GE Energy

Pocket Reference Guide

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©2005, General Electric Company. All rights reserved. The contents of this document are the property of GeneralElectric Company. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, except aspermitted in written license agreement with General Electric Company. General Electric Company has made everyreasonable attempt to ensure the completeness and accuracy of this document. However, the information containedin this document is subject to change without notice, and does not represent a commitment on the part of GeneralElectric Company. The GE logo is a registered trademark of General Electric Company. Trademarks and tradenamesused herein are the property of their respective owners.

Conversion Factors 1

Common Elements 6

Periodic Table 7

Summary of Units 8

Soil/Water Solutions Table 9

Common EquationsOhm’s Law 10Power – AC Circuits 10Power – DC Circuits 10Pump Horsepower 11Fan/Blower Horsepower 11Heating & Cooling 12Humidity 13Temperature 13

Emissions TestingStack (or Duct) Volume Flow Rate Calculations 14Gas Constant (R) Conversion Factors 16Molar Volume of Ideal Gas 16Gaseous Pollutant Concentration Conversion 17Conversion of PPM to Pollutant Mass Flow Rate 18PPM Correction to Different Excess Oxygen Levels 19PPM Conversion to Mass Per Fuel Energy 20PPM Conversion to Mass Per Volume 22

Federal Regulations – 40 CFRAir Programs 23Solid & Hazardous Waste 24Wastewater Pretreatment 25Others 27

i

Table of contents

Description Page

Electronic Data Reporting – 40 CFR Part 75 28

Air Emissions Test MethodsUSEPA 40 CFR Part 51 32USEPA 40 CFR Part 60 33USEPA 40 CFR Part 61 38USEPA 40 CFR Part 63 39USEPA 40 CFR Part 75 40USEPA SW-846 Sampling & Analytical Test Methods 41

Ambient Air Test Methods 46

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 48

PSD Significant Emissions Rates & DeMinimis Monitoring Concentrations 49

List of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) 50

Section 112-MACT Standards 54

Section 112(r)-Risk Management PlanToxic Chemicals 58Flammable Substances 65

Common Organic Contaminants in Disposal Site Groundwater 70

Typical Hydraulic Conductivities of Various Unconsolidated Sediments & Rock Types 72

Common Analytical Methods & Target CompoundsRCRA Metals 73

Toxicity Characteristic Constituents & Threshold Levels 74

ii

Table of contents

Description Page

USEPA Regions Map 76

Telephone DirectoriesUSEPA 77USEPA State Agencies 80Hotlines 82Trade Associations 83

Web SitesState Agencies 84Canadian Provincial Agencies 86

Acronyms 87

GE Energy CapabilitiesAir Emissions Source Testing 90Particulate Testing and Monitoring 91Continuous Air Emissions Monitoring 92NETDAHS Air Emissions Monitoring 94Air Quality Systems for Gas Turbines 96Performance Evaluation Services 98Remote Monitoring & Diagnostics 100Combustion Modification and Optimization 102Post Combustion Air Pollution Control 106

iii

Table of contents

Description Page

1

Acre Sq. feet 43560Acres Sq. kilometers 0.0040469Acres Sq. miles 0.0015625Acres Sq. yards 4840Atmospheres Bars 1.01325Atmospheres Feet of H2O (39.2°F) 33.8995Atmospheres Inches of H2O (32°F) 407.3Atmospheres Inches of mercury (32°F) 29.9213Atmospheres mm of mercury (0°C) 760Atmospheres lbs/sq. inch or psi 14.696Bars lbs/sq. inch or psi 14.5038Bars Atmospheres 0.9869Barrels (oil, US) Gallons (US) 42Barrels (US, liquid) Gallons (US) 31.5Btu Calories (gram) 252Btu Horsepower – hrs 3.93015 x 10-4

Btu Joules 1055.056Btu Kilogram – meters 107.5858Btu Kilowatt – hrs 2.93071 x 10-4

Btu Therms 0.00001Btu/hr Foot – lbs/sec 0.216158Btu/hr Kilowatts 0.0002930711Btu/hr Watts 0.2930711Btu(mean)/hr Horsepower (boiler) 2.98992 x 10-5

Btu/lb Joules/kilogram 2326Btu/min Horsepower 0.023581Btu/min Kilowatts 0.017584267Btu/min Kilogram – calories/min 0.251995801Btu/min Foot – lbs/min 778.1694Btu/min Watts 17.584267Btu/sec Kilowatts 1.055056Calories (gram) Btu 3.96825 x 10-3

Calories (gram) Joules 4.1868Calories/gram Joules/kilogram 4186.8Centimeters Feet 3.2808 x 10-2

Centimeters Inches 0.39370079Centimeters/sec Feet/min 1.9685039Cubic centimeters Cubic inches 0.0610237Cubic centimeters Gallons (US, liquid) 2.6417205 x 10-4

Cubic cm/min mL/min for water only 1.0Cubic cm/min Gallons/hr 0.015850323Cubic feet Cubic inches 1728Cubic feet Cubic meters 0.028316847Cubic feet Cubic yards 0.03704Cubic feet Gallons (US, liquid) 7.4805195Cubic feet Liters 28.316847Cubic feet of H2O (60°F) lbs of H2O 62.37

Conversion FactorsTo Convert To Multiply By

Cubic feet/hr Liters/min 0.47193Cubic feet/min Liters/min 28.31605Cubic feet/sec Gallons/min 448.8Cubic feet/sec Cubic meters/sec 0.028316847Cubic inches Cubic centimeters 16.387064Cubic inches Cubic feet 5.787 x 10-4

Cubic inches Cubic meters 1.6387 x 10-5

Cubic inches Cubic yards 2.14335 x 10-5

Cubic inches Liters 0.016387064Cubic meters Cubic feet 35.31467Cubic meters Cubic inches 61023.9824Cubic meters Liters 1000Cubic meters/sec Cubic feet/sec 35.31467Cubic yards Cubic feet 27Cubic yards Cubic inches 46,656Cubic yards Gallons (US, liquid) 201.97403Degrees Minutes 60Degrees Radians 0.017453293Degrees (angle) Seconds 3,600Drams (avdp) Grains 27.34375Drams (avdp) Grams 1.7718452Drams (avdp) lbs (avdp) 0.00390625Drams (avdp) Ounces (avdp) 0.0625Fathoms Feet 6Feet Centimeters 30.48Feet Fathoms 0.166666667Feet Meters 0.3048Feet Miles (statute) 1.89394 x 10-4

Feet of H2O Atmospheres 0.029499Feet of H2O Inches of mercury 0.882646Feet/min Centimeters/sec 0.508Feet/min Miles/hr 0.01136363Feet/min Meters/sec 0.00508Feet/sec Meters/sec 0.3048Feet/sec Miles/hr 0.6818182Foot – lbs/min Btu/min 0.0012851Foot – lbs/sec Btu/hr 4.626249Gallons (US) Barrels (oil, US) 0.02381Gallons (US) Barrels (US, liquid) 0.03175Gallons (US, liquid) Cubic centimeters 3785.4118Gallons (US, liquid) Cubic feet 0.133680555Gallons (US, liquid) Cubic yards 4.9511317 x 10-3

Gallons (US, liquid) Liters 3.7854118Gallons H2O in air 4°C lbs of H2O 8.33585Gallons/min Cubic feet/sec 0.002228164Gallons/hr Cubic cm/min 63.09020Grains Drams (avdp) 0.0365714

Conversion Factors (Cont.)To Convert To Multiply By

2

3

Grains Grams 0.06479891Grains lbs (avdp) 1.4285714 x 10-4

Grains lbs (troy) 1.7361111 x 10-4

Grains Ounces (avdp) 2.2857143 x 10-3

Grams Drams (avdp) 0.56438339Grams Grains 15.432358Grams Ounces (avdp) 0.035273962Grams lbs (avdp) 2.2046226 x 10-3

Horsepower Btu/min 42.4072Horsepower Kilowatts 0.7457Horsepower Watts 745.6999Horsepower (boiler) Btu(mean)/hr 33445.7Horsepower (boiler) Kilowatts 9.8095Horsepower – hrs Btu 2544.43Inches Centimeters 2.54Inches Millimeters 25.4Inches Meters 0.0254Inches of H2O (32°F) Atmospheres 0.0024552Inches of H2O (39.2°F) lbs/sq.inch 0.036126Inches mercury (32°F) Atmospheres 0.0334211Inches of mercury Feet of H2O 1.132957041Inches mercury (32°F) lbs/sq. inch 0.4911542Inches mercury Pascals 3386Joules Calories (gram) 0.238846Joules Btu 9.47817 x 10-4

Joules/kilogram Btu/lb 4.29923 x 10-4

Joules/kilogram Calories/gram 2.38846 x 10-4

Kilograms lbs (avdp) 2.2046226Kilograms Ounces (avdp) 35.27396Kilograms Tons (Metric) 0.001Kilograms Tons (short) 0.00110232Kilogram – calories/min Btu/min 3.96832Kilogram – meters Btu 0.0092949Kilograms/cm2 lbs/sq. inch 14.2233433Kilograms/m3 lbs/ft3 0.0624298Kilometers Miles (statute) 0.6213712Kilometers/hr Miles/hr 0.6213712Kilopascals lbs/sq. inch 0.1450326Kilowatts Btu/hr 3412.14Kilowatts Btu/min 56.8690Kilowatts Btu/sec 0.9478170Kilowatts Horsepower 1.34102Kilowatts Horsepower (boiler) 0.101942Kilowatts Watts 1000Kilowatt – hrs Btu 3412.1412Knots (Int) Miles/hr 1.150779lbs (avdp) Drams (avdp) 256

Conversion Factors (Cont.)To Convert To Multiply By

4

lbs (avdp) Grains 7000lbs (avdp) Grams 453.59237lbs (avdp) Kilograms 0.45359lbs (avdp) lbs (troy) 1.2153lbs (avdp) Ounces (avdp) 16lbs (avdp) Tons (short) 0.0005lbs (troy) Grains 5760lbs (troy) lbs (avdp) 0.822842lbs (troy) Pennyweights 240lbs/million Btu Nanogram/Joule (ng/J) 430lbs/sq.inch Atmospheres 0.068046lbs/sq.inch Bars 0.0689476lbs/sq.inch Inches of H2O (39.2°F) 27.6807lbs/sq.inch Inches of mercury 2.03602lbs/sq.inch Kilograms/cm2 0.070306958lbs/sq.inch Kilopascals 6.895lbs/sq.inch Millibars 68.9476lbs/sq.inch mm of H2O 703.089lbs/sq.inch mm of mercury 51.7149lbs/sq.inch Pascals 6895lbs/ft3 Kilograms/m3 16.018Liters Cubic feet 0.035314667Liters Cubic inches 61.023744Liters Cubic meters 0.001Liters Gallons (US, liquid) 0.26417205Liters/min Cubic feet/hr 2.118882Liters/min Cubic feet/min 0.0353147Meters Feet 3.28084Meters Inches 39.370079Meters/sec Feet/min 196.8504Meters/sec Feet/sec 3.28084Miles (statute) Feet 5280Miles (statute) Kilometers 1.609344Miles (statute) Yards 1760Miles/hr Feet/min 88.0Miles/hr Feet/sec 1.4666666Miles/hr Kilometers/hr 1.609344Miles/hr Knots (Int) 0.86897624mL/min for water only Cubic cm/min 1.0Millibars lbs/sq. inch 0.01450377Millimeters Inches 0.039370079mm of H2O lbs/sq. inch 0.001422295mm of mercury (0°C) Atmospheres 0.00131579mm of mercury lbs/sq. inch 0.019336787mm of mercury Pascals 133.3Minutes Degrees 0.016666667Minutes Radians 0.000290888

Conversion Factors (Cont.)To Convert To Multiply By

Nanogram/Joule (ng/J) lbs/million Btu 0.002325581Ounces (avdp) Drams (avdp) 16.0Ounces (avdp) Grains 437.5Ounces (avdp) Grams 28.349523Ounces (avdp) Kilograms 0.028350Ounces (avdp) lbs (avdp) 0.0625Pascals Inches of mercury 0.000295Pascals lbs/sq. inch 1.45033 x 10-4

Pascals mm of mercury 0.0075Pennyweights lbs (troy) 0.004166667ppm (density = Grains/gallon (US) 0.05841621 g/mL for solvent)ppm (density = Grains/gallon (Brit.) 0.070154881 g/mL for solvent)Radians Degrees 57.295779Radians Minutes 3437.7468Seconds Degrees (angle) 0.0002778Sq. centimeters Sq. feet 1.0763867 x 10-3

Sq. centimeters Sq. inches 0.15500031Sq. feet Acres 2.295684 x 10-5

Sq. feet Sq. centimeters 929.03415Sq. feet Sq. inches 144Sq. feet Sq. meters 0.0929Sq. feet Sq. miles 3.5870064 x 10-8

Sq. inches Sq. centimeters 6.4516Sq. inches Sq. feet 0.0069444Sq. kilometers Acres 247.10538Sq. meters Sq. feet 10.7643Sq. meters Sq. yards 1.195990Sq. miles Acres 640Sq. miles Sq. feet 27878,400Sq. miles Sq. yards 3.0976 x 10+6

Sq. yards Acres 2.0661157 x 10-4

Sq. yards Sq. meters 0.83612736Sq. yards Sq. miles 3.22831 x 10-7

Therms BTUs 100000Tons (Metric) Kilograms 1000Tons (short) lbs (avdp) 2000Tons (short) Kilograms 907.18Watts Btu/hr 3.41214Watts Btu/min 0.056869Watts Horsepower 0.001341022Watts Kilowatts 0.001Yards Miles (statute) 5.68182 x 10-4

5

Conversion Factors (Cont.)To Convert To Multiply By

6

Common Elements

Element Symbol Atomic WeightAluminum Al 26.98Antimony Sb 121.76Arsenic As 74.91Barium Ba 137.36Beryllium Be 9.01Cadmium Cd 112.41Calcium Ca 40.08Carbon C 12.01Chromium Cr 52.01Copper Cu 63.54Hydrogen H 1.00Iron Fe 55.85Lead Pb 207.21Magnesium Mg 24.32Manganese Mn 54.94Mercury Hg 200.61Molybdenum Mo 95.95Nickel Ni 58.71Nitrogen N 14.00Oxygen O 16.00Phosphorus P 30.97Potassium K 39.10Selenium Se 78.96Silicon Si 28.09Silver Ag 107.88Sodium Na 22.99Sulfur S 32.07Thallium Tl 204.37Zinc Zn 65.38

Periodic Table

7

Hyd

roge

nH

1.00

8

Hel

ium

He

4.00

3

Lith

ium

LI6.

