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7/27/2019 gear design, gear manufacturing.doc
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Welcome to
zakgear.com
Image gallery.
Click on image to see a large picture.
1. Complex form of gear cutter.This complex tooth form was
proposed by Dr. Zhuravlev G.A. We have developed practical solutions for
manufacturing and inspection of the complex tooth geometry in 1986-1992 at MILHelicopter in Moscow, Russia. DDS method was extensively used for 3-dimensional
modeling of the tooth geometry and bearing contact.
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2. This is an output from the authors computer program that
simulates 3-dimentional complex tooth geometry from the cutter presented on the
picture above. AVI animation 0.2Mb.
3. 3-dimentional model of the bearing contact for the gear tooth
geometry presented on pictures #1 and #2. The rainbow colors show distances between
mating tooth surfaces. The black short lines are the 3-dimentional sliding vectors. The
author used the sliding vectors for calculation of the integrated driving efficiency. The
direction of sliding and friction is calculated on each point of the 3-d model. Then it is
integrated in to driving efficiency. AVI animation 0.3Mb.
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4. Reverse engineered tooth contact taken from a real spiral
Bevel gear set.The reverse engineering program allows to see the tooth contact without
mating the real gears. The program uses the only 3-dimentional mapping of the real gear
tooth surfaces. The image is not looking very good because of the manufacturing
deviations on the real gear tooth surfaces. This programming module replaces an
expensive single flank contact inspection machine on a manufacturing floor.
5. Marine application for ultra globoid gear. It is a sample
application of an extreme Globoid (Hourglass) gear. The driving efficiency would not beas high as with spiral bevel gear. But the compact design decreases the hydrodynamic
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drag of the submerged gear housing. The combined propulsion efficiency is higher than
with similar spiral bevel gear design.
6. Example of 3-d modeling of hypoid gear in AutoCAD.The
DDS method can be used with simple programming of standard CAD software. This
image shows a virtual spiral bevel gear cutting machine created in AutoCAD.
7. Globoid or Hourglass pinion. The globoid gear set has higher
driving efficiency and higher load capacity than a worm gear set. But the manufacturing
may be more complex. But in same application the cost can be significantly decrease.
Unlike a worm gear the only a half of the gear is working when it rotates one direction.It is the same on the pinion. That makes it possible to mold plastic globoid gears.
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8. This picture shows advanced surface analyses of the DDSmethod. The author presents an example of spiral bevel gear tooth surface. Different
colors show different curvatures on the surface.
9. Unlike most of the researchers the author investigates
Wildhaber-Novikov tooth contact in 3-dimentional space. The image shows different
positions of the Novikov tooth contact for a rotating gear set. AVI animation 0.4Mb.
http://www.gearideas.com/Novikov.avihttp://www.gearideas.com/Novikov_tooth_contact.jpghttp://www.gearideas.com/Spiral_bevel_tooth.jpghttp://www.gearideas.com/Novikov.avi7/27/2019 gear design, gear manufacturing.doc
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10. Worm face gear has higher driving efficiency than a worm
gear. It is also more compact. The common problem in manufacturing is cutter design
and modification of the tooth surface to make the gears not sensitive for the
manufacturing errors. The inspection of the finished gear is also a common problem
because of the difficulties with gear tooth CAD modeling. The author has an extensive
experience in manufacturing and CAD modeling of the worm face gears based on DDS
method. The gears can be cut by a worm cutter and then inspected against a DDS 3-d
model on CMM. The tool for injection molded plastic gears can be manufactured onCNN from a DDS CAD model without involving expensive gear cutting tools and
machines.
11. Tooth cutting simulation of (10).The DDS method provides
very detailed visualization of the gear cutting. This example shows common areas of
undercut and cutting marks on a worm face gear tooth.
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12. High ratio hypoid gear model has been simulated by the
author in 1988 as a proposal for a tail helicopter rotor drive. However the evaluation of
the driving efficiency showed that on high ratio the gear set becomes not reversible (not
backdrivable). Driving efficiency was improved by using advanced tooth profiles. But it
did not go in production because of poor manufacturing capabilities in 1990.
