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Gender-Based Community Participation in Biodiversity Conservation Activities:
A Case Study From Ratchaburi, Thailand
ADB-Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative (BCI)
Thailand at the present has lost its biodiversity at the alarming rate (ONEP, 2006) Target goal of ADB-BCI “the continuous provision of NR goods and services”(ADB, 2005)
To conserve the country’s biodiversity & sustain people’s livelihood, support and collaboration of local community is needed (MA, 2005)
Need of gender-based analysis in Development (Agarwal, 2001) Millennium Development Goal #3: promote gender equality & empower W.
social problem; poverty /education/ but gender issues not yet focused (ADB, 2007)
Gender-based community participation in Biodiversity conservation activities:
Objectives & Data Objectives & Data Collection Collection
To assess the different contributions of men and To assess the different contributions of men and women to livelihood through NRMwomen to livelihood through NRM
Focus-group discussion: M/F in each village
To comparatively assess the level of local To comparatively assess the level of local participation between men and women in participation between men and women in conservation projectsconservation projects
Ladder of Participation frequencies/WAI
To determine the influencing factors that boost To determine the influencing factors that boost or hinder the level of participationor hinder the level of participation
Questionnaire WAI
To provide recommendationsTo provide recommendations
Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewGender and NR Gender and NR
women’s work involves them closely with naturalwomen’s work involves them closely with natural
resources, whether as haulers of water, hewers of fuelresources, whether as haulers of water, hewers of fuel
wood, or contributors in agricultural production whilewood, or contributors in agricultural production while
men are interested in trees to produce building poles men are interested in trees to produce building poles
to sell for cash (Leach, 1992). to sell for cash (Leach, 1992).
Gender & community participation Gender & community participation
McAdam (1992): women’s parenting role constrainsMcAdam (1992): women’s parenting role constrains
one’s time and availability for participationone’s time and availability for participation
Agarwal (2001): factors that determine participationAgarwal (2001): factors that determine participation
such as rules, norms, and perceptions cansuch as rules, norms, and perceptions can
disadvantage women. disadvantage women.
Arnstein’s ladder of Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participationcitizen participation
3: 3: have been informed about this projecthave been informed about this project
4: give opinions/ feedback to the project 4: give opinions/ feedback to the project such as via survey such as via survey
5: have position but do not have decision-5: have position but do not have decision-making power making power
6: have a position and partially involve in 6: have a position and partially involve in decision-making process decision-making process
7: Fully involved in decision-making 7: Fully involved in decision-making
8: Fully in charge of management 8: Fully in charge of management
Characteristics of respondentsCharacteristics of respondents 84 persons in Punam Ron/ 102 in Pong / #M= #F Age : majority 30-42 years old Average monthly income: Pong Krathing Bon
(5,578.81 Baht) / Ban Punam Ron (4,470.75 Baht) Occupation: Pong Krathing Bon= farmers /Ban
Punam Ron= laborers in non-agriculture. most respondents spend 5-12 hours to carry out
productive and reproductive works daily reproductive work: less than 2 hrs.** Except women
in Ban Punam Ron (2-4 hrs.) **community managing role is not included :
babysitting children of relatives or neighbors, help out in temple
majority of respondents acquire primary educationmajority of respondents acquire primary education
Comparative Assessment Comparative Assessment Factors Pong Krathing Bon Punam Ron
Education • no education: more female numbers• 1st and 2nd education is acquired by
more men• Proportions of men with 2nd edu. are
four times > than of women
* *
Employment • Higher proportions of unemployed women than of men
• Large #women - unemployed (41.2%)
*
Occupation • farming and labor work – more M• in sale business – more W • Government officials are only male
**Female
Income • Large # women do not earn income.• In every income-generating group, >
portions of male than female
•No income: W>M•income >10,000 Baht : W>M
Factors Pong Krathing Bon Punam Ron
Workload •More women > men use more than 12 hours of working•Higher # of hrs. spent to carry out the reproductive work are occupied by > women
Leadership •Head of family is mostly male leader (3times >female)• In public sphere, male leaders are 2 times>female leaders
*
•F leaders are 2 times>M leaders
NR uses •Men harvest timber, tree branches, wild animals •women harvest food plants, fuel wood, fodder, leaf litter, and herb•women are collector of water resources
*
*
*
Comparative Assessment Comparative Assessment
Gender division of labor (Pong Krathing Bon)Gender division of labor (Pong Krathing Bon)