939

Bery

llium

Be 9.01

2

Boro

nB

10.8

11

Carb

on C12

.011

Nitr

ogen

N14

.007

Oxy

gen

O15

.999

Fluo

rine

F18

.998

Neo

nN

e20

.183

Sodi

umN

a22

.990

Mag

nesi

umM

g24

.312

Alum

iniu

mAl

26.9

82

Silic

on Si28

.086

Phos

phor

usP

30.9

74

Sulfu

rS

32.0

64

Chlo

rine

Cl35

.453

Argo

nAr

39.9

48

Pota

ssiu

mK

39.1

02

Calc

ium

Ca40

.08

Scan

dium

Sc44

.956

Tita

nium

Ti47

.90

Vana

dium

V50

.942

Chro

miu

mCr

51.9

96

Man

gane

seM

n54

.938

Iron Fe

55.8

47

Coba

ltCo

58.9

33

Nic

kel

Ni

58.7

1

Copp

erCu

63.5

4

Zinc Zn

65.3

7

Gal

lium

Ga

69.7

2

Ger

man

ium

Ge

72.5

9

Arse

nic

As74

.922

Sele

nium

Se78

.96

Brom

ine

Br79

.909

Kryp

ton

Kr83

.80

Rubi

dium

Rb 85.4

7

Stro

ntiu

mSr

87.6

2

Yttr

ium

Y88

.905

Zirc

oniu

mZr

91.2

2

Nio

bium

Nb

92.9

06

Mol

ybde

num

Mo

95.9

4

Tech

netiu

mTc

(98.

91)

Ruth

eniu

mRu

101.

07

Rhod

ium

Rh10

2.90

5

Palla

dium

Pd10

6.4

Silv

erAg

107.

870

Cadm

ium

Cd11

2.40

Indi

um In11

4.82

Tin

Sn11

8.69

Antim

ony

Sb12

1.75

Tellu

rium

Te12

7.60

Iodi

ne I12

6.90

4

Xeno

nXe

131.

30

Cesi

um Cs13

2.90

5

Bari

um Ba13

7.34

See

Lant

hani

des

Haf

nium

Hf

178.

49

Tant

alum

Ta18

0.94

8

Tung

sten

W18

3.85

Rhen

ium

Re18

6.2

Osm

ium

Os

190.

2

Irid

ium

Ir19

2.2

Plat

inum

Pt19

5.09

Gol

dAu

196.

967

Mer

cury

Hg

200.

59

Thal

lium

Tl20

4.37

Lead Pb

207.

19

Bism

uth

Bi20

8.98

0

Polo

nium

Po(2

10.0

0)

Asta

tine

At(2

09.9

9)

Rado

nRn

(222

.02)

Fran

cium

Fr(2

23.0

2)

Radi

umRa

(226

.03)

See

Actin

ides

*Unq

(261

.11)

*Unp

(262

.11)

*Unh

(263

.12)

*Uns

(262

.12)

*Uno

*Une

Rare

Ear

th E

lem

ents

Lant

hani

des

Lant

hanu

mLa

138.

91

Ceri

um Ce14

0.12

Pras

eody

miu

mPr

140.

907

Neo

dym

ium

Nd

144.

24

Prom

ethi

umPm

(146

.00)

Sam

ariu

mSm

150.

35

Euro

pium

Eu15

1.96

Gad

olin

ium

Gd

157.

25

Terb

ium

Tb15

8.92

4

Dys

pros

ium

Dy

162.

50

Hol

miu

mH

o16

4.93

0

Erbi

um Er16

7.26

Thul

ium

Tm16

8.93

4

Ytte

rbiu

mYb

173.

04

Lute

tium

Lu17

4.97

Actin

ides

Actin

ium

Ac(2

27.0

3)

Thor

ium

Th23

2.03

8

Prot

actin

ium

Pa(2

31.0

4)

Ura

nium U

238.

03

Nep

tuni

umN

p(2

37.0

5)

Plut

oniu

mPu

(244

.06)

Amer

iciu

mAm

(243

.06)

Curi

umCm

(247

.07)

Berk

eliu

mBk

(247

.07)

Calif

orni

umCf

(251

.08)

Eins

tein

ium

Es(2

52.0

8)

Ferm

ium

Fm(2

57.1

0)

Men

dele

vium

Md

(258

.10)

Nob

eliu

mN

o(2

59.1

0)

Law

renc

ium

Lw(2

60.1

1)

* S

ymbo

ls b

ased

on

IUPA

C sy

stem

atic

nam

es.

Summary of Units

Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol1,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 1018 exa- E

1,000,000,000,000,000 = 1015 peta- P1,000,000,000,000 = 1012 tera- T

1,000,000,000 = 109 giga- G1,000,000 = 106 mega- M

1,000 = 103 kilo- k100 = 102 hecto- h

10 = 101 deka- da

0.1 = 10–1 deci- d

0.01 = 10–2 centi- c

0.001 = 10–3 milli- m

0.000 001 = 10–6 micro- µ

0.000 000 001 = 10–9 nano- n0.000 000 000 001 = 10–12 pico- p

0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10–15 femto- f

0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10–18 atto- a

GE routinely analyzes air, water, and soil samples to the parts-per-million (ppm), parts-per-billion (ppb), and even parts-per-trillion (ppt) level. To understand the sensitivity of these measurements, consider the following:

• One part per million is the equivalent of about one ounce of contamination in a typical 10,000-gallon railroad tankcar, full of water.

• One part per billion is the equivalent of about one drop ofcontamination in the same 10,000-gallon railroad tank car.

• One part per trillion is the equivalent of about one drop of contamination in one thousand, 10,000-gallon railroadtank cars.

8

Soil/Water Solutions Table

9

SOIL

/WAT

ER S

OLU

TIO

NS

AT 4

˚C

Com

mon

ly U

sed

Not

atio

nTo

Con

vert

from

Row

Uni

ts to

Col

umn

Uni

ts M

ultip

ly b

y Va

lue

at th

e In

ters

ectio

n

Perc

ent

g/Kg

or

g/L

mg/

Kg o

rm

g/L

mg/

Kg o

rm

g/L

ng

/Kg

orng

/Lpg

/Kg

orpg

/L

Part

s pe

r Th

ousa

ndPP

K0.

1%g/

Kg o

rg/

L1

1,00

01,

000,

001,

000,

000,

000

1,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

0

Part

s pe

r M

illio

nPP

M0.

0001

%g/

Kg o

rg/

L0.

001

11,

000

1,00

0,00

01,

000,

000,

000

Part

s pe

r Bi

llion

PPB

0.00

0000

1%

mg/

Kg o

r m

g/L

0.00

0001

0.00

11

1,00

01,

000,

000

Part

s pe

r Tr

illio

nPP

T0.

0000

0000

01%

ng/K

g or

ng/L

0.00

0000

001

0.00

0001

0.00

11

1,00

0

Part

s pe

r Q

uadr

illio

nPP

Q0.

0000

0000

0000

1%pg

/Kg

orpg

/L0.

0000

0000

0001

0.00

0000

001

0.00

0001

0.00

11

Common Equations

OHM’S Law

I =

I = current in ampsE = voltage in volts R = resistance in ohms

Power—AC Circuits

Three-Phase Kilowatts =

Three-Phase Volt-Amperes = Volts x Amperes x 1.732

Horsepower (3 Phase) =

Single-Phase Kilowatts =

Single-Phase Amperes =

Horsepower (1 Phase) =

Power—DC Circuits

Horsepower =

10

ER

Volts x Amperes x Power Factor x 1.7321000

Volts x Amperes x Power Factor1000

746 x HorsepowerVolts x Efficiency x Power Factor

Volts x Amperes x Efficiency746

Volts x Amperes x 1.732 x Efficiency x Power Factor746

Volts x Amperes x Efficiency x Power Factor746

Common Equations (Cont.)

Pump Horsepower

BHP =

BHP =

Fan/Blower Horsepower

BHP =

BHP =

BHP =

where:BHP = Brake HorsepowerCFM = Cubic Feet per MinuteFT = Head in FeetGPM = Gallons per MinutePIW = Inches of Water GaugePSI = Pounds per Square InchPSIG = Pounds per Square Inch, gaugePSF = Pounds per Square FootSpecific Gravity of Water = 1.0Head in Feet = 2.31 x PSIG

11

GPM x FT x Specific Gravity3,960 x Efficiency of PumpGPM x PSI x Specific Gravity1,713 x Efficiency of Pump

CFM X PSF33,000 x Efficiency of Fan

CFM x PIW6,344 x Efficiency of Fan

CFM x PSI229 x Efficiency of Fan

Common Equations (Cont.)

Heating & Cooling

Cooling Capacity of Chillers

Btu/hr = Specific Heat of Fluid x Flow Rate (GPM) x ∆T (ºF)

where the following specific heats can be used:Water 500 Btu/hr/GPM-ºFEthylene Glycol (100%) 316 Btu/hr/GPM-ºF

Heating Flowing Water

kW = 0.16 (kW/GPM-ºF) x Flow Rate (GPM) x ∆T (ºF)

where the specific heat includes a 10% contingency for losses.

Heating Water in Tanks*

kW =

Heating Oil in Tanks*

kW =

* these formulas are approximate and include contingency for losses

12

Volume (gallons) x ∆T (°F)325 x Heat-up time (hours)

Volume (gallons) x ∆T (°F)800 x Heat-up time (hours)

Common Equations (Cont.)

Humidity

Absolute Humidity

D =

Relative Humidity

RH =

Saturation Vapor Pressure (at 1 atm)

es = 4.6 x exp

where:D = absolute humidity (g water/m3 dry air)DS = absolute humidity at saturation (g water/m3 dry air)e = water vapor pressure (mm Hg)eS = water vapor pressure at saturation (mm Hg)Po = standard air pressure (mm Hg)RH = relative humidity (% RH)T = temperature (ºC)

Temperature°F = (9/5 x °C) + 32°C = 5/9 (°F – 32)K = °C + 273.15

°R = °F + 459.67

13

17.502 x T240.9 + T

8041 + 0.00366 x T

8041 + 0.00366 x T

ePo

RH100

es

Pox = x x

ees

DDs

x 100 = x 100

Emissions Testing

Stack (or Duct) Volume Flow Rate

Stack (or Duct) Gas Velocity

Vs = K x Cp x

Stack (or Duct) Gas Volume Flow Rate

Q = VS x AS x 60 (sec/min)

Qsd =

Qsd (DSCFH) =

Qsd (DSCMH) =

14

Q x (1 – BWS) x x x 60 (min/hr)Tstd

(TS + TRef)PS

Pstd

Q (m3/min) x (1-BWS) x x 23.132 (°K/mm Hg)(min/hr)PS (mm Hg)

(TS (°C) + 273)

Q (ft3/min) x (1 – BWS) x x 1058.823 (°R/in Hg)(min/hr)PS (in Hg)

(TS (°F) + 460)

Ts + TRef

MWs x Ps∆P x

1/2

Emissions Testing (Cont.)

Stack (or Duct) Volume Flow Rate (Cont.)where:

(1) Subscript ‘s’ refers to gas in stack or duct(2) Standard (std) Conditions = 1 atm (29.92 in Hg; 760 mm Hg)

& 528°R (293°K)(3) Full units: (ft/sec)[(lb/lb-mol)(in Hg)/(°R)(in H2O]ˆ0.5(4) Full units: (m/sec)[(g/g-mol)(mm Hg)/(°K)(mm H2O)]ˆ0.5(5) For standard pitots; use 0.84 for most S-type pitots(6) For most emissions sources(7) For most ambient air

15

Parameter(1)

gas velocity

stack area

actual volumetricflowrate

dry volumetric flowrate at standardconditions(Z)

pitot tube constant

pitot tube calibrationcoefficient

gas temperature instock

absolute temperatureconversion

gas molecular weight

absolute gaspressure in stack

gas moisture content

measured velocityhead

Vs

As

Ps

Bws

Qsd

MWs

Ts

TREF

Q

∆P

K

Cp

English MetricUnits

ft/sec

ft/sec(3)

– 0.99(5)

85.49

in H2O

°F

°F to °R 460

lb/lb-mol

in Hg

29(6)

29.92(6)

0.02(7)

ft3/min orACFM

dry ft3/hror DSCFH

ft2

m/sec

m/sec(4)

– 0.99(5)

34.97

mm H2O

°C

°C to °K 273

g/g-mol

mm Hg

29(6)

760(6)

0.02(7)

m3/min

dry m3/hror DSCFH

m2

Value Typical Units Value Typical

Emissions Testing (Cont.)

Gas Constant (R) Conversion FactorsR = 0.0821 (atm)(L)/(g-mole)(K)R = 1.987 g-cal/(g-mole)(K)R = 1.987 Btu/(lb-mole)(°R)R = 1.987 c.h.u./(lb-mole)(K)R = 8.314 J/(g-mole)(K)R = 1,546 (ft-lbf)/(lb-mole)(°R)R = 10.73 (ft-lbf/sq. in.)(cu ft)/(lb-mole)(°R)R = 18510 (ft-lbf/sq. in.)(cu in.)/(lb-mole)(°R)R = 0.7302 (atm)(cu ft)/(lb-mole)(°R)R = 8.48 x 105 (kg/m2)(cu cm)/(lb-mole)(K)

Molar Volume of Ideal GasThe molar volume of an ideal gas at standard conditions of 1atm (29.92 in Hg, 760 mm Hg) and 32°F (0°C) is:

22.41 m3/kg-mol22.41 l/g-mol359 ft3/lb-mol

The volume of an ideal gas at other conditions (e.g., such as adifferent reference temperature) can be found from thefollowing expression derived from the ideal gas law:

V2 = V1 x (P1/P2) x (T2/T1)

where:V2 = gas volume at P2 and T2

V1 = gas volume at P1 and T1

T = absolute gas temperature (°R or °K)P = absolute gas pressure

16

Emissions Testing (Cont.)

Gaseous Pollutant Concentration ConversionThe following equations permit the conversion of concentrationunits between ppm (by volume) and µg/m3 or mg/m3 at a givenpressure (P) and temperature (T):

where:

mw is the molecular weight of the pollutant and the quantityin square brackets is a correction factor which is identically 1at the standard conditions of P0 = 1 atmosphere to T0 = 293°K (20 °C) or 528 °R (68 °F)

17

= (ppm)41.577mw

ppm =

µgm3

PP0

T0

T

= (ppm)0.041577mwmgm3

PP0

T0

T

P0

PTT0

µgm3

0.024052mw

ppm =P0

PTT0

mgm3

24.052mw

Emissions Testing (Cont.)

Conversion of ppm to Pollutant Mass Flow Rate

mP = ppmv x MWP x Qsd x C1

where:

mP = mass flow rate of pollutant (lbs/hr or kg/hr)

ppmv = concentration of pollutant in gas by volume (parts per million)

MWP = molecular weight of pollutant (lb/lb-mol or kg/kg-mol)

Qsd = dry volumetric flow rate at std. conditions (ft3/min or m3/min)

C1 = constant = 1.5574 x 10-7 (lb-mol/ft3)(min/hr)= constant = 2.4946 x 10-6 (kg-mol/m3)(min/hr)

and standard conditions are 1 atm (29.92 in Hg, 760 mm Hg)and 68°F (528°R) or 20°C (293°K). Note that Qsd = DSCFH/60 orDSCMH/60.

