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Gender and Development

Julia Hamaus

GIZ Advisor on Gender and Policy Analysis at the

Non Governmental Organizations’ Coordinating Council for Gender and Development ((NGOCC)

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Content of the presentation

1. Gender dimensions in Zambia

� Cultural characteristics

� Gender inequalities in various sectors

� National policies and instruments

2. Development cooperation between GIZ and NGOCC

� Development intervention

� NGOCC

� Work area and outputs

� Challenges and Opportunities

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Zambia� Population: 12,9 million

� 68% live below the poverty line

� Major industry: copper mining

� HIV/AIDS prevalence 14.3%

� Location: Southern Africa

� Landlocked country like Uganda

� More than 3 times as big as Uganda

� Former British colony (until 1964)

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I. Gender dimensions in Zambia

Cultural characteristics

� Gender stereotypes (reproductive vs. productive roles)

� Access to resources and opportunities (land, loans, law, employment, decision-making)

� Harmful practices (bride price, initiation ceremonies, forced early marriages, sexual cleansing, widow inheritance, dry sex, polygamy)

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Gender dimensions in Zambia

Global Gender Gap Report 2011

� By the World Economic Forum

� Global Gender Gap Index, developed in 2006, is a framework capturing gender-based disparities and tracking their progress

� It measures national gender gaps on political, economic, education and health-based criteria

� Index measures gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in individual countries. Measures gender gap, not development level.

� Zambia was ranked 106 out of 134 countries

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Gender dimensions in Zambia

Political empowerment

With women representing just 14 percent of Parliament, Zambia is one of the poorest performers on affirmative action in the South African Development Community, SADC, a regional interparliamentary body made up of 15 member countries

Women in parliament

Year Female Male

2010 14 86

2009 15 85

2008 15 85

2007 15 85

2006 15 85

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Gender dimensions in Zambia

Economic participation and opportunity

Estimated earned income (PPP US$)

Year Female Male

2010 980 1,740

2009 897 1,650

2008 725 1,319

2007 670 1,216

2006 629 1,130

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Gender dimensions in Zambia

Educational attainment

� Literacy rate

Year Female Male

2010 61 81

2009 60 76

2008 60 76

2007 60 76

2006 60 76

� Enrolment in tertiary education

Year Female Male

2010 2 3

2009 1 3

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Gender dimensions in Zambia

Health and survival

� Maternity and Childbearing

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) .........................46

Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%).................41

Length of maternity leave ..................................................12 weeks

Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......................100

Provider of maternity coverage...........................................Employer

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................470

� Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality to 162 deaths per 100,000 births by 2015

Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...151

Female HIV prevalence, aged 15 – 49 (%)EEEEEEE16

Male HIV prevalence, aged 15 – 49 (%)EEEEEEEE.11

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Gender dimensions in Zambia

Women and land

� Women provide the majority of labour in subsistence agriculture and generate an estimated 70% of the unpaid labour on small-scale farms, but only own a very low percentage of it

� Zambia has a dual legal system:

� Under Zambian customary law women only have user rights and no ownership rights. In rural areas, custom prohibits married women from having access to land.

� The acquisition of land under statutory law is difficult for women. Titles can only be acquired through a bureaucratic centralized system and fees are high.

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Gender dimensions in ZambiaGender Based Violence

� Women aged 15-44 are more at risk from rape and domestic violence than from cancer, car accidents, war and malaria

� In 2010, 8673 cases of GBV have been reported to the police in Zambia. A health survey revealed that 47% of all women had reported to have experienced GBV. It results that two million women, out of the six million women in Zambia, have experienced GBV. This is 210 times the number that was reported to the police.

� Most of the cases of GBV are not reported to the police. Many forms of GBV do not come out of police reports, such as psychological or economical abuse.

� Anti-GBV legislation enacted in April 2011, but so far not implemented.