inner = actor / outer = decision maker
Men make decision in most activities (7 out of 8 activities) but workloads are shared Men make decision in most activities (7 out of 8 activities) but workloads are shared
Gender division of labor (Punam Ron)Gender division of labor (Punam Ron)
Shared decision-making and workloadMen -farm maintenance , women - selling farm products
Shared decision-making and workloadMen -farm maintenance , women - selling farm products
Conservation practices Conservation practices
Women: transporting manure, manuring , agro-forestryMen : repairing water reservoir
difference : more sharing of works here
Community participation in Community participation in Biodiversity Conservation Activities Biodiversity Conservation Activities
Home GardenHome Garden Forest PlantingForest Planting Village NurseriesVillage Nurseries Firebreak ConstructionFirebreak Construction Check-dam ConstructionCheck-dam Construction Religious Ceremony on TreesReligious Ceremony on Trees Village Debate on CINPM (Community-Integrated Village Debate on CINPM (Community-Integrated
National Park ManagementNational Park Management) )
Community participation Community participation
Punam Ron: more participantsPunam Ron: more participants
in most activitiesin most activities
Pong Krathing Bon = higherPong Krathing Bon = higher
level of participation (WAI) level of participation (WAI)
Participation level (WAI) Participation level (WAI) Projects
Pong Krathing Bon (n=102)
Punam Ron (n=84)
M (51) F (51) M (42) F (42)
Home garden 0.29 0.37 0.29 0.46
Forest planting 0.38 0.21 0.46 0.36
Village nurseries 0.37 0.19 0.22 0.23
Fire break construction 0.41 0.16 0.34 0.28
Check dam construction 0.47 0.15 0.29 0.26
Religious ceremony on trees 0.23 0.32 0.14 0.19
Village debate 0.48 0.28 0.31 0.42
Total weight 2.63 1.68 2.05 2.20
Average 0.38 0.24 0.29 0.31
0.17 = level 1 of participation ladder
0.33 = level 2 of participation ladder
0.50 = level 3 of participation ladder
0.67 = level 4 of participation ladder
0.83 = level 5 of participation ladder
1.00 = level 6 of participation ladder
Comparative Assessment Comparative Assessment Factors Pong Krathing Bon Punam Ron
# Participants > M in forest planting, village nurseries, check-dam construction, fire-break construction, village debate
> F in home garden and religious ceremony on trees
> M in firebreak construction and check-dam construction
> F in home garden, forest planting, village nurseries, religious ceremony on trees, and village debate
ParticipantLevel
> M participation - forest planting, village nurseries, check-dam construction, fire-break construction, village debate
>F participation - home garden and religious ceremony on trees
> M participation is found in forest planting, construction and check-dam construction
> F participation is found in home garden, village nurseries, religious ceremony on trees, and village debate
Factors Pong Krathing Bon Punam Ron Drivers for participation
M- time, incentive, leader, and distance
F -time, incentive, and linkage b/w NR & livelihood
M- time and incentive F - time, incentive, and leaders
Drivers for non- participation
M- time, incentive, and advertisement F - time, incentive, family members,
and advertisement
M- time, advertisement, and distance
F- time, family members, advertisement, and distance
Recommend M-suitable time, provision of knowledge & money, and close distance
W- provision of knowledge & money, close distance, and advertisement
M-provision of knowledge & money, bottom-up approach, and advertisement
W- lose distance, while bottom-up approach and provision of knowledge & money carry the same weight of importance
Comparative Assessment Comparative Assessment
Drivers forDrivers forparticipation participation
Similarity across genders and villages Similarity across genders and villages Time and incentive are perceived as the most Time and incentive are perceived as the most
influencing factorsinfluencing factors
Gender-based difference in two villages Gender-based difference in two villages In Ban Pong Krathing Bon : men- leader & In Ban Pong Krathing Bon : men- leader &
distance /W- linkage between natural resources distance /W- linkage between natural resources and livelihood functionand livelihood function
In Ban Punam Ron, women consider leader as In Ban Punam Ron, women consider leader as their influencing factortheir influencing factor
Drivers for Drivers for nonparticipation nonparticipation
Common finding across village and gender Common finding across village and gender Time and advertisement are perceived as the most Time and advertisement are perceived as the most
influencing factors for both M&W in both villages influencing factors for both M&W in both villages In both villages, W consider family In both villages, W consider family
members/neighbor influence as influencing factormembers/neighbor influence as influencing factor
Difference Difference Incentive: Both M&W in Ban Pong Krathing BonIncentive: Both M&W in Ban Pong Krathing Bon Distance: Both M&W in Ban Punam Ron Distance: Both M&W in Ban Punam Ron
Quantitatively, they perceive gender is Quantitatively, they perceive gender is not influencing factor …… let’s see !! not influencing factor …… let’s see !!