13. Ideal Novikov tooth contact. Concave and convex profiles
have the same radiuses of curvature. This 3-dimentional simulation shows how would
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the contact look like it to mesh Novokov gears without crowning on profile. The original
idea of the Novikov gear incorporated a small difference of the radiuses for decreasing of
the contact stresses. Smaller the difference smaller the stress? Would be the maximumcontact stress unlimited when the radiuses are the same? The classic Hertz theory says
yes. But in reality nobody made a strong Novikov gear yet. The 3-dimentional simulation
explains it. The contact pattern really spreads across the tooth but it is still very short
along the tooth.
14. Spiral Bevel tooth contact. This contact is not what one
normally sees on a spiral bevel rolling tester. The rolling tester shows a combined toothcontact. More correct it shows a footstep. But it does not show the way it was generated.
The DDS software for spiral bevel gears shows the tooth contact in its development. AVI
animation 0.4Mb.
15. Spiral Bevel tooth contact and sliding. Calculating of correct
sliding in 3-dimentional space is very important for driving efficiency calculation. The
integrated efficiency calculation program takes into account every point in the tooth
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surface that contributes to the overall driving efficiency. The detailed simulation allows
predicting and comparing the driving efficiency for different tooth forms and different
cutting machine settings.AVI animation 0.6Mb.
16. 3-d model of tooth contact for (2).
17. 3-d model of tooth contact for (2).
18. 3-d model of tooth contact and sliding for (2).
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19. 3-d model of tooth contact and sliding for (2).
20. This is a 3-dimentional computer simulation of a classic
Wildhaver-Novikov tooth contact. The mating profiles have different radiuses of
curvatures. In many published papers one can read about an ellipse of the contact. Some
authors even discuss the size of the ellipse axis. We do not confirm the elliptical shape of
the tooth contact on Novokov gears and on any other gears. Our first objection isaddressed to using word ellipse for describing a complex 3-dimentional surface. What we
can see on an exact 3-d model of mating teeth does not even look like an ellipse. AVI
animation 0.7Mb.
21. The sliding and efficiency simulation program allows detailed
calculation of the driving efficiency for different tooth forms including Novikov tooth
form. With a help of DDS we are capable to compare a small difference of driving
efficiency for different designs. For example the authors have developed the tooth
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geometry that improves driving efficiency on commonly used gears including hypoid
gears for automotive applications.
22. Palloid gear.
23. DDS method was used for developing of software code for
variable ratio rack geometry. The advance capabilities of the DDS method allowed
testing different tooth forms on the generating pinion. It helps to increase the range of
the ratio and increase the load capacity in the same time. The other important
achievement is a low-pressure angle. The low-pressure angle decreases the separation of
the rack and the pinion.
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24. Calculation of sliding and contact pressure in each point of the
gear tooth surface may be extremely important. It provides valuable data for
development low noise and high efficiency drive.
25. This spiral bevel gear set with not involute tooth form has
been cut on DDS bases computer code and visualized with a help of OpenGL platform.
The DDS tool helps the author to create the highest resolution digital gear models since
the beginning of development of the method in 80s.
AVI animation 0.7Mb.
http://www.zakgear.com/IP.avihttp://www.zakgear.com/gallery/Lunin25.jpghttp://www.gearideas.com/Spiral_bevel_TCA.jpghttp://www.zakgear.com/IP.avi7/27/2019 gear design, gear manufacturing.doc
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26. It is important to see the contact action on all participating
teeth. The contact ratio is not a constant number in the real gear action. It is changing
permanently depending on the combined area of contact on all teeth. AVI animation
0.2Mb.
27. DDS based software generated 3-dimentional CAD models of
the worm face gear and the tapered pinion. The models can be used for CNC
manufacturing and CMM inspection. The CAD files are comparable for machining of
injection molding tools.
28. Pinion for (27). DDS method gives very realistic output of thedigital model. One can see the cutting marks and the undercut on the worm face tapered
pinion tooth surface. Almost all the worm face tapered pinion would have an undercut
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on the front low angle tooth side. A small undercut does not effect the load capacity of
the drive. The DDS based contact simulation program allows to find the maximum
allowed size of the undercut.