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Gender dimensions in Zambia

National Policies and Instruments

� National Gender Policy (NGP 2000)

� Sixth National Development Plan (SNDP 2011 - 2015)

� Zambian Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

� Amendments of Penal Code

� Constitution, article 23

� Anti-Gender Based Violence Act (Anti-GBV Act 2011)

� Gender policies implemented by ministries (education, health)

� Gender and Child Development Division (Gender Focal Points – ministries, provincial and district level)

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II. Development Cooperation between GIZ - NGOCC

To support civil society in their efforts of promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment, the GIZ collaborates with NGOCC in line with its Good Governance Program. This collaboration is under the development intervention number 15 (EM 15), which offers advisory services for civil society organizations to promote democracy.

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Development Intervention

� To support the gender analysis of national policies and strategies

� To support identifying, developing and documenting good practice examples of gender mainstreaming

� To advise on the development of indicators to assess gender mainstreaming

� To assist organizing and conducting trainings for member organizations

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NGOCC

� Was established in 1985, after the United Nations' World Conference on Women in Nairobi (Kenya)

� Coordinates 109 organizations working in gender & development

� Supports its members technically and financially

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NGOCC

Vision

A dynamic and sustainable civil society organization leading the struggle against gender inequalities and injustices.

Mission Statement

To champion gender equality and equity through coordinated institutional and capacity development support to members, advocacy and linkages with local and international partners.

Motto

NGOCC growing everyday.

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NGOCC

Priority areas

� Women in decision making

� Gender based violence

� Women and HIV & AIDS

� Young women’s involvement

� Women’s economical empowerment

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Work PlanObjective IMOs have sufficient expertise in gender mainstreaming and gender analysis and contribute with their work to gender equality.

Outcomes�Strengthened capacity in gender mainstreaming and gender analysis of the NGOCC network.

�Strengthened capacity of NGOCC secretariat in monitoring MOs projects from a gender perspective.

Outputs Activities

1. Step by step guide for good practices of gender mainstreaming

1. Collecting good practice examples from NGOCC and MOs

2. Presentation of research to NGOCC staff

3. Development of step by step guide

4. Presentation of guide to colleagues of NGOCC, MOs and GIZ

2. Guidelines on how to conduct gender analysis

1. Research

2. Presentation of research to colleagues

3. Development of guidelines

4. Presentation of guidelines to NGOCC, MOs and GIZ

3. Reports on monitoring MOs’ work from a gender perspective

1. Meeting with MOs

2. Share gained information with NGOCC staff

3. Write short report about findings

4. Present findings to NGOCC secretariat

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1. Step by step guide of good practice examples of gender mainstreaming

Good practices in gender mainstreaming

can be defined as actions taken to change existing gender imbalances in order to provide equal opportunities and responsibilities for women and men.

Central question

Which behavior, activities, projects, analyses, guidelines or policies have contributed to increased gender awareness, changes in existing inequalities between men and women, opening up non-traditional areas for women and men within organizations and in external projects? How have they been conducted?

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1. Step by step guide of good practice examples of gender mainstreaming

Findings on good practices

� Gender analysis

� Gender trainings and sensitization tools

� Learning from good practices of others

� Affirmative action (chair, director, financial management)

� Monitoring and evaluating gender mainstreaming

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2. Guidelines on Gender Analysis

Category of Enquiry Category of Enquiry Issues to ConsiderIssues to Consider Framework/sFramework/s

Roles and ResponsibilitiesRoles and Responsibilities Productive roles, Productive roles, Reproductive roles, Reproductive roles, Community participation, Community participation, Community politicsCommunity politics

Harvard Analytical Harvard Analytical FrameworkFramework

Assets/Resources/OpportuAssets/Resources/Opportunities nities

Human, Natural, Social, Human, Natural, Social, Physical, Economic Physical, Economic

Social Relations Social Relations Framework (distribution of Framework (distribution of resources) resources)