Quantitative finding Quantitative finding
Correlation analysis: the higher no. of male,Correlation analysis: the higher no. of male,
the lesser numbers of participants in Religiousthe lesser numbers of participants in Religious
Ceremony on TreesCeremony on Trees
1) there is a link b/w gender & participation 1) there is a link b/w gender & participation
2) No. of male participants influence 2) No. of male participants influence
participation of the opposite sex. participation of the opposite sex.
qualitative data??
Insights from Male Pong Krathing BonInsights from Male Pong Krathing Bon
Overload work for W if women are employedOverload work for W if women are employed Traditional belief: W stay at home/ M study& work Traditional belief: W stay at home/ M study& work reproductive work is women’s responsibilityreproductive work is women’s responsibility If shared: get laughed at/wife go out If shared: get laughed at/wife go out Men are more suitable for leadership Men are more suitable for leadership
(travel/household chores ~ children)(travel/household chores ~ children) Community work: W cook/ religious/ decoration Community work: W cook/ religious/ decoration W feel uncomfortable to involve when many men W feel uncomfortable to involve when many men
are thereare there
Female Pong Female Pong Krathing BonKrathing Bon
feel uncomfortable to express opinions in publicfeel uncomfortable to express opinions in public Not consider reproductive roles as workNot consider reproductive roles as work proudly accepted that men are breadwinners for a proudly accepted that men are breadwinners for a
familyfamily believe in men-dominated society (more knowledge, believe in men-dominated society (more knowledge,
experience, and social connection)experience, and social connection) accept household chores as their total responsibility- accept household chores as their total responsibility-
too muchtoo much public service are mostly undertaken by menpublic service are mostly undertaken by men Reasons: husband said so, chores/children, children Reasons: husband said so, chores/children, children
annoy, feel unwelcomedannoy, feel unwelcomed Opposite result from young female adult Opposite result from young female adult
Male Punam Ron Male Punam Ron fair arrangement on workload fair arrangement on workload Education: equal nowEducation: equal now ““as commonly seen everywhere in as commonly seen everywhere in
the world, the president or leader the world, the president or leader of any country is mostly male”. of any country is mostly male”. (men are more suitable) (men are more suitable)
is difficult for women, especially is difficult for women, especially the married ones, to travel aroundthe married ones, to travel around
More women in public function More women in public function because they stay at home or work because they stay at home or work within community area within community area
Female Punam RonFemale Punam Ron Feel comfortable in sharing opinionsFeel comfortable in sharing opinions both husband and wife do generate incomes and do both husband and wife do generate incomes and do
share responsibility in household chores.share responsibility in household chores. Female leaders should be encouraged (they are Female leaders should be encouraged (they are
also)also) women are more precautious in making decisionwomen are more precautious in making decision no gender difference: knowledge, experience, and no gender difference: knowledge, experience, and
social connection. social connection. feel proud to be part of conservation projects & feel proud to be part of conservation projects &
receive knowledge from hands-on activitiesreceive knowledge from hands-on activities Differences b/w villages : education gap, age, Differences b/w villages : education gap, age,
existence of female leaders , traditional pratices existence of female leaders , traditional pratices