women Component Plan½ ¼MCYk;w-lh-ih-½ dk ctV fiNys rhu lkyksa esa ¼2010&11 ls 2012&13 rd½ c<+k gS ¼fp= 17½A

• dqN gh foHkkx MCYk;w-lh-ih- ds Hkkxhnkj gSa vkSj bl Hkkxhnkjh esa eq[; vuqdwyu&lacaèkh {ks= MCYk;w-lh-ih- nk;js ds ckgj gh gSaA

• MCYk;w-lh-ih- dh dk;Ziz.kkyh lqn`<+ ugha gS ftlds dkj.k efgyk&lEcUèkh vusd igyas bl ;kstuk esa 'kkfey gksus ls jg tkrh gaSA bl rjg dh dqN eq[; igyas gSa & ftyk Lrj ij xjhch fuewZyu dk izkstDV] rstfLouh xzkeh.k efgyk l’kfDrdj.k ifj;kstuk] efgyk e.My] lEiw.kZ LoPNrk vfHk;ku vkSj eqxhZ o NksVs tkuoj ikyu dh ifj;kstukA

Alternative Futures is a development research and communication group working on creative and meaningful policy, social and technological alternatives and innovations for sustainable development and social change. We are inspired by the vision of a society based on the principles of ecological sustainability, social justice, spirituality and cultural pluralism. Our objective is to create an alternative future that is more humane, just and sustainable, by catalyzing and bringing together a community of change-makers.

Activities undertaken by Alternative Futures include:

Policy research and advocacy, field research and surveys, sector studies, background papers, resource manuals

Documentation of initiatives and innovations for development and social transformation and dissemination of these through the website www.iforchange.org and other channels

Monitoring and evaluation studies

Media outreach through old and new media, communication and preparation of information, education and communication (IEC) materials

Support to innovative voluntary efforts and capacity-building initiatives

For more information and to contact us visit www.alternativefutures.org.in

FUTURES

efgyk&dsfUnzr ctV ;kuh tsaMj ctfVax Hkkjr dh jk’Vªh; uhfr gS ysfdu tyok;q ifjorZu ds lUnHkZ esa ;g tkuuk cgqr vko”;d gS fd fdl gn rd bl uhfr dks tyok;q&vuqdwyu lEcf/kr dk;Z&;kstukvksa esa “kkfey fd;k x;k gS\ us”kuy ,D”ku Iyku vkWu DykbZesV psUt ¼,u-,-ih-lh-lh-½ ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr tyok;q vuqdwyu ij vius ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 2.5 izfr”kr [kpZ djrk gS tks dqy feykdj xjhch mUewyu] LokLF;] Qly lq/kkj rFkk vkink izca/ku lfgr lkr Jsf.k;ksa ij O;; fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu bu Jsf.k;ksa esa tsaMj ctfVax dk dksbZ izko/kku ugha gSA Hkkjr ds la?kh; <kaps ds rgr ;s Jsf.k;k¡ jkT; ljdkjksa ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa vkrh gSaA ;g v/;;u ns”k ds pkj jkT;ksa ¼e/; izns”k] mRrj izns”k] mRrjk[kaM vkSj if”pe caxky½ ds jkT;&ctVksa esa tsaMj ctfVax dks viukus ds iz;klksa dks tk¡prk gSA fu’d’kZ%

Û dqN jkT; ljdkjksa us gh tsaMj ctfVax dks viuk;k gS] ij fQygky ;s iz;kl v/kwjs ,oa detksj gSaA

Û jkT;ksa ds vuqdwyu&ctV cgqr gh de gSa rFkk efgyk&dsfUnzr ctV rks bu vuqdwyu&ctVksa dk ,d cgqr gh ux.; fgLlk gSA

Û tsaMj ctfVax ;kstuk rFkk dk;ZØe&fMtkbu izfØ;kvksa dk vfHkUu vax ugha gS cfYd Åij ls Fkksih gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA

Û T;knkrj jkT;&ctVksa esa vkoaVu xjhch mUewyu ij dsfUnzr gSA u rks Bksl d`f’k {ks= ds fodkl ij vkSj u gh ck<+] lw[kk rFkk pØokr tSlh izkd`frd vkinkvksa ds izca/ku ij dksbZ /;ku fn;k x;k gSA

;g v/;;u vYVjusfVo ¶;wplZ ds uhfr&”kks/k] ‘tyok;q&ifjorZu gsrq ns”k ds jkT;ksa dh vuqdwyu dk;Z&;kstukvksa esaa fyax Hksn dh leL;k’ dk fgLlk gSA bl uhfr&”kks/k esa ge efgyk d`f’k Jfedksa ij tyok;q&ifjorZu ds izHkkoksa dks ij[krs gSa rFkk ;g tk¡prs gSa fd ns”k esa pyk;h tk jgh Bksl&d`f’k uhfr;ksa o ljdkj ds tyok;q&vuqdwyu dk;ZØeksa ls ;s efgyk;sa dgka rd tqM+ ldh gaSA

Gender budgeting is a national policy in India but how far has it been incorporated into the country’s climate change action plans, particularly under ‘adaptation’? The NAPCC states that India already spends 2.5% of its GDP on climate change adaptation and lists seven categories, including poverty reduction, health, crop improvement and disaster management, where this is done. However, it does not explore gender budgeting within these categories. Within India’s federal structure, these seven categories fall within the purview of State governments. This study explores gender budgeting in the four States of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. Research fi ndings suggest:

• Few state governments have adopted gender budgeting and those which have, are struggling with it.

• Gender budgets are a miniscule part of the already small state ‘adaptation’ budgets.

• Gender budgeting is not part of the planning process - it is an ‘add-on’ rather than being integral to the programme design.

• More allocations go towards poverty reduction than towards building resilience in agriculture or against recurring natural disasters like fl oods, droughts and cyclones.

This study is part of a larger evidence-based policy research by Alternative Futures on ‘Gender and State Climate Change Action Plans’ that explores how key on-the-ground adaptation measures impact women in agriculture and where women stand vis-à-vis sustainable agriculture-related policies, including public provisioning.