29. Worm gear set. It becomes common to predict the worm tooth
contact before cutting a real gear. Unfortunately all the advertised software products are
too expensive. DDS based software provides much lower cost and higher qualitysolution.
30. Ultra Globoid Gear set. DDS method works similar for
different gear forms. This is an example a practical application. The computer program
generates an IGES file of this exotic gear including contact and sliding simulation for
misalign gears.
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31. Detailed sliding simulation on hypoid gear tooth surface. The
accurate calculation of driving efficiency would not be possible without high-resolution
digital modeling. The DDS method provides unlimited resolution on the tooth geometry
calculation. The method allows to catch a very little driving efficiency change for
different cutting machine settings. The program takes in to account every point on the
tooth surface with an elementary friction and load in that point. The driving efficiency iscalculated by integrating millions of individual point in the mating surfaces.
32. Spiral Bevel gear and pinion in contact. It is not a problem forDDS software to show the gear and the pinion tooth surface on the same screen. The
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existed programming technology allows to paint the gear and the pinion in different
colors and make one surface partially transparent.
33. Novikov gear and pinion tooth in contact. The contact pattern
and sliding vectors are rendered on a gear tooth and the pinion tooth surface is in wire
frame.
34. Novikov WN gear tooth. Novikov gear is normally bigger and
has more teeth. The tooth form of the Novikov gear is normally convex. The pinion
would have more cycles of load so it should have a stronger tooth. The image below
shows common convex tooth of Novokov pinion.
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35. Novikov WN pinion tooth.
36. Spiral Bevel tooth. AVI animation 0.4Mb.
37. Helical tooth contact. Output form DDS based software. It
shows the gear and pinion teeth with contact pattern rendered on the gear tooth surface.
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38. WN Novikov tooth contact. Output form DDS based software.
It shows the gear and pinion teeth with contact pattern rendered on the gear tooth
surface. AVI animation 0.4Mb.
39. Double WN Novikov tooth contact. The DDS method can
simulate the contact between anything. This example show what we have by inputting
double Novikov tooth form in our program.
http://www.zakgear.com/Novikov1.avihttp://www.zakgear.com/gallery/Lunin39.jpghttp://www.gearideas.com/Novikov_tooth_contact_3d.jpghttp://www.zakgear.com/Novikov1.avi7/27/2019 gear design, gear manufacturing.doc
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40. Hypoid pinion tooth. The Hypoid gear is common in
automotive. There is still question how to increase the driving efficiency of hypoid gear.
The DDS efficiency simulation can help. The efficiency of different designs would be
very small to identify in experiment. It will be also expensive. The computer program for
integrated efficiency simulation would allow to see very small efficiency improvement.
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41. Double Novikov mesh.
42. Novikov mesh.
43. Palloid gear set.
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44. Tooth contact under load. The accurate stress analyze is
possible because of the very high geometrical resolution of the DDS method.
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45. Double Novikov contact on helical gear. Ideal profiles: same
radiuses.
46. WN Novikov contact on helical gear. Ideal: same radiuses.
AVI animation 0.5Mb.
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47. Nice gear set. It is really looking nice. It is nice for
presentation and for understanding as well. The modern technology provides nice tools
for designer. One example is CAD. Another example is DDS. With CAD and DDS an
engineer can see much more that on a drawing board.
48. Novikov gear tooth.
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49. Novikov pinion tooth.
50. 3-d cutting simulation.
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51. 3-d cutting simulation.
52. Ball and undercut on gear tooth.
53. More teeth in contact.
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54. Hyperbolic gear. DDS gives a freedom for imagination. Before
DDS one would spend a life to design, make and test a new idea. DDS does is all fast,
accurate and nice looking. The hyperbolic gear would be complex to make in real life.
DDS makes the hyperbolic gear as a computer file. It puts it in contact and generates
efficiency and load capacity. Ii is easy to change design parameters and make a numberof virtual test to optimize the design. Then a real prototype can be manufactured from a
CAD file on a low cost CNC equipment.
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