Power and Decision Power and Decision Making Making

Household level, Household level, Community level Community level

-- Social Relations Social Relations Framework Framework

-- Women’s Empowerment Women’s Empowerment Framework Framework

Needs, Priorities and Needs, Priorities and perspectives perspectives

‘Practical’ gender needs, ‘Practical’ gender needs, ‘Strategic’ gender needs, ‘Strategic’ gender needs, Experience and views on Experience and views on delivery systemsdelivery systems

-- Gender Planning Gender Planning Framework focuses on Framework focuses on practical and strategic practical and strategic needsneeds

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Work PlanObjective IIGender mainstreaming in Zambian policies and gender budgeting in the national budget is promoted and increases gender equality in all development interventions.

Outcomes�Increased awareness of how gender needs to be addressed in the PRSP to promote gender equality.

�Strengthened capacity in the production of gender analysis of the NGOCC network.

�Strengthened capacity in identifying gender (in)sensitive budget allocations of the NGOCC network.

Outputs Activities

1. Gender Analysis of the SNDP

1. Consultative meeting with NGOCC colleagues

2. Writing of document

3. Presentation for NGOCC staff, MOs and GIZ

2. Gender Analysis of the 2011 and 2012 National Budgets

1. Develop proposals about a gender sensitive national budget to the MoFNP

2. Revision of the draft analyses by the gender budgeting team

3. Consultative meeting with the gender budgeting team

4. Assisting in presenting analysis to NGOCC staff and MOs

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2. Analysis of the SNDP

1. General situation analysis of gender dimensions in Zambia

1.1 Roles and responsibilities analysis

1.1.1 Productive versus reproductive roles1.1.2 Community participation1.1.3 Community politics and decision making

1.2 Access to livelihood assets/resources/opportunities analysis

1.2.1 Human (education, health)1.2.2 Natural (land and water1.2.3 Social (institutions and social networks1.2.4 Economic (income, credit, labour, capital)

1.3 Needs assessment

1.3.1 Women’s practical and strategic needs in Zambia

2. Gender mainstreaming in the SNDP

2.1 Social Protection

2.2 Education and Skills Development

2.3 Agriculture

2.4 Health

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2. Analysis of the 2012 National Budget

1. Nature of Proposal: Promoting Gender Equality in the 2012

National Budget

2. Proposals for a Gender Sensitive 2012 National Budget

2.1 Tackling Current Shortcomings in Revenue Collection

2.1.1 Tackling Dependency, Unsustainable Revenue Collection and Mismanagement

2.1.2 Tackling the Externalization of Profits2.1.3 Enforcing Progressive and Fair Taxation

2.2 Proposing Gender Sensitive Expenditure

2.2.1 Health2.2.2 Education2.2.3 Agriculture2.2.4 Community Development and Social Services

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Work PlanObjective IIIThe public’s awareness of gender related topics is raised and gender equality is promoted.

Outcomes�Strengthened capacity of the NGOCC network in identifying gender related topics in the public field and advocating for gender equality.

�Increased understanding of the GBV Act by MOs and the wider public and strengthened ability to access services and to demand for rights.

Outputs Activities

1. Simplification of the GBV Act

1. Consultative meetings with YWCA and WLSA on collaboration

2. Research on what needs to be added in the 3rd edition

3. Submitting proposals to WLSA

4. Presentation of final document to NGOCC staff, MOs and GIZ

2. Published articles and leaflets about gender related issues and gender policy analyses

1. Research

2. Meeting with CAP

3. Production of/input for leaflets about gender analysis of policies

4. Assisting in presentation for NGOCC staff and MOs

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Simplification of the Anti-GBV Act

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Challenges and Opportunities

Challenges

� Lack of guidelines and frameworks

� Lack of up-dated and gender disaggregated data

� Misunderstanding of the concept of gender

� Duplication of efforts

Opportunities

� Outreach

� Expertise

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Thank you for your attention!