18

Emissions Testing (Cont.)

PPM Correction to Different Excess Oxygen Levels

Pollutant concentrations can be converted from one excessoxygen level to another by use of the following formula:

ppmv (at a% O2) = ppmv (at b%O2) x (20.9 - a)/(20.9 - b)

where “b” is the oxygen concentration corresponding to thegiven ppmv and “a” is the oxygen concentration at thedesired ppmv.

19

Emissions Testing (Cont.)

PPM Conversion to Mass Per Fuel EnergyPollutant concentrations can be converted from ppmv tounits of mass per fuel energy by use of the following formula(for reference, see 40CFR, Part 60, Appendix A-7, Method 19):

E = ppmv x C1 x Fd x (20.9)/(20.9 – %O2d)

where:E = pollutant emissions rate (lb/million Btu or ng/J)

ppmv = pollutant concentration in gas on a dry basis (partsper million)

%O2d = oxygen concentration in gas on a dry basis (% O2)

and C1 is a conversion factor that depends on the pollutantbeing converted and the system of units:

C1 (for ppm SO2) = 2.66 x 106 (ng/SCM)/(ppm SO2)C1 (for ppm NOX) = 1.912 x 106 (ng/SCM)/(ppm NOX)C1 (for ppm SO2) = 1.660 x 10-7 (lb/SCF)/(ppm SO2)C2 (for ppm NOX) = 1.194 x 10-7 (lb/SCF)/(ppm NOX)

and Fd corresponds to the volume of flue gas generated perunit of fuel heat content at stoichiometric conditions and canbe found from the following formula:

Fd (dscf/106 Btu) =

Fd (dscm/J) =

20

106 x (3.64%H +1.53%C +0.57%S + 0.14%N – 0.46%O)GCV

10-5 x (22.7%H + 9.57%C + 3.54%S + 0.86%N – 2.85%O)GCV

Emissions Testing (Cont.)

PPM Conversion to Mass Per Fuel Energy (Cont.)where %H, %C, %S, %N, and %O are the concentrations of,respectively, hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygenin the fuel on a percent weight basis and GCV is the fuel grosscalorific value (Btu/lb or kJ/kg).

The Fd for common fuels depends upon the fuel type, but isnot very sensitive to the actual fuel analysis within a givenfuel type. The following values may be used when the fuelultimate analysis is not known:

Anthracite = 2.71 x 10-7 dscm/J = 10,100 dscf/106 BtuBituminous Coal = 2.63 x 10-7 dscm/J = 9,780 dscf/106 BtuLignite = 2.65 x 10-7 dscm/J = 9,860 dscf/106 BtuFuel Oil = 2.47 x 10-7 dscm/J = 9,190 dscf/106 BtuNatural Gas = 2.34 x 10-7 dscm/J = 8,710 dscf/106 Btu

Note that the above conversions assume standard conditionsof 1 atm (29.92 in Hg, 760 mm Hg) and 68°F (20°C).

Based upon these factors, the concentration of NOx or SO2

can be converted from ppmv (dry, 3%O2) to lb/million Btu bymultiplication by the following conversion factors:

Fuel NOx SO2

Bituminous Coal 1.3634 x 10-3 1.8956 x 10-3

Fuel Oil 1.2812 x 10-3 1.7812 x 10-3

Natural Gas 1.2143 x 10-3 1.6882 x 10-3

or to ng/J by multiplication by the following conversion factors:

Fuel NOx SO2

Bituminous Coal 0.5871 0.8168Fuel Oil 0.5514 0.7671Natural Gas 0.5224 0.7268

21

Emissions Testing (Cont.)

PPM Conversion to Mass Per VolumeMultiplication of the pollutant concentration in ppmv byconversion factor C1 in the preceding section converts fromppmv to units of mass per volume (lb/SCF or ng/SCM).

To convert pollutant concentration in ppmv to units of massper volume (mg/SCM), multiply the concentration in ppmv by conversion factor C1 in the preceding section or by the following:

C1 (for ppm SO2) = 2.660 (mg/SCM)/(ppm SO2)C1 (for ppm NOx) = 1.912 (mg/SCM)/(ppm SO2)

22

Federal Regulations—40 CFR Air Programs

Part 50 National Primary and Secondary Ambient AirQuality Standards

Part 50 Ambient Test Methods (Appendix A-N)Part 51 Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and

Submittal of Implementation PlansPart 53 Ambient Air Monitoring Reference and

Equivalent MethodsPart 60 Standards of Performance for

New Stationary SourcesPart 60 Test Methods for New Stationary Sources

(Appendix A)Part 60 CEMS (Appendix B-F)Part 61 Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air PollutantsPart 61 Test Methods (Appendix B)Part 63 Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

for Source CategoriesPart 63 Test Methods (Appendix A)Part 68 Chemical Accident Prevention Provisions (Risk

Management Plan)Part 70 State Operating Permit ProgramsPart 71 Federal Operating Permit ProgramsPart 72 Permits RegulationPart 75 Continuous Emissions MonitoringPart 76 Acid Rain Nitrogen Oxides Emissions

Reduction Program

23

Federal Regulations—40 CFR Solid & Hazardous Waste

Part 240 Guidelines for the Thermal Processing of Solid Wastes

Part 243 Guidelines for the Storage and Collection ofResidential, Commercial, and Institutional Sources

Part 246 Source Separation for Materials Recovery GuidelinesPart 256 Guidelines for Development and Implementation

of State Solid Waste Management PlansPart 257 Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal

Facilities and PracticesPart 258 Criteria for Municipal Solid Waste LandfillsPart 260 Hazardous Waste Management System: GeneralPart 261 Identification and Listing of Hazardous WastePart 262 Standards Applicable to Generators of

Hazardous WastePart 263 Standards Applicable to Transporters of

Hazardous WastePart 264 Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous

Waste Treatment, Storage, and DisposalPart 265 Interim Status Standards for Owners and

Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, StoragePart 266 Standards for the Management of Specific

Hazardous Wastes and Specific Types of HazardPart 268 Land Disposal RestrictionsPart 270 EPA Administered Permit Programs: The Hazardous

Waste Permit ProgramPart 273 Standards for Universal Waste ManagementPart 279 Standards for the Management of Used OilPart 280 Technical Standards and Corrective Action

Requirements for Owners and Operators ofUnderground Storage Tanks

Part 281 Approval of State Underground Storage Tank Programs

Part 282 Approved Underground Storage Tank Programs

24

Federal Regulations—40 CFR Wastewater Pretreatment

Part 401 General ProvisionsPart 403 General Wastewater Pretreatment Regulations for

Existing and New Sources of PollutionPart 405 Dairy Products Processing Point Source CategoryPart 406 Grain Mills Point Source CategoryPart 407 Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables

Processing Point Source CategoryPart 408 Canned and Preserved Seafood Processing Point

Source CategoryPart 409 Sugar Processing Point Source CategoryPart 410 Textile Mills Point Source CategoryPart 411 Cement Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 412 Feedlots Point Source CategoryPart 413 Electroplating Point Source Category Part 414 Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic FibersPart 415 Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point

Source CategoryPart 417 Soap and Detergent Manufacturing Point

Source CategoryPart 418 Fertilizer Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 419 Petroleum Refining Point Source CategoryPart 420 Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 421 Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point

Source CategoryPart 422 Phosphate Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 423 Steam Electric Power Generating Point

Source CategoryPart 424 Ferroalloy Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 425 Leather Tanning and Finishing Point Source CategoryPart 426 Glass Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 427 Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 428 Rubber Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 429 Timber Products Processing Point Source CategoryPart 430 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Point Source Category

25

Federal Regulations—40 CFR Wastewater Pretreatment (Cont.)

Part 432 Meat Products Point Source CategoryPart 433 Metal Finishing Point Source CategoryPart 434 Coal Mining Point Source Category BPT, BAT, BCT

Limitations and New Source Performance StandardPart 435 Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source CategoryPart 436 Mineral Mining and Processing Point Source CategoryPart 439 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 440 Ore Mining and Dressing Point Source CategoryPart 443 Effluent Limitations Guidelines for Existing Sources

and Standards of PerformancePart 446 Paint Formulating Point Source CategoryPart 447 Ink Formulating Point Source CategoryPart 454 Gum and Wood Chemicals Manufacturing Point

Source CategoryPart 455 Pesticide ChemicalsPart 457 Explosives Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 458 Carbon Black Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 459 Photographic Point Source CategoryPart 460 Hospital Point Source CategoryPart 461 Battery Manufacturing Point Source CategoryPart 463 Plastics Molding and Forming Point Source CategoryPart 464 Metal Molding and Casting Point Source CategoryPart 465 Coil Coating Point Source CategoryPart 466 Porcelain Enameling Point Source CategoryPart 467 Aluminum Forming Point Source CategoryPart 468 Copper Forming Point Source CategoryPart 469 Electrical and Electronic Components Point

Source CategoryPart 471 Nonferrous Metals Forming and Metal Powders

Point Source Category

26

Federal Regulations—40 CFR OTHERS

Part 112 Oil Pollution PreventionPart 122 The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination SystemPart 302 Spill Reporting; Designation, Reportable Quantities,

and NotificationPart 355 Emergency Planning and NotificationPart 370 Hazardous Chemical Reporting – Community

Right-To-KnowPart 372 Toxic Chemical Release Reporting – Community

Right-To-KnowPart 761 PCBs

27

Electronic Data Reporting—40 CFR Part 75

Table 1: EDR Electronic Reporting Record Types

28

GROUP SUB-GROUP RECORD TYPE RECORD

Facility Identification (Modified) 100

Record Types Submitted (Optional) 101

Facility Location and Identification Information (New) 102

SO 2 Concentration Data 200

NOx Concentration Data (Modified) 201

CO2 Concentration Data (Modified) 202

CO2 Diluent Concentration Data (Modified) 210

O2 Diluent Concentration Data (Modified) 211

Moisture Data Moisture Data (New) 212

Volumetric Flow Volumetric Flow Data (Modified) 220

Daily Calibration Test Data and Results (Modified) 230

Flow Daily Interference Check Results 231

Hourly Pollutant and Diluent Concentration Data from RM Backup Analyzers

260

Quality Assurance Run Data for Reference Method Analyzers or Systems Used as Backup CEMS

261

Reference Method Backup Flow Rate Monitor (Run Summary) (Modified)

262

Unit Operating Parameters (Modified) 300

Quarterly Cumulative Emissions Data (Modified) 301

Oil Fuel Flow (Modified) 302

Gas Fuel Flow (Modified) 303

Quarterly Heat Input from Long Term Fuel Flow Measurements for Qualifying Low Mass Emission Units (New)

305

Cumulative Nox Mass Emissions Data (New) 307

SO 2 Mass Emissions Data (Modified) 310

SO 2 Mass Emissions Alternative Estimation Parameters for Oil (Modified)

313

SO 2 Mass Emissions Alternative Estimation Parameters for Natural Gas (Modified)

314

NOx Emission Rate Data 320

NOx Emission Rate Alternative Estimation Parameters for Oil and Gas (Modified)

323

NOx Emission Rate Estimation Based on Appendix E (New) 324

NOx Emission Rate Estimation Based on Appendix E for Multiple Fuel Hours (New)

325

NOx Mass Emissions (New) 328

Facility Information

Pollutant Gas Concentrations

Diluent Gas Concentrations

Nox Emissions Data

RECORD TYPES

Facility Information

(100)

Monitoring Data (200)

Unit Data (300)

Daily Quality Assurance Data and Results

Reference Method Backup QA Data

Unit Operating and Cumulative Emissions

Data

SO2 Mass Emissions Data

Electronic Data Reporting—40 CFR Part 75 (Cont.)

Table 1: EDR Electronic Reporting Record Types

29

GROUP SUB-GROUP RECORD TYPE RECORD

CO2 Mass Emissions Data (Modified) 330

CO2 Mass Emissions Estimation Parameters 331

Qualifying Low Mass Emissions Unit Data

Hourly Emissions Data for Qualifying Low Mass Emissions Units (New)

360

Stack/Pipe Header Definition Table (Modified) 503

Unit Information (New) 504

Program Indicator for Report (New) 505

EIA Cross Reference Information (New) 506

Fuel Usage Data to Qualify as a Peaking Unit or an Acid Rain Program Gas-fired Unit (New)

507

Subpart H Reporting Frequency Change (New) 508

Monitoring Systems/Analytical Components Table (Modified) 510

Formula Table 520

Span Table (Modified) 530

Maximums, Minimums, Defaults and Constants (New) 531

Unit and Stack Operating Load Data (New) 535

Range of Operation, Normal Load, and Load Usage (New) 536

Fuel Flowmeter Data (Modified) 540

Reasons for Monitoring System Downtime or Missing Parameter (Optional)

550

Monitoring System Recertification, Maintenance, or Other Events(New)

556

Appendix E NOx Correlation Curve Segments (New) 560

Monitoring Methodology Information (New) 585

Control Equipment Information (New) 586

Unit Fuel Type (New) 587

Calibration/Error Tests 7-Day Calibration Error Test Data and Results (Modified) 600

Linearity Check Data (Modified) 601

Linearity Check Results (Modified) 602

Leak Checks Flow Leak Check Results (Modified) 603

Reference Data for Flow-to-Load Ratio or Gross Heat Rate Evaluation (New)

605

Quarterly Flow-to-Load Ratio or Gross Heat Rate Check (New) 606

Flow/Load Checks

Certification Test Data

(600)Linearity Checks

CO2 Mass Emissions Data

Unit Data (300)

RECORD TYPES

Monitoring Plan

Information (500)

Electronic Data Reporting—40 CFR Part 75(Cont.)

Table 1: EDR Electronic Reporting Record Types

30

GROUP SUB-GROUP RECORD TYPES RECORD

RATA and Bias Test Data (Modified) 610

RATA and Bias Test Results (Modified) 611

Reference Method Supporting Data for Flow RATA Tests (New)

614

Reference Method Supporting Data for Flow RATA Tests (New)

615

Reference Method Supporting Data for Flow RATA Tests (New)

616

Cycle Time Test Cycle Time Test Data and Results (Modified) 621

On Line/Off Line Calibration Demonstration Qualifying Test for Off-line Calibration Error Tests (New) 623

Miscellaneous QA Test/Activity

Other QA Activities (New) 624

Fuel Flowmeter Accuracy Test (New) 627

Accuracy Test for Orifice, Nozzle, or Venturi Type Fuel Flowmeters (New)

628

Baseline Data for Fuel-Flow-to-Load Ratio or Gross Heat Rate Check for Fuel Flowmeters (New)

629

Quarterly Fuel-Flow-to-Load Test for Fuel Flowmeters (New) 630

Alternative Monitoring System Approval Petition Data (Renumbered from EDR v1.3 RT 630)

640

Alternative Monitoring System Approval Petition Results and Statistics (Renumbered from EDR v1.3 RT 631)

641

LME CertificationQualifying Data for Low Mass Emissions Units Excepted Methodology (New)

645

NOx Emission Rate Correlation Test Data (Modified) 650

NOx Emission Rate Correlation Results (Modified) 651

Heat Input from Oil Combusted During Test (Modified) 652

Heat Input from Gas Combusted During Test (Modified) 653

Unit Group Testing (New) 660

Single-load Flow RATA Claim (New) 695

Fuel Flowmeter Accuracy Test Extension (New) 696

RATA Deadline Extension or Exemption (New) 697

Quarterly QA Test Exemption Claim (New) 698

QA Test Extension Claim Based on Grace Period (New) 699

Appendix E and Unit Specific Default Emission

Rate Test Data

Alternative Monitoring Petition Data

Quarterly Fuel-Flow-to-Load Analysis

QA Test Extensions/Exemption

Claims

Fuel Flowmeter Accuracy Tests

RATA/Bias Tests

Certification Test Data

(600)

RECORD TYPES

Electronic Data Reporting—40 CFR Part 75(Cont.)

Table 1: EDR Electronic Reporting Record Types

31

GROUP SUB-GROUP RECORD TYPES RECORD

Part 75 Certification Statement and Designated Representative Signature

900

Part 72 Certification Statement 901

Cover Letter Text (file specific) (Optional) 910

Cover Letter Text (not specific to file) (Optional) 920

Subpart H Certification Statement and NOx Authorized Account Representative Signature (New)

940

Subpart H General Certification Statement (New) 941

Contact Person Record (New) (Optional) 999

Certification Data

Certification Data (900)

RECORD TYPES

Air Emissions Test Methods—USEPA 40 CFR Part 51

Appendix M

Method Description201 PM-10 (EGR procedure)201A PM-10 (CSR procedure)202 Condensable PM203 proposed Transmissometer for opacity compliance203A proposed M-9 revision – 2-6 min. avg.203B proposed M-9 revision – time exception203C proposed M-9 revision – instantaneous204 TE (total enclosure) criteria204A VOC content in liquid streams204B VOC emissions in captured gas streams204C VOC emissions in captured gas streams

– dilution technique204D VOC emissions in fugitive gas streams in

TE (total enclosure)204E VOC emissions in fugitive gas streams in

building enclosures204F VOC content in liquid input205 Gas dilution calibration206 (CTM-027) Ammonia207 proposed Isocyanates

32

Air Emissions Test Methods—USEPA 40 CFR Part 60

Appendix A

Method Description1 Selection of traverse points1A Traverse points in small ducts2 Flow rate – type S pitot2A Flow rate in small ducts – vol. meters2B Flow rate – stoichiometry 2C Flow rate in small ducts – standard pitot2D Flow rate in small ducts – rate meters2E Flow rate from landfill wells2F Flow rate using 3-D probes2G Flow rate with Yaw angle adjustment2H Wall effect determination3 Molecular weight3A Instrumental method for O2 (oxygen)

and CO2 (carbon dioxide)3B Orsat for correction factors and excess air3C Gas composition from landfill gases4 Moisture Content in Stack Gas5 PM (particulate matter)5A PM from asphalt roofing (Prop. as M-26) 5B Nonsulfuric acid PM5C tentative PM from small ducts5D PM from baghouses – without stacks 5E PM from fiberglass plants5F PM from FCCU (fluidized catalytic

cracking units)5G PM from wood stove – dilution tunnel5H PM from wood stove – stack5I Low Level PM Emissions

33

Air Emissions Test Methods—USEPA 40 CFR Part 60 (Cont.)

Appendix A

Method Description6 SO2 (sulfur dioxide)6A SO2/CO2

6B Auto SO2/CO2

6C Instrumental method for SO2

7 NOx (nitrogen oxides)7A Ion chromatograph NOx analysis7B UV NOx analysis for nitric acid plants

7C Alkaline permanganate/colorimetric for NOx

7D Alkaline permanganate/IC for NOx7E Instrumental method for NOx8 Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) mist and SO2

9 Visual Opacity10 CO10A Colorimetric method (used with PS-4)10B CO by GC method used with PS-411 H2S (hydrogen sulfide)12 Pb (lead)13A F – colorimetric method13B F – SIE method14 F for primary aluminum plants14A Total F from selected sources at

primary aluminum plants

34

Air Emissions Test Methods—USEPA 40 CFR Part 60 (Cont.)

Appendix A

Method Description15 TRS (Total Reduced Sulfur) from

petroleum refineries15A TRS alternative/oxidation16 TRS from kraft pulp mills16A TRS alternative (by oxidation)16B TRS alternative/GC analysis of SO2

17 PM, in-stack18 VOC, general GC method19 F-factor, fuel sampling20 NOx from gas turbines21 VOC leaks22 Fugitive Opacity (Visible Emissions)23 Dioxins/Furans24 Solvent in surface coatings24A Solvent in ink25 TGNMO

(Total Gaseous Non-Methane Organics)25A TOC/FID25B TOC/NDIR25C VOC from landfills25D VOC from TSDF – purge procedure 25E VOC from TSDF – vapor pressure

procedure

35

Air Emissions Test Methods—USEPA 40 CFR Part 60 (Cont.)

Appendix A

Method Description26 HCI (Hydrogen Chloride)26A Isokinetic HCI and halogens27 Tank truck leaks28 Wood stove certification28A Air-to-fuel ratio29 Metal emissions from stationary sources

Appendix B—CEM Performance Specifications

Method DescriptionPS-1 OpacityPS-2 SO2 and NOxPS-3 CO2 and O2

PS-4 COPS-4A CO in MWC (municipal waste combustors)PS-5 TRSPS-6 Velocity and mass emissions ratePS-7 H2SPS-8 VOCPS-8A THCPS-9 VOC/GCPS-11 Particulate MatterPS-12A MercuryPS-15 Extractive FTIR

36

Air Emissions Test Methods—USEPA 40 CFR Part 60 (Cont.)

Appendix F—CEM Performance Specifications

Method DescriptionProc 1 CEMS Quality Assurance

Appendix J

Method DescriptionApp-J Wood stove thermal efficiency

Alternative Procedures and MiscellaneousS-Factor method for sulfuric acid plantsCorrections to S-Factor publicationAdd fuel analysis procedures for gas turbines

Alternative PST for low-level concentrationsMisc. revisions to Appendix A, 40 CFR Part 60Monitoring revisions to Subpart J (Petr. Ref.)

37

Air Emissions Test Methods—USEPA 40 CFR Part 61

Appendix B

Method Description101 Hg in air streams101A Hg in sewage sludge incinerators102 Hg in H2 streams103 Revised Be screening method104 Revised beryllium105 Hg in sewage sludge106 Vinyl chloride107 VC in process streams107A VC in process streams108 Inorganic arsenic108A Arsenic in ore samples108B Arsenic in ore alternative 108C Arsenic in ore alternative 111 Polonium-210114 Monitoring of radionuclides 115 Radon-222

38

Air Emissions Test Methods—USEPA 40 CFR Part 63

Method Description301 Field data validation protocol302 tentative Generic GC/MS procedure303 By-Product Coke Oven Batteries303A Non-Recovery Coke Oven Batteries304A Biodegradation rate (vented)304B Biodegradation rate (enclosed)305 Compound specific liquid waste306 Hexavalent Chromium306A Simplified chromium sampling306B Surface tension for tanks

electroplating/anodizing307 Emissions from solvent vapor cleaners 308 Procedure for methanol emissions310A Residual Hexane310B Residual Solvent310C Residual Hexane in EDPM Rubber311 HAPS in paints and coatings312A Styrene in SBR Latex (GC)312B Styrene in SBR Latex by Capillary GC312C Styrene in SBR Latex Produced by Emissions

Polymerization313A Residual Hydrocarbon in Rubber Crumb313B Residual HC in Rubber Crumb by Capillary GC315 PM and MCEM from aluminum

production facilities316 Formaldehyde in the mineral wool &

fiberglass industries318 Extractive FTIR measurement for the mineral

wool & fiberglass industries319 proposed Filtration efficiency for paint overspray arrestors320 Vapor Phase Organic & Inorganic Emissions

by Extractive FTIR321 Gaseous HCl Emissions at Portland Cement

Kilns by FTIR322 proposed HCl Emissions from Portland Cement Kilns

by GFCIR323 proposed Formaldehyde Emissions324 proposed Mercury (Dry Sorbent Trap)

39

Air Emissions Test Methods—USEPA 40 CFR Part 75

Acid Rain

Method DescriptionApp A Specifications and test proceduresApp B QA/QC proceduresApp C Missing data estimation proceduresApp D Optional SO2 emissionsApp E Optional NOx emissionsApp F Conversion proceduresApp G Determination of CO2 emissions

40

41

USEPA SW-846 Sampling & Analytical Test Methods

Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846, Third Edition, November 1986

Air Sampling

Method Description0010 Modified Method 5 Sampling Train0011 Sampling for formaldehyde emissions

from stationary sources0020 SASS

(Source Assessment Sampling System)0023A Sampling Method for Polychlorinated

Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and PolychlorinatedDibenzofuran Emissions from Stationary Sources

0030 VOST (Volatile Organic Sampling Train)0031 Sampling Method for Volatile Organic

Compounds (SMVOC)0040 Sampling of Principal Organic Hazardous

Constituents from Combustion Sourcesusing TEDLAR® Bags

0050 Isokinetic HCl/CI2 Emissions Sampling Train

0051 Midget impinger HCl/CI2 EmissionsSampling Train

0060 Determination of Metals in Stack Emissions

0061 Determination of Hexavalent ChromiumEmissions from Stationary Sources

0100 Sampling for Formaldehyde and OtherCarbonyl Compounds in Indoor Air

5041A Analysis for Desorption of SorbentCartridges from Volatile OrganicSampling Train (VOST)

USEPA SW-846 Sampling & Analytical Test Methods (Cont.)

Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846, Third Edition, November 1986

Analytical, GCMethod Description8011 1,2-Dibromoethane and 1,2-Dibromo-3-

chloropropane by Microextraction and GasChromatography

8015B Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID8021B Aromatic and Halogenated Volatiles by Gas

Chromatography Using Photoionizationand/or Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors

8031 Acrylonitrile by Gas Chromatography8032A Acrylamide by Gas Chromatography8033 Acetonitrile by Gas Chromatography with

Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detection8041 Phenols by Gas Chromatography8061A Phthalate Esters by Gas Chromatography

with Electron Capture Detection (GC/ECD)8070A Nitrosamines by Gas Chromatography8081A Organochlorine Pesticides by Gas

Chromatography8082 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) by Gas

Chromatography8091 Nitroaromatics and Cyclic Ketones by Gas

Chromatography8100 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons8111 Haloethers by Gas Chromatography8121 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by Gas

Chromatography: Capillary Column Technique8131 Aniline and Selected Derivatives by Gas

Chromatography8141A Organophosphorus Compounds by Gas

Chromatography: Capillary Column Technique8151A Chlorinated Herbicides by GC Using

Methylation or PentafluorobenzylationDerivatization

42

USEPA SW-846 Sampling & Analytical Test Methods (Cont.)Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846, Third Edition, November 1986

Analytical, GC/MS

Method Description8260B Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry(GC/MS)

8270C Semivolatile Organic Compounds byGas Chromatography/MassSpectrometry (GC/MS)

8275A Semivolatile Organic Compounds (PAHsand PCBs) in Soils/Sludges and SolidWastes Using Thermal Extraction/GasChromatography/Mass Spectrometry(TE/GC/MS)

8280A The Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and PolychlorinatedDibenzofurans by High Resolution GasChromatography/Low Resolution MassSpectrometry (HRGC/LRMS)

8290 Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs)and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans(PCDFs) by High Resolution GasChromatography/High Resolution MassSpectrometry (HRGC/HRMS)

43

USEPA SW-846 Sampling & Analytical TEST METHODS (Cont.)

Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846, Third Edition, November 1986

Analytical, GC/MS

Method Description8310 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons8315A Determination of Carbonyl Compounds

by High Performance LiquidChromatography (HPLC)Appendix A: Recrystallization of 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)

8316 Acrylamide, Acrylonitrile and Acrolein by High Performance LiquidChromatography (HPLC)

8318 N-Methylcarbamates by HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)

8321A Solvent Extractable NonvolatileCompounds by High Performance LiquidChromatography/Thermospray/MassSpectrometry (HPLC/TS/MS) or Ultraviolet(UV) Detection

8325 Solvent Extractable NonvolatileCompounds by High Performance LiquidChromatography/Particle Beam/MassSpectrometry (HPLC/PB/MS)

8330 Nitroaromatics and Nitramines by HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)

8331 Tetrazene by Reverse Phase HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)

8332 Nitroglycerine by High PerformanceLiquid Chromatography

44

USEPA SW-846 Sampling & Analytical TEST METHODS (Cont.)

Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846, Third Edition, November 1986

Infrared Methods

Method Description8410 Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform

Infrared (GC/FT-IR) Spectrometry forSemivolatile Organics: Capillary Column

8430 Analysis of Bis(2-chloroethyl) Ether andHydrolysis Products by Direct AqueousInjection GC/FT-IR

8440 Total Recoverable PetroleumHydrocarbons by InfraredSpectrophotometry

Other Methods

Method Description8520 Continuous Measurement of

Formaldehyde in Ambient Air

45

Ambient Air Test Methods

Compendium of methods for the determination of toxicorganic compounds in ambient air.EPA – 600/4-84-041

Method DescriptionTO-1 VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in

Ambient Air using Tenax-Adsorption andGC/MS (gas chromatography/massspectrometry)

TO-2 VOCs in Ambient Air by CarbonMolecular Sieve Adsorption and GC/MS

TO-3 VOCs in Ambient Air using CryogenicPreconcentration Techniques and GC with Flame Ionization and ElectronCapture Detection

TO-4A Organochlorine Pesticides andPolychlorinated Biphenyls in Ambient Air

TO-5 Aldehydes and Ketones in Ambient Airusing HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)

TO-6 Phosgene in Ambient Air using HPLCTO-7 N-Nitrosodimethylamine in Ambient Air

using GCTO-8 Phenol and Methylphenols (Cresols) in

Ambient Air using HPLCTO-9A PCDDs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-

dioxins) in Ambient Air using HighResolution Gas Chromatography/HighResolution Mass Spectrometry

46

47

Ambient Air Test Methods (Cont.)

Compendium of methods for the determination of toxicorganic compounds in ambient air.EPA - 600/4-84-041

Method DescriptionTO-10A Organochlorine Pesticides in Ambient Air

using Low Volume PUF (polyurethanefoam) Sampling with GC/ECD (gaschromatography/electron capture detector)

TO-11A Formaldehyde in Ambient Air usingAdsorbent Cartridge Followed by HPLC(high performance liquidchromatography)

TO-12 NMOC (nonmethane organic compounds)in Ambient Air using Cryogenic PDFID(preconcentration and direct flameionization detection)

TO-13A PAHs (polynuclear aromatichydrocarbons) in Ambient Air using HighVolume Sampling with GC/MS (gaschromatography/mass spectrometry)and HPLC Analysis

TO-14A VOCs (volatile organic compounds) inAmbient Air using SUMMA PolishedCanister Sampling and GC Analysis

TO-15 The Determination of Volatile OrganicCompounds (VOCs) in Air Collected inSumma Canisters and Analyzed by GasChromatography/Mass Spectrometry(GC/MS)

TO-16 Long-Path Open-Path Fourier TransformInfrared Monitoring of Atmospheric Gases

TO-17 Determination of Volatile OrganicCompounds in Ambient Air Using ActiveSampling onto Sorbent Tubes

48

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990TitlesI Attainment and Maintenance of National Ambient Air

Quality StandardsII Mobile SourcesIII Air Toxics (Hazardous Air Pollutants)IV Acid Deposition ControlV PermitsVI Stratospheric Ozone ProtectionVII EnforcementVIII MiscellaneousIX Clean Air ResearchX Disadvantaged Business ConcernsXI Clean Air Employment Transition Assistance

PSD Significant Emissions Rates & De MinimisMonitoring Concentrations

a No de minimis concentration; an increase in VOC emissionsof 100 TPY or more will require monitoring analysis for ozone.

Note: Ambient monitoring requirements for any pollutantmay be exempted if the impact of the increase inemissions is below de minimis monitoringconcentrations.

Sources: 40 CFR 52.21; KNB, 1994.

49

Pollutant SignificantEmissions Rate (TPY)

De MinimisConcentration

(µg/m3)Sulfur Dioxide 40 13, 24-Hour

Particulate Matter (TSP) 25 10, 24-Hour

Particulate Matter (PM 10) 15 10, 24-Hour

Nitrogen Oxides 40 14, Annual

Carbon Monoxide 100 575, 8-Hour

Volatile OrganicCompounds (Ozone)

40 100 TPYa

Lead 0.6 0.1, 3-Month

Sulfuric Acid Mist 7 NM

Total Fluorides 3 0.25, 24-Hour

Total Reduced Sulfur 10 10, 1-Hour

Reduced SulfurCompounds

10 10, 1-Hour

Hydrogen Sulfide 10 0.2, 1-Hour

Asbestos 0.007 NM

Beryllium 0.0004 0.001, 24 Hour

Mercury 0.1 0.25, 24-Hour

Vinyl Chloride 1 15, 24-Hour

List of Hazardous Air Pollutants* (HAPs)

Acetaldehyde CatecholAcetamide ChlorambenAcetonitrile ChlordaneAcetophenone Chlorine 2-Acetylaminofluorene Chloroacetic acidAcrolein 2-ChloroacetophenoneAcrylamide ChlorobenzeneAcrylic acid ChlorobenzilateAcrylonitrile ChloroformAllyl chloride Chloromethyl methyl ether4-Aminobiphenyl ChloropreneAniline Cresols/Cresylic acido-Anisidine (isomers and mixture)Asbestos o-CresolBenzene (including m-Cresolbenzene from gasoline) p-CresolBenzidine CumeneBenzotrichloride 2,4-D, salts and estersBenzyl chloride DDEBiphenyl DiazomethaneBis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Dibenzofurans(DEHP) 1,2-Dibromo-3-Bis(chloromethyl) ether chloropropaneBromoform Dibutylphthalate1,3-Butadiene 1, 4-Dichlorobenzene (p)Calcium cyanamide 3, 3-DichlorobenzideneCaptan Dichloroethyl etherCarbaryl 1, 3-DichloropropeneCarbon disulfide DichlorvosCarbon tetrachloride DiethanolamineCarbonyl sulfide Diethyl sulfate

3, 3-Dimethoxybenzidine*The Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, Title III, Section 112(b).

50

List of Hazardous Air Pollutants* (HAPs) (Cont.)

Dimethyl aminoazobenzene HexachlorobenzeneN,N-Dimethylanaline Hexachlorobutadiene3,3’-DimethylbenzidineDimethyl carbamoyl chlorideDimethylformamide Hexachlorocyclopentadiene1,1-Dimethylhydrazine HexachloroethaneDimethyl phthalate Hexamethylene-1,6-Dimethyl sulfate diisocyanate4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol, and Hexamethylphosphoramide

salts Hexane2,4-Dinitrophenol2,4-Dinitrotoluene Hydrazine1,4-Dioxane Hydrochloric acid 1,2-DiphenylhydrazineEpichlorohydrin1,2-Epoxybutane Hydrogen fluorideEthyl acrylate (Hydrofluoric acid)Ethylbenzene HydroquinoneEthyl carbamate (Urethane) IsophoroneEthyl chloride (Chloroethane) Maleic anhydrideEthylene dibromide Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)

(Dibromoethane) MethoxychlorEthylene dichloride Methyl bromide

(1,2-Dichloroethane) (Bromomethane)Ethylene glycol Methyl chlorideEthyleneimine (Aziridine) (Chloromethane)Ethylene oxide Methyl chloroform Ethylene thiourea (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)Ethylidene dichloride Methyl ethyl ketone

(1,1-Dichloroethane) (2-Butanone)Formaldehyde Methyl hydrazineHeptachlor Methyl iodide (Iodomethane)

Methyl isobutyl ketone(Hexone)

*The Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, Title III, Section 112(b).

51

List of Hazardous Air Pollutants* (HAPs) (Cont.)Methyl isocyanate 1,2-PropylenimineMethyl methacrylate (2-Methyl aziridine)Methyl tert-butyl ether Quinoline4,4-Methylene Quinone

bis(2-chloroaniline) StyreneMethylene chloride Styrene oxide(Dichloromethane) 2,3,7,8-4,4’ Methylene diphenyl Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-

diisocyanate (MDI) dioxin4,4’-Methylenedianiline 1,1,2,2-TetrachloroethaneNaphthalene TetrachloroethyleneNitrobenzene (Perchloroethylene)4-Nitrobiphenyl Titanium tetrachloride4-Nitrophenol Toluene2-Nitropropane 2,4-Toluene diamineN-Nitroso-N-methylurea 2,4-Toluene diisocyanateN-Nitrosodimethylamine o-ToluidineN-Nitrosomorpholine ToxapheneParathion 1,2,4-TrichlorobenzenePentachloronitrobenzene 1,1,2-TrichloroethanePentachlorophenol TrichloroethenePhenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenolp-Phenylenediamine 2,4,6-TrichlorophenolPhosgene TriethylaminePhosphine TrifluralinPhosphorus 2,2,4-TrimethylpentanePhthalic anhydride Vinyl acetatePolychlorinated biphenyls Vinyl bromide

(Aroclors) Vinyl chloride1,3-Propane sultone Vinylidene chloridebeta-Propiolactone (1,1-Propionaldehyde Dichloroethylene)Propoxur (Baygon) Xylenes (isomers andPropylene dichloride mixture)

(1,2 o-XylenesDichloropropane) m-Xylenes

Propylene oxide p-Xylenes*The Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, Title III, Section 112(b).

52

List of Hazardous Air Pollutants* (HAPs) (Cont.)

CompoundsAntimony compoundsArsenic compounds

(inorganic including arsenic)Beryllium compoundsCadmium compoundsChromium compoundsCobalt compoundsCoke oven gasesCyanide compoundsGlycol ethersLead compoundsManganese compoundsMercury compoundsFine mineral fibersNickel compoundsPolycylic organic matterRadionuclides (including radon)Selenium Compounds

*The Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, Title III, Section 112(b).

53

Section 112-MACT Standards

54

Sour

ce C

ateg

ory

Com

plia

nce

Dat

eSu

bpar

tRe

gula

tory

Cita

tion

Perc

hlor

oeth

ylen

e D

rycl

eani

ng F

acili

ties

Sept

embe

r 22,

199

6M

63.3

20

Coke

Ove

n Ba

tter

ies

Oct

ober

27,

199

6L

300

April

22,

199

7F,

G, H

& I

63.1

00

Indu

stri

al P

roce

ss C

oolin

g To

wer

sSe

ptem

ber 8

, 199

7Q

63.4

00

Hal

ogen

ated

Sol

vent

Cle

anin

gD

ecem

ber 2

, 199

4T

63.4

60

Ethy

lene

Oxi

de E

mis

sion

s St

anda

rds

for

Ster

iliza

tion

Faci

litie

sD

ecem

ber 6

, 199

8O

63.3

60

Dec

embe

r 14,

199

7R

63.4

20

Mag

netic

Tap

e M

anuf

actu

ring

Ope

ratio

nsD

ecem

ber 1

5, 1

997

EE63

.701

Janu

ary

25, 1

996

N63

.340

Epox

y Re

sins

and

Non

-Nyl

on P

olya

mid

es P

rodu

ctio

nM

arch

8, 1

998

W63

.520

New

and

Exi

stin

g Se

cond

ary

Lead

Sm

elte

rsJu

ne 2

3, 1

997

X60

.541

Petr

oleu

m R

efin

erie

sAu

gust

18,

199

8C

C63

.640

Aero

spac

e M

anuf

actu

ring

and

Rew

ork

Faci

litie

sSe

ptem

ber 1

, 199

8G

G63

.741

HO

N (H

azar

dous

Org

anic

NES

HAP

for

the

Synt

hetic

Org

anic

Che

mic

al

Man

ufac

turi

ng In

dust

ry o

r SO

CMI)

Gas

olin

e D

istr

ibut

ion

Faci

litie

s (B

ulk

Gas

olin

e Te

rmin

als

and

Pipe

line

Brea

kout

Sta

tions

)

Chro

miu

m E

mis

sion

s fr

om H

ard

and

Dec

orat

ive

Chro

miu

m E

lect

ropl

atin

g an

d Ch

rom

ium

Ano

dizi

ng T

anks

Nat

iona

l Em

issi

on S

tand

ards

For

Haz

ardo

us A

ir P

ollu

tant

s (N

ESH

APS)

Fo

r So

urce

Cat

egor

ies

Adop

ted

by E

PA –

40

CFR

Section 112-MACT Standards (Cont.)

55

Sour

ce C

ateg

ory

Com

plia

nce

Dat

eSu

bpar

tRe

gula

tory

Cita

tion

Ship

build

ing

and

Ship

Rep

air

Dec

embe

r 15,

199

6II

63.7

80

Prin

ting

and

Publ

ishi

ng In

dust

ryM

ay 3

0, 1

999

KK63

.820

Off

site

Was

te a

nd R

ecov

ery

Ope

ratio

nsJu

ly 1

, 199

6D

D63

.680

Gro

up 1

Pol

ymer

s an

d Re

sins

Sept

embe

r 5, 1

996

U63

.480

Mar

ine

Tank

Ves

sel L

oadi

ngSe

ptem

ber 1

9, 1

998,

199

9Y

63.5

60

Woo

d Fu

rnitu

reD

ecem

ber 7

, 199

7JJ

63.8

00

Tank

s-Le

vel 1

July

1, 1

996

OO

63.9

00

Cont

aine

rsJu

ly 1

, 199

6PP

63.9

20

Surf

ace

Impo

undm

ents

July

1, 1

996

QQ

63.9

40

Indi

vidu

al D

rain

Sys

tem

sJu

ly 1

, 199

6RR

63.9

60

Oil

Wat

er S

epar

ator

sJu

ly 1

, 199

6VV

63.1

040

Gro

up IV

Pol

ymer

sSe

ptem

ber 1

2, 1

997

JJJ

63.1

310

Port

land

Cem

ent M

anuf

actu

ring

June

14,

200

2LL

L63

.134

0

Nat

iona

l Em

issi

on S

tand

ards

For

Haz

ardo

us A

ir P

ollu

tant

s (N

ESH

APS)

For

Sour

ce C

ateg

orie

s Ad

opte

d by

EPA

– 4

0 CF

R

Section 112-MACT Standards (Cont.)

56

Sour

ce C

ateg

ory

Com

plia

nce

Dat

eSu

bpar

tRe

gula

tory

Cita

tion

Stee

l Pic

klin

g—H

Cl P

roce

ssJu

ne 2

2, 2

001

CC

C63

.115

5

Prim

ary

Lead

Sm

eltin

gJu

ne 4

, 200

1TT

T63

.154

1

Phar

mac

eutic

als

Prod

uctio

nSe

ptem

ber 2

1, 2

002

GG

G63

.125

0

Phos

phor

ic A

cid

June

10,

200

2AA

64FR

3135

8

Phos

phat

e Fe

rtili

zers

June

10,

200

2BB

64FR

3135

8

Prim

ary

Alum

inum

Oct

ober

7, 1

999

LL63

.840

Nat

ural

Gas

Tra

nsm

issi

on/S

tora

geSe

ptem

ber 1

7, 2

002

HH

H63

.127

0

Pulp

and

Pap

erAp

ril 1

5, 2

001

S63

.440

Pest

icid

e Ac

tive

Ingr

edie

nt P

rodu

ctio

nD

ecem

ber 2

3, 2

003

MM

M63

.136

0

Oil

and

Nat

ural

Gas

Pro

duct

ion

June

17,

199

9H

H63

.760

Flex

ible

Pol

yure

than

e Fo

amO

ctob

er 7

, 200

1III

63.1

290

Gen

eric

MAC

T+Ju

ne 2

9, 2

002

YY64

FR34

853

Poly

mer

s an

d Re

sins

III

Janu

ary

20, 2

003

OO

O65

FR32

75

Nat

iona

l Em

issi

on S

tand

ards

For

Haz

ardo

us A

ir P

ollu

tant

s (N

ESH

APS)

For

Sour

ce C

ateg

orie

s Ad

opte

d by

EPA

40

CFR

Section 112-MACT Standards (Cont.)

57

Sour

ce C

ateg

ory

Com

plia

nce

Dat

eSu

bpar

tRe

gula

tory

Cita

tion

Woo

l Fib

ergl

ass

Man

ufac

turi

ngJu

ne 1

4, 2

001

NN

N63

.138

0

Publ

icly

Ow

ned

Trea

tmen

t Wor

ks (P

OTW

)Ju

ne 2

6, 2

001

VVV

64FR

5757

2

Seco

ndar

y Al

umin

umM

arch

23,

200

3RR

R65

FR15

689

Ferr

oallo

ys P

rodu

ctio

nM

ay 2

0, 2

001

XXX

63.1

650

Min

eral

Woo

l Pro

duct

ion

June

1, 2

002

DD

D63

.117

5

Poly

ethe

r Po

lyol

s Pr

oduc

tion

June

10,

200

2PP

P63

.142

0

Boat

Man

ufac

turi

ngAu

gust

22,

200

4V

V V

V66

FR44

217

April

14,

200

6M

M68

FR18

007

Leat

her

Fini

shin

g O

pera

tions

Febr

uary

27,

200

5TT

TT67

FR91

5510

Man

ufac

turi

ng N

utri

tiona

l Yea

stM

ay 2

1, 2

004

CC

CC

66FR

2787

6

Solv

ent E

xtra

ctio

n fo

r Ve

geta

ble

Oil

Prod

uctio

nAp

ril 1

2, 2

004

GG

GG

66FR

1900

6

Nat

iona

l Em

issi

on S

tand

ards

For

Haz

ardo

us A

ir P

ollu

tant

s (N

ESH

APS)

For

Sour

ce C

ateg

orie

s Ad

opte

d by

EPA

40

CFR

Com

bust

ion

Sour

ces

at K

raft

, Sod

a, a

nd S

ulfit

e Pu

lp &

Pap

er M

ills

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Toxic Chemicals

58

RMP

Toxi

c Ch

emic

als

and

Thre

shol

d Q

uant

ities

(TQ

)

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

Acry

loni

trile

[2-P

rope

neni

trile

]10

7-13

-120

,000

Acro

lein

[2-P

rope

nal]

107-

02-8

Acry

lyl c

hlor

ide

[2-P

rope

noyl

chl

orid

e]81

4-68

-65,

000

Ally

l alc

ohol

[2-P

rope

n-1-

ol]

107-

18-6

115

,000

Ally

lam

ine

[2-P

rope

n-1-

amin

e]10

7-11

-910

,000

Amm

onia

[anh

ydro

us]

7664

-41-

710

,000

Amm

onia

[con

c. 2

0% o

r gr

eate

r]76

64-4

1-7

20,0

00

Arse

nous

tric

hlor

ide

7784

-34-

115

,000

Arsi

ne77

84-4

2-1

1,00

0

Boro

n tr

ichl

orid

e [B

oran

e, tr

ichl

oro-

] 10

294-

34-5

5,00

0

Boro

n tr

ifluo

ride

[Bor

ane,

trifl

uoro

-]

7637

-07-

25,

000

Sect

ion

112r

of t

he C

AAA

of 1

990

requ

ires

that

all

stat

iona

ry s

ourc

es th

at h

ave

a re

gula

ted

subs

tanc

e pr

esen

t in

a pr

oces

s in

exc

ess

of a

thre

shol

d qu

antit

y (S

ee T

able

Bel

ow) d

evel

op a

risk

man

agem

ent p

lan

(RM

P) b

y Ju

ne 2

1, 1

999.

Sec

tion

112r

requ

ires

that

the

com

pany

pro

vide

an

anal

ysis

of t

he w

orst

cas

e re

leas

e sc

enar

io, p

rovi

de a

five

-yea

r acc

iden

t his

tory

, and

dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t an

emer

genc

y re

spon

se p

lan

for e

ach

regu

late

d su

bsta

nce

pres

ent a

t th

e fa

cilit

y.

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Toxic Chemicals (Cont.)

59

RMP

Toxi

c Ch

emic

als

and

Thre

shol

d Q

uant

ities

(TQ

)

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

353-

42-4

15,0

00

Brom

ine

7726

-95-

610

,000

Carb

on d

isul

fide

75-1

5-0

20,0

00

Chlo

rine

7782

-50-

52,

500

Chlo

rine

dio

xide

[Chl

orin

e ox

ide

(CIO

2)]

1004

9-04

-41,

000

Chlo

rofo

rm [M

etha

ne, t

rich

loro

-]67

-66-

320

,000

Chlo

rom

ethy

l eth

er [M

etha

ne, o

xybi

s[ch

loro

-]]

542-

88-1

1,00

0

Chlo

rom

ethy

l met

hyl e

ther

[Met

hane

, chl

orom

etho

xy-]

107-

30-2

5,00

0

Crot

onal

dehy

de [2

-But

enal

]41

70-3

0-3

20,0

00

Crot

onal

dehy

de, (

E)-[

2-Bu

tena

l, (E

)-]12

3-73

-920

,000

Boro

n tr

ifluo

ride

com

poun

d w

ith m

ethy

l eth

er (1

:1)

[Bor

on, t

riflu

oro[

oxyb

is[m

etan

e]]-

, T-4

-Bro

min

e

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Toxic Chemicals (Cont.)

60

RMP

Toxi

c Ch

emic

als

and

Thre

shol

d Q

uant

ities

(TQ

)

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

oEP

A RM

P TQ

Cyan

ogen

chl

orid

e50

6-77

-410

,000

Cycl

ohex

ylam

ine

[Cyc

lohe

xana

min

e]10

8-91

-815

,000

Dib

oran

e19

287-

45-7

2,50

0

Dim

ethy

ldic

hlor

osila

ne [S

ilane

, dic

hlor

odim

ethy

l-]75

-78-

55,

000

1,1-

Dim

ethy

lhyd

razi

ne [H

ydra

zine

, 1,1

-dim

ethy

l-]57

-14-

715

,000

Epic

hlor

ohyd

rin

[Oxi

rane

, (ch

loro

met

hyl)-

]10

6-89

-820

,000

Ethy

lene

diam

ine

[1,2

-Eth

aned

iam

ine]

107-

15-3

20,0

00

Ethy

lene

imin

e [A

ziri

dine

]15

1-56

-410

,000

Ethy

lene

oxi

de [O

xira

ne]

75-2

1-8

10,0

00

Fluo

rine

7782

-41-

41,

000

Form

alde

hyde

(sol

utio

n)50

-00-

015

,000

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Toxic Chemicals (Cont.)

61

RMP

Toxi

c Ch

emic

als

and

Thre

shol

d Q

uant

ities

(TQ

)

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

Fura

n11

0-00

-95,

000

Hyd

razi

ne30

2-01

-215

,000

Hyd

roch

lori

c ac

id (c

onc.

37%

or

grea

ter)

7647

-01-

015

,000

Hyd

rocy

anic

aci

d74

-90-

82,

500

Hyd

roge

n ch

lori

de (a

nhyd

rous

) [H

ydro

chlo

ric

acid

]76

47-0

1-0

5,00

0

Hyd

roge

n flu

orid

e/H

ydro

fluor

ic a

cid

(con

c. 5

0% o

r gr

eate

r) [H

ydro

fluor

ic a

cid]

7664

-39-

31,

000

Hyd

roge

n se

leni

de77

83-0

7-5

500

Hyd

roge

n su

lfide

7783

-06-

410

,000

Iron

, pen

taca

rbon

yl- [

Iron

car

bony

l (Fe

(CO

)5),

(TB-

5-11

)-]13

463-

40-6

2,50

0

Isob

utyr

onitr

ile [P

ropa

neni

trile

, 2-m

ethy

l-]78

-82-

020

,000

Isop

ropy

l chl

orof

orm

ate

[Car

bono

chlo

ridi

c ac

id,1

-met

hyle

thyl

est

er]

108-

23-6

15,0

00

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Toxic Chemicals (Cont.)

62

RMP

Toxi

c Ch

emic

als

and

Thre

shol

d Q

uant

ities

(TQ

)

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

Met

hacr

ylon

itrile

[2-P

rope

neni

trile

, 2-m

ethy

l-]12

6-98

-710

,000

Met

hyl c

hlor

ide

[Met

hane

, chl

oro-

]74

-87-

310

,000

Met

hyl c

hlor

ofor

mat

e [C

arbo

noch

lori

dic

acid

, met

hyle

ster

]79

-22-

15,

000

Met

hyl h

ydra

zine

[Hyd

razi

ne, m

ethy

l-]60

-34-

415

,000

Met

hyl i

socy

anat

e [M

etha

ne, i

socy

anat

o-]

624-

83-9

10,0

00

Met

hyl m

erca

ptan

[Met

hane

thio

l]74

-93-

110

,000

Met

hyl t

hioc

yana

te [T

hioc

yani

c ac

id, m

ethy

l est

er]

556-

64-9

20,0

00

Met

hyltr

ichl

oros

ilane

[Sila

ne, t

rich

loro

met

hyl-]

75-7

9-6

5,00

0

Nic

kel c

arbo

nyl

1346

3-39

-31,

000

Nitr

ic a

cid

(con

c. 8

0% o

r gr

eate

r)76

97-3

7-2

15,0

00

Nitr

ic o

xide

[Nitr

ogen

oxi

de (N

O)]

1010

2-43

-910

,000

Ole

um (F

umin

g Su

lfuri

c ac

id) [

Sulfu

ric

acid

, mix

ture

with

sul

fur

trio

xide

]80

14-9

5-7

10,0

00

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Toxic Chemicals (Cont.)

63

RMP

Toxi

c Ch

emic

als

and

Thre

shol

d Q

uant

ities

(TQ

)

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

Pera

cetic

aci

d [E

than

eper

oxoi

c ac

id]

79-2

1-0

10,0

00

Perc

hlor

omet

hylm

erca

ptan

[Met

hane

sulfe

nyl c

hlor

ide,

tric

hlor

o-]

594-

42-3

10,0

00

Phos

gene

[Car

boni

c di

chlo

ride

]75

-44-

550

0

Phos

phin

e78

03-5

1-2

5,00

0

Phos

phor

us o

xych

lori

de [P

hosp

hory

l chl

orid

e]

1002

5-87

-35,

000

Phos

phor

us tr

ichl

orid

e [P

hosp

horo

us tr

ichl

orid

e]

7719

-12-

215

,000

Pipe

ridi

ne11

0-89

-415

,000

Prop

ioni

trile

[Pro

pane

nitr

ile]

107-

12-0

10,0

00

Prop

ylen

eim

ine

[Azi

ridi

ne, 2

-met

hyl-]

75-5

5-8

10,0

00

Prop

yl c

hlor

ofor

mat

e [C

arbo

noch

lori

dic

acid

, pro

pyle

ster

]10

9-61

-515

,000

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Toxic Chemicals (Cont.)

64

RMP

Toxi

c Ch

emic

als

and

Thre

shol

d Q

uant

ities

(TQ

)

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

Prop

ylen

e ox

ide

[Oxi

rane

, met

hyl-]

75-5

6-9

10,0

00

Sulfu

r di

oxid

e (a

nhyd

rous

)74

46-0

9-5

5,00

0

Sulfu

r te

traf

luor

ide

[Sul

fur

fluor

ide

(SF4

), (T

-4)-]

7783

-60-

02,

500

Sulfu

r tr

ioxi

de74

46-1

1-9

10,0

00

Tetr

amet

hylle

ad [P

lum

bane

, tet

ram

ethy

l-]75

-74-

110

,000

Tetr

anitr

omet

hane

[Met

hane

, tet

rani

tro-

] 50

9-14

-810

,000

Tita

nium

tetr

achl

orid

e [T

itani

um c

hlor

ide

(TiC

l4) (

T-4)

-]75

50-4

5-0

2,50

0

Tolu

ene

2,4-

diis

ocya

nate

[Ben

zene

, 2,4

-diis

ocya

nato

-1-m

ethy

l]58

4-84

-910

,000

Tolu

ene

2,6-

diis

ocya

nate

[Ben

zene

, 1,3

-diis

ocya

nato

-2-m

ethy

l-]91

-08-

710

,000

Tolu

ene

diis

ocya

nate

(uns

peci

fied

isom

er) [

Benz

ene,

1,3

-diis

ocya

nato

met

hyl-]

2647

1-62

-510

,000

Trim

ethy

lchl

oros

ilane

[Sila

ne, c

hlor

otri

met

hyl-]

75-7

7-4

10,0

00

Viny

l ace

tate

mon

omer

[Ace

tic a

cid

ethe

nyl e

ster

]10

8-05

-415

,000

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Flammable Substances

65

RMP

FLAM

MAB

LE S

UBS

TAN

CES

AND

TH

RESH

OLD

QU

ANTI

TIES

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

Acet

alde

hyde

75-0

7-0

10,0

00

Acet

ylen

e [E

thyn

e]74

-86-

210

,000

Brom

otrif

luor

ethy

lene

[Eth

ene,

bro

mot

riflu

oro-

]59

8-73

-210

,000

1,3

Buta

dien

e10

6-99

-010

,000

Buta

ne10

6-97

-810

,000

1-Bu

tene

106-

98-9

10,0

00

2-Bu

tene

107-

01-7

10,0

00

Bute

ne25

167-

67-3

10,0

00

2-Bu

tene

-cis

590-

18-1

10,0

00

2-Bu

tene

-tra

ns [2

-But

ene,

(E)]

624-

64-6

10,0

00

Car

bon

oxys

ulfid

e [C

arbo

n ox

ide

sulfi

de (C

OS)

]46

3-58

-110

,000

Chl

orin

e m

onox

ide

[Chl

orin

e ox

ide]

7791

-21-

110

,000

2-C

hlor

opro

pyle

ne [1

-Pro

pene

, 2-c

hlor

o-]

557-

98-2

10,0

00

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Flammable Substances (Cont.)

66

RMP

FLAM

MAB

LE S

UBS

TAN

CES

AND

TH

RESH

OLD

QU

ANTI

TIES

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

1-C

hlor

opro

pyle

ne [1

-Pro

pene

, 1-c

hlor

o-]

590-

21-6

10,0

00

Cya

noge

n [E

than

edin

itrile

]46

0-19

-510

,000

Cyc

lopr

opan

e75

-19-

410

,000

Dic

hlor

osila

ne [S

ilane

, dic

hlor

o-]

4109

-96-

010

,000

Difl

uoro

etha

ne [E

than

e, 1

,1-d

ifluo

ro-]

75-3

7-6

10,0

00

Dim

ethy

lam

ine

[Met

hana

min

e, N

-met

hyl-]

124-

40-3

10,0

00

2,2-

Dim

ethy

lpro

pane

[Pro

pane

, 2,2

-dim

ethy

l-]46

3-82

-110

,000

Etha

ne74

-84-

010

,000

Ethy

l ace

tyle

ne [1

-But

yne]

107-

00-6

10,0

00

Ethy

lam

ine

[Eth

anam

ine]

75-0

4-7

10,0

00

Ethy

l chl

orid

e [E

than

e, c

hlor

o]75

-00-

310

,000

Ethy

lene

[Eth

ene]

74-8

5-1

10,0

00

Ethy

l eth

er [E

than

e, 1

,1-o

xybi

s-]

60-2

9-7

10,0

00

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Flammable Substances (Cont.)

67

RMP

FLAM

MAB

LE S

UBS

TAN

CES

AND

TH

RESH

OLD

QU

ANTI

TIES

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

Ethy

l mer

capt

an [E

than

ethi

ol]

75-0

8-1

10,0

00

Ethy

l nitr

ite [N

itrou

s ac

id, e

thyl

est

er]

109-

95-5

10,0

00

Hyd

roge

n13

33-7

4-0

10,0

00

Isob

utan

e [P

ropa

ne, 2

-met

hyl]

75-2

8-5

10,0

00

Isop

enta

ne [B

utan

e, 2

-met

hyl-]

78-7

8-4

10,0

00

Isop

rene

[1,3

-But

adie

ne, 2

-met

hyl-]

78-7

9-5

10,0

00

Isop

ropy

lam

ine

[2-P

ropa

nam

ine]

75-3

1-0

10,0

00

Isop

ropy

l chl

orid

e [P

ropa

ne, 2

-chl

oro-

]75

-29-

610

,000

Met

hane

74-8

2-8

10,0

00

Met

hyla

min

e [M

etha

nam

ine]

74-8

9-5

10,0

00

3-M

ethy

l-1-b

uten

e56

3-45

-110

,000

2-M

ethy

l-1-b

uten

e56

3-46

-210

,000

Met

hyl e

ther

[Met

hane

, oxy

bis-

]11

5-10

-610

,000

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Flammable Substances (Cont.)

68

RMP

FLAM

MAB

LE S

UBS

TAN

CES

AND

TH

RESH

OLD

QU

ANTI

TIES

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

Met

hyl f

orm

ate

(For

mic

aci

d, m

ethy

l est

er]

107-

31-3

10,0

00

2-M

ethy

lpro

pene

[1-P

rope

ne, 2

-met

hyl-]

115-

11-7

10,0

00

1,3-

Pent

adie

ne50

4-60

-910

,000

Pent

ane

109-

66-0

10,0

00

1-Pe

nten

e10

9-67

-110

,000

2-Pe

nten

e, (E

)-64

6-04

-810

,000

2-Pe

nten

e, (Z

)-62

7-20

-310

,000

Prop

adie

ne [1

,2-P

ropa

dien

e]46

3-49

-010

,000

Prop

ane

74-9

8-6

10,0

00

Prop

ylen

e [1

-Pro

pene

]11

5-07

-110

,000

Prop

yne

[1-P

ropy

ne]

74-9

9-7

10,0

00

Sila

ne78

03-6

2-5

10,0

00

Tetr

aflu

oroe

thyl

ene

[Eth

ene,

tetr

aflu

oro-

]11

6-14

-310

,000

Section 112 (r)-Risk Managment Plan (RMP)Flammable Substances (Cont.)

69

RMP

FLAM

MAB

LE S

UBS

TAN

CES

AND

TH

RESH

OLD

QU

ANTI

TIES

Chem

ical

Nam

eCA

S N

o.EP

A RM

P TQ

Tetr

amet

hyls

ilane

[Sila

ne, t

etra

met

hyl-]

75-7

6-3

10,0

00

Tric

hlor

osila

ne [S

ilane

, tric

hlor

o-]

1002

5-78

-210

,000

Trifl

uoro

chlo

roet

hyle

ne [E

then

e ch

loro

trifl

uoro

-]79

-38-

910

,000

Trim

ethy

lam

ine

[Met

hana

min

e, N

,N-d

imet

hyl-]

75-5

0-3

10,0

00

Viny

l ace

tyle

ne [1

-But

en-3

-yne

]68

9-97

-410

,000

Viny

l chl

orid

e [E

then

e, c

hlor

o-]

75-0

1-4

10,0

00

Viny

l eth

yl e

ther

[Eth

ene,

eth

oxy-

]10

9-92

-210

,000

Viny

l flu

orid

e [E

then

e, fl

uoro

-]75

-02-

510

,000

Viny

liden

e ch

lorid

e [E

then

e, 1

,1-d

ichl

oro-

]75

-35-

410

,000

Viny

liden

e flu

orid

e [E

then

e, 1

,1-d

ifluo

ro-]

75-3

8-7

10,0

00

Viny

l met

hyl e

ther

[Eth

ene,

met

hody

-]10

7-25

-510

,000

Common Organic Contaminants in DisposalSite Groundwater

The 50 most commonly detected organiccontaminants in disposal site groundwater*Ranking Constituent Chemical Class1 Methylene chloride V2 Trichloroethene V3 Tetrachloroethylene V4 trans-1,2-Dichloroethene V5 Chloroform V6 1,1-Dichloroethane V7 1,1-Dichloroethene V8 1,1,1-Trichloroethane V 9 Toluene V10 1,2-Dichloroethane V11 Benzene V12 Ethyl benzene V13 Phenol A14 Chlorobenzene V15 Vinyl chloride V16 Carbon tetrachloride V17 bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate B18 Naphthalene B19 1,1,2-Trichloroethane V20 Chloroethane V21 Acetone MV22 1,2-Dichlorobenzene B23 Isophorone B24 Fluorotrichloromethane V25 1,4-Dichlorobenzene B

A = acid extractable B = base/neutral V = volatileMV = designates a volatile compound capable of beingdetected as part of the designated subgroup but not includedon the original priority pollutant listing and not always reported.

* Reference: R. H. Plumb, “The Occurrence of Appendix IXOrganic Contaminants in Disposal Site Groundwater,”Groundwater Monitoring Review, Spring 1991.

70

Common Organic Contaminants in DisposalSite Groundwater (Cont.)

The 50 most commonly detected organiccontaminants in disposal site groundwater*Ranking Constituent Chemical Class26 2-Butanone MV27 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene B28 2,4-Dimethylphenol A29 1,2-Dichloropropane V30 Dichlorodifluoromethane V31 PCB-1242 P32 PCB-1254 P33 Lindane P34 di-N-Butyl phthalate B35 2,4-D RP36 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane V37 Hexachlorobenzene B38 Hexachlorobutadiene B39 Diethyl phthalate B40 Fluorene B41 Phenanthrene B42 o-Xylene MV43 1,3-Dichlorobenzene B44 Bromodichloromethane V45 Pentachlorophenol A46 Butyl benzyl phthalate B47 Fluoranthene B48 g-BHC P49 Acenaphthene B50 2,4-Dichlorophenol A

A = acid extractable B = base/neutral P = pesticideRP = RCRA pesticide V – volatileMV = designates a volatile compound capable of beingdetected as part of the designated subgroup but not included on the original priority pollutant listing and notalways reported.

71

Typical Hydraulic Conductivities of VariousUnconsolidated Sediments & Rock Types

72

Sedi

men

t or

Rock

Typ

eH

ydra

ulic

Con

duct

ivity

A

(Cen

timet

ers/

seco

nd)

Flow

Dis

tanc

eB

Per

Yea

r (C

entim

eter

s)Fl

ow D

ista

nceB

Per

Yea

r (F

eet)

Sand

ston

e1

x 10

–10 to

1 x

10–6

0.00

003

to 0

.39.

8 x

10–7

to 9

.8 x

10–3

Cla

y1

x 10

–9 to

1 x

10–7

0.00

03 to

0.0

39.

8 x

10–6

to 9

.8 x

10–4

Lim

esto

ne1

x 10

–9 to

1 x

10–6

0.00

03 to

0.3

9.8

x 10

–6 to

9.8

x 1

0–3

Silt

1 x

10–7

to 1

x 1

0–50.

03 to

3.2

9.8

x 10

–4 to

0.1

Silty

San

d1

x 10

–5 to

1 x

10–3

3.2

to 3

15.4

0.1

to 1

0.3

Sand

1 x

10–3

to 1

x 1

0–131

5.4

to 3

1,53

6.0

10.3

to 1

,034

.6

Gra

vel

1 x

10–2

to 1

x 1

0–13,

153.

6 to

31,

536.

010

3.5

to 1

,034

.6

*Re

fere

nce:

Gro

undw

ater

, by

R. A

llen

Free

ze a

nd J

ohn

A. C

herr

y, 1

979.

A

Hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity is

a m

easu

re o

f the

abi

lity

of s

oil o

r roc

k to

con

duct

the

flow

of w

ater

. Hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity is

usu

ally

sta

ted

in c

entim

eter

spe

r sec

ond

(cm

/s),

whi

ch is

, in

esse

nce,

vel

ocity

. For

exa

mpl

e, lo

w h

ydra

ulic

con

duct

ivity

val

ues

wou

ld b

e 1

x 10

–9 to

1 x

10–7

cm

/s (c

lay)

, whi

le h

igh

hydr

aulic

con

duct

ivity

wou

ld b

e 1

x 10

–2 to

1 x

10

–1 c

m/s

, or g

reat

er (g

rave

l).B

Flow

dis

tanc

e is

bas

ed o

n an

isot

ropi

c, h

omog

enou

s aq

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r of i

nfin

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xten

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sub

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a u

nifo

rm g

radi

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f 0.0

10 c

entim

eter

s/1.

0 ce

ntim

eter

s.

73

Common Analytical Methods & Target Compounds

RCRAA Metals

EPA Method: See Below

Instrumentation: See Below

Analyte EPA MethodInstrumentation: CVAAB

Mercury 7470AInstrumentation: GFAAC

Arsenic 7060ACadmium 7131ALead 7421Selenium 7740

Instrumentation: ICPD

Barium 6010BChromium 6010BSilver 6010B

ARCRA = Resource Conservation and Recovery ActBCVAA = Cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopyCGFAA = Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopyDICP = Inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption

spectroscopy

Toxicity Characteristica Constituents &Threshold Levels

Title 40 Code of Federal RegulationsEPA HWb Number Constituent HWb Threshold

Level (mg/L)D001 IgnitableD002 Corrosive WastesD003 Reactive WastesD004 Arsenic 5.0D005 Barium 100.0D018 Benzene 0.5D006 Cadmium 1.0D019 Carbon tetrachloride 0.5D020 Chlordane 0.03D021 Chlorobenzene 100.0D022 Chloroform 6.0D007 Chromium 5.0D023 o-Cresol 200.0C

D024 m-Cresol 200.0C

D025 p-Cresol 200.0C

D026 Cresol 200.0C

D016 2,4-D 10.0D027 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 7.5D028 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.5D029 1,1-Dichloroethene 0.7

a Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is amethod used to quantify the amount of a hazardoussubstance that will leach from a solid when that solid issubjected to water.

b Hazardous waste as defined in the Resource Conservationand Recovery Act.

c If o-, m-, and p-cresol concentrations cannot bedifferentiated, the total cresol (D026) concentration is used.The regulatory level for total cresol is 200 mg/L.

74

Toxicity Characteristica Constituents &Threshold Levels (Cont.)

Title 40 Code of Federal RegulationsEPA HWb Number Constituent HWb Threshold

Level (mg/L)D030 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 0.13d

D012 Endrin 0.02D031 Heptachlor 0.008

(and its epoxide)D032 Hexachlorobenzene 0.13d

D033 Hexachloro-1, 0.53-butadiene

D034 Hexachloroethane 3.0D008 Lead 5.0D013 Lindane 0.4D009 Mercury 0.2D014 Methoxychlor 10.0D035 Methyl ethyl ketone 200.0D036 Nitrobenzene 2.0D037 Pentachlorophenol 100.0D038 Pyridine 5.0d

D010 Selenium 1.0D011 Silver 5.0D039 Tetrachloroethene 0.7D015 Toxaphene 0.5D040 Trichloroethene 0.5D041 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 400.0D042 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2.0D017 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 1.0D043 Vinyl chloride 0.2a Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is a method used

to quantify the amount of a hazardous substance that will leachfrom a solid when that solid is subjected to water.

b Hazardous waste as defined in the Resource Conservation andRecovery Act.

c If o-, m-, and p-cresol concentrations cannot be differentiated, thetotal cresol (D026) concentration is used. The regulatory level fortotal cresol is 200 mg/L.

d Quantitation limit is greater than the calculated regulatory level.The quantitation limit therefore becomes the regulatory level.

75

USEPA—Regions Map

76

United States Mexico

CanadaWA

ORID

MT

WY

COUT

AZNM

TX

OK

NV

CA

NDMN

IA

WIMI

IN OHPA

NJ

DEMDDC

NY

IL

MO

AR

LA

FL

GA

SC

NC

VAWV

ALMS

TN

KY

ME

NHMA

RICT

VT

SD

NE

KS

X

IX

VIII

VII

VIIV

IIIV

II I

X

Alaska

Hawaii IX

II

USEPA—Telephone Directory

Region I—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont

Regional Administrator (617) 918-1010Director, ECO System (617) 918-1510Director, Office of Public Affairs (617) 918-1051General Information (617) 918-1111

Region II—New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin IslandsRegional Administrator (212) 637-5000Director, Enforcement & Compliance (212) 637-4000Director, Communications (212) 637-3660

Region III—Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland,Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia

Regional Administrator (215) 814-2900Director, Hazardous WasteManagement Division (215) 814-3110Director, Air, Radiation, & Toxics Division (215) 814-2100

Region IV—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi,North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee

Regional Administrator (404) 562-8357Director, Air, Pesticides, & Toxic Management Division (404) 562-9077Director, Waste Management Division (404) 562-8651Director, Office of External Affairs (404) 562-8327Freedom of Information Act (404) 562-9900

77

USEPA—Telephone Directory (Cont.)

Region V—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin

Regional Administrator (312) 886-3000Director, Air Division (312) 353-2212Director, Waste Management Division (312) 886-7435

Region VI—Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas

Regional Administrator (214) 665-2100Director, Multimedia Division (214) 665-7201Director, Enforcement Division (214) 665-2210Director, Superfund (214) 665-6701Director, Pesticides (214) 665-3103Director Toxic Materials (214) 665-6780Director, Office of External Affairs (214) 665-2200Freedom of Information Act (214) 665-6597

Region VII—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, NebraskaRegional Administrator (913) 551-7006Director, Water, Wetland & Pesticide Division (913) 551-7030Director, Air, RCRA & Toxic Management Division (913) 551-7020Director, Office of Public Affairs (913) 551-7003

Region VIII—Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota,Utah, Wyoming

Regional Administrator (303) 312-6308Information (303) 312-6312

78

USEPA—Telephone Directory (Cont.)

Region IX—Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Guam,American Samoa, Trust Territories of the Pacific

Regional Administrator (415) 947-8702Director, Air & Toxics Division (415) 947-8715Director, Hazardous Waste Management Division (415) 947-8709Director, Office of External Affairs (415) 947-8704

Region X—Washington, Oregon, Idaho, AlaskaRegional Administrator (206) 553-0479Air Quality Office (206) 553-2770Director, Hazardous Waste Office (206) 553-1266Director, Office of External Affairs (206) 553-4269

79

USEPA State Agencies—Telephone Directory

80

EPA

STAT

E AG

ENCI

ES

STAT

EAI

R M

ANAG

EMEN

TH

AZAR

DO

US

WAS

TEM

ANAG

EMEN

TU

ND

ERG

ROU

ND

STO

RAG

ETA

NKS

WAT

ER M

ANAG

EMEN

T

ALAB

AMA

(334

) 271

-786

1(3

34) 2

71-7

730

(334

) 270

-565

5(3

34) 2

71-7

823

ALAS

KA(9

07) 4

65-5

354

(907

) 269

-758

6(9

07) 4

65-5

200

(907

) 465

-535

4

ARIZ

ON

A(6

02) 2

07-2

308

(602

) 207

-415

3(6

02) 2

07-4

255

(602

) 207

-230

3

ARKA

NSA

S(5

01) 6

82-0

730

(501

) 682

-083

1(5

01) 6

82-0

993

(501

) 682

-065

4

CALI

FORN

IA(9

16) 3

22-2

990

(916

) 324

-182

6(9

16) 4

45-3

846

(916

) 341

-561

1

COLO

RAD

O(3

03) 6

92-3

100

(303

) 692

-330

0(3

03) 6

20-4

300

(303

) 692

-350

0

CON

NEC

TICU

T(8

60) 4

24-3

028

(860

) 424

-337

2(8

60) 4

24-3

374

(860

) 424

-301

8

DEL

AWAR

E(3

02) 7

39-4

791

(302

) 739

-368

9(3

02) 3

95-2

500

(302

) 739

-486

0

DIS

TRIC

T O

F CO

LUM

BIA

(202

) 564

-740

0(7

03) 4

12-9

810

(202

) 645

-608

0(2

15) 8

14-2

300

FLO

RID

A(8

50) 4

88-0

114

(850

) 488

-030

0(8

50) 4

88-3

935

(850

) 921

-942

8

GEO

RGIA

(404

) 363

-702

2(4

04) 6

56-7

802

(404

) 362

-268

7(4

04) 3

62-2

680

HAW

AII

(808

) 839

-792

9(8

08) 5

87-4

226

(808

) 586

-422

6(8

08) 5

87-0

214

IDAH

O(2

06) 3

73-0

502

(206

) 373

-050

2(2

08) 3

73-0

502

(208

) 327

-790

0

ILLI

NO

IS(2

17) 7

85-4

140

(217

) 782

-676

1(2

17) 7

82-6

762

(217

) 782

-165

4

IND

IAN

A(3

17) 2

33-0

178

(317

) 232

-894

1(3

17) 2

32-8

941

(317

) 232

-867

0

IOW

A(5

15) 2

81-8

034

(515

) 281

-893

4(5

15) 2

81-8

934

(515

) 281

-893

4

KAN

SAS

(785

) 296

-157

9(7

85) 2

96-1

600

(785

) 296

-168

4(7

85) 2

96-3

410

KEN

TUCK

Y(5

02) 5

73-3

382

(502

) 564

-671

6(5

02) 5

64-6

716

(502

) 564

-341

0

LOU

ISIA

NA

(225

) 765

-021

9(2

25) 7

65-0

219

(225

) 765

-255

4(2

25) 7

65-0

219

MAI

NE

(207

) 287

-243

7(2

07) 2

87-2

651

(207

) 287

-768

8(2

07) 2

87-7

804

MAR

YLAN

D(4

10) 6

31-3

215

(410

) 631

-334

3(4

10) 6

31-3

442

(410

) 631

-370

6

MAS

SACH

USE

TTS

(617

) 292

-560

9(6

17) 2

92-5

898

(617

) 292

-572

0(6

17) 2

92-5

706

MIC

HIG

AN(5

17) 3

73-7

023

(517

) 373

-273

0(5

17) 3

73-8

168

(517

) 373

-117

0

MIN

NES

OTA

(651

) 296

-630

0(6

51) 2

96-6

300

(651

) 296

-630

0(6

51) 2

96-6

300

MIS

SISS

IPPI

(601

) 961

-517

1(6

01) 9

61-5

654

(601

) 961

-517

1(6

01) 9

61-5

171

MIS

SOU

RI(5

73) 7

51-4

817

(573

) 751

-317

6(5

73) 7

51-7

428

(573

) 751

-130

0

USEPA State Agencies—Telephone Directory(Cont.)

81

STAT

E AG

ENCI

ES

STAT

EAI

R M

ANAG

EMEN

TH

AZAR

DO

US

WAS

TEM

ANAG

EMEN

TU

ND

ERG

ROU

ND

STO

RAG

ETA

NKS

WAT

ER M

ANAG

EMEN

T

MO

NTA

NA

(406

) 444

-028

4(4

06) 4

44-4

096

(406

) 444

-142

0(4

06) 4

44-3

080

NEB

RASK

A(4

02) 4

71-2

189

(402

) 471

-421

7(4

02) 4

71-9

465

(402

) 471

-254

1

NEV

ADA

(775

) 687

-467

0(7

02) 6

87-4

670

(702

) 687

-587

2(7

75) 6

87-4

670

NEW

HAM

PSH

IRE

(603

) 271

-137

0(6

03) 2

71-3

644

(603

) 271

-364

4(6

03) 2

71-3

503

NEW

JER

SEY

(609

) 984

-302

3(6

09) 6

33-1

418

(609

) 633

-071

6(6

09) 2

92-4

543

NEW

MEX

ICO

(505

) 827

-003

1(5

05) 8

27-1

557

(505

) 827

-018

8(5

05) 8

27-0

187

NEW

YO

RK(5

18) 4

02-8

452

(518

) 402

-865

1(5

18) 4

02-8

060

(518

) 402

-823

3

NO

RTH

CAR

OLI

NA

(919

) 733

-334

0(9

19) 7

33-4

996

(919

) 733

-499

6(9

19) 7

33-7

015

NO

RTH

DAK

OTA

(701

) 328

-518

8(7

01) 3

28-5

166

(701

) 328

-516

6(7

01) 3

28-5

210

OH

IO(6

14) 6

44-2

270

(614

) 644

-291

7(6

14) 7

52-7

938

(614

) 644

-275

2

OKL

AHO

MA

(405

) 702

-410

0(4

05) 7

02-5

100

(405

) 702

-510

0(4

05) 7

02-8

100

ORE

GO

N(5

03) 2

29-5

359

(503

) 229

-591

3(5

03) 2

29-5

774

(503

) 229

-527

9

PEN

NSY

LVAN

IA(7

17) 7

87-9

702

(717

) 787

-623

9(7

17) 7

72-5

599

(717

) 787

-266

6

PUER

TO R

ICO

(787

) 977

-587

0(7

87) 9

77-5

870

(787

) 977

-587

0(7

87) 9

77-5

870

RHO

DE

ISLA

ND

(401

) 222

-280

8(4

01) 2

22-2

797

(401

) 222

-279

7(4

01) 2

22-3

961

SOU

TH C

ARO

LIN

A(8

03) 8

98-4

123

(803

) 896

-400

0(8

03) 8

98-4

350

(803

) 898

-430

0

SOU

TH D

AKO

TA(6

05) 7

73-3

151

(605

) 773

-315

3(6

05) 7

73-3

296

(605

) 773

-335

1

TEN

NES

SEE

(615

) 532

-055

4(6

15) 5

32-0

854

(615

) 532

-094

5(6

15) 8

37-5

225

TEXA

S(5

12) 2

39-1

250

(512

) 239

-233

4(5

12) 2

39-2

160

(512

) 239

-405

0

UTA

H(8

01) 8

87-0

760

(801

) 538

-617

0(8

01) 5

36-4

100

(801

) 538

-614

6

VERM

ON

T(8

02) 2

41-3

840

(802

) 241

-388

8(8

02) 2

41-3

888

(802

) 241

-382

2

VIRG

INIA

(804

) 698

-402

4(8

04) 6

98-4

199

(804

) 698

-426

9(8

04) 6

98-4

037

WAS

HIN

GTO

N(3

60) 4

07-6

800

(360

) 407

-670

0(3

60) 4

07-7

177

(360

)-407

-640

5

WES

T VI

RGIN

IA(3

04) 5

58-4

002

(304

) 558

-592

9(3

04) 5

58-5

929

(304

) 558

-592

9

WIS

CON

SIN

(608

) 266

-771

8(6

08) 2

66-2

111

(608

) 266

-976

7(6

08) 2

66-7

662

WYO

MIN

G(3

07) 7

77-7

391

(307

) 777

-775

2(3

07) 7

77-7

096

(307

) 777

-778

1

Hotlines—Telephone Directory

Chemtrec (Chemical Transportation Emergency Center) (800) 424-9300

National Technical Information Service (800) 553-6847

Office of Hazardous Materials and Transportation,U.S. Department of Transportation (202) 366-4488

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act/Superfund Hotline (800) 424-9346

Toxic Substances Control Act Hotline (202) 554-1404

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Public Document Information Center (800) 490-9198

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800) 426-4791

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencySmall Business and Asbestos Ombudsman (800) 368-5888

GE EnergyEnvironmental Services (800) 821-2222

82

Trade Associations—Telephone Directory

Air & Waste Management Association (412) 232-3444http://www.awma.org/

American Chemical Society (800) 227-5558http://www.chemistry.org

American Chemistry Council (703) 741-5000http://www.americanchemistry.com/

American Industrial Hygiene Association (703) 849-8888http://www.aiha.org/

American Society for Testing and Materials (610) 832-9585http://www.astm.org

EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) (650) 855-2000http://www.epri.com/

Instrument Society of America (919) 549-8411http://www.isa.org/

National Ground Water Association (800)-551-7379http://www.ngwa.org/

Water Environment Federation (703) 684-2400http://www.wef.org/

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (800) 843-2763http://www.asme.org

83

State Agencies—Web Sites

State Website AddressAlabama www.adem.state.al.us/Alaska www.state.ak.us/dec/Arizona www.adeq.state.az.us/Arkansas www.adeq.state.ar.us/California www.calepa.ca.gov/Colorado www.cdphe.state.co.us/cdphehom.aspConnecticut www.dep.state.ct.us/aboutdep/

aboutdep.htmDelaware www.dnrec.state.de.us/Florida www.dep.state.fl.us/Georgia www.ganet.org/dnr/environ/Hawaii www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/Idaho www.state.id.us/deq/Illinois www.epa.state.il.us/Indiana www.ai.org/idem/Iowa www.iowadnr.comKansas www.kdhe.state.ks.us/Kentucky www.eqc.ky.gov/Louisiana www.deq.state.la.us/Maine www.state.me.us/dep/Maryland www.mde.state.md.us/Massachusetts www.mass.gov/dep/Michigan www.michigan.gov/deqMinnesota www.pca.state.mn.us/Mississippi www.deq.state.ms.usMissouri www.dnr.state.mo.us/alpd/esp/

esp_aqm.htmMontana www.deq.state.mt.us/

84

State Agencies—Web Sites

State Website AddressNebraska www.deq.state.ne.us/Nevada www.ndep.nv.gov/New Hampshire www.des.state.nh.us/New Jersey www.state.nj.us/dep/New Mexico www.nmenv.state.nm.us/New York www.dec.state.ny.us/North Carolina www.enr.state.nc.us/North Dakota www.health.state.nd.us/ndhd/environ/Ohio www.epa.state.oh.us/Oklahoma www.deq.state.ok.us/Oregon www.deq.state.or.us/ Pennsylvania www.dep.state.pa.us/Rhode Island www.state.ri.us/dem/South Carolina www.scdhec.net/eqc/South Dakota www.state.sd.us/denr/denr.htmlTennessee www.state.tn.us/environment/Texas www.tceq.state.tx.usUtah www.eq.state.ut.us/Vermont www.anr.state.vt.usVirginia www.deq.state.va.us/Washington www.ecy.wa.gov/ecyhome.htmlWest Virginia www.dep.state.wv.us/Wisconsin www.dnr.state.wi.us/Environment.htmlWyoming http://deq.state.wy.us/eqc/

85

Canadian Provincial Agencies—Web Sites

Alberta http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/index.htmlBritish Columbia http://www.gov.bc.ca/wlap/Manitoba http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/New Brunswick http://www.gnb.ca/0009/index-e.aspNewfoundland http://www.gov.nf.ca/env/Nova Scotia http://www.gov.ns.ca/enla/Ontario http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/Saskatchewan http://www.gov.sk.ca/mainQuebec http://www.bape.gouv.qc.ca/

86

ACRONYMS

ASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersASTM American Society for Testing and MaterialsATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryBACT Best Available Control TechnologyBTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and XyleneCAA Clean Air ActCAAA Clean Air Act Amendments (of 1990)CAM Compliance Assurance MonitoringCDM Continuous Dynamics MonitoringCEM Continuous Emissions MonitoringCEMS Continuous Emissions Monitoring SystemCERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability ActCERCLIS CERCLA Information SystemCFR Code of Federal RegulationsCGA Cylinder Gas AuditCTG Control Techniques GuidelinesCWA Clean Water ActDAHS Data Acquisition and Handling SystemDLN Dry Low NOxDOE U.S. Department of EnergyEDR Electronic Data ReportEPA U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyEPCRA Emergency Planning and Community

Right-to-Know ActFGD Flue Gas DesulphurizationFIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide ActFWQC Federal Water Quality CriteriaHAP Hazardous Air PollutantHEI Heat Exchange InstituteHON Hazardous Organic NESHAPHRS Hazard Ranking SystemHSWA Hazardous and Solid Waste AmendmentsLAER Lowest Achievable Emissions RateLUST Leaking Underground Storage TankMACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology

87

ACRONYMS (Cont.)

MCL Maximum Contaminant LevelMCLG Maximum Contaminant Level GoalMPAS Monitoring Plan Accuracy ServicesNADB National Allowance Data BaseNBAR Nonbinding Preliminary Allocation of ResponsibilityNCP National Contingency PlanNESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous

Air PollutantsNPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination SystemNPL National Priorities ListNRC National Response CenterNSPS New Source Performance StandardsOAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and StandardsOPC OLE Process ControlOSC On-Scene CoordinatorOSH ACT Occupational Safety and Health ActOSHA Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationPEMS Predictive Emissions Monitoring SystemPLC Programmable Logic ControllerPRP Potentially Responsible PartyPSD Prevention of Significant DeteriorationPTC Performance Test CodeRACT Reasonably Available Control TechnologyRAP Remedial Action PlanRATA Relative Accuracy Test AuditRCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery ActRDLNT Remote Dry Low NOx TuningREMS Remote Exhaust Measurement SystemRI/FS Remedial Investigation/Feasibility StudyRM&D Remote Monitoring & DiagnosticsROD Record of DecisionRPM Remedial Project ManagerRQ Reportable QuantitySARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization ActSCAP Superfund Comprehensive Accomplishments PlanSCR Selective Catalytic Reduction

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ACRONYMS (Cont.)

SDWA Safe Drinking Water ActSNCR Selective Non-Catalytic ReductionSWDA Solid Waste Disposal Act (RCRA predecessor)SWMU Solid Waste Management UnitTPM Thermal Performance ManagementTSCA Toxic Substances Control ActUOSM Universal On Site MonitorUST Underground Storage TankUSEPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyWQS Water Quality Standards

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GE Energy Capabilities—Air Emissions Source Testing

Extensive Experience Measuring• NOx, NO2, NH3, SO2, SO3, Sulfates, O2, CO, CO2, HCI, Total

Hydrocarbons (THC), H2S• Particle Size & Distribution, Mass Emissions & Condensibles,

PM10, PM2.5 & Aerosols• Trace Metals (incl. Speciated Mercury)• Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organics including Dioxins, Furans,

Formaldahyde, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) andPolychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

• INSITU Resisitivity• SCR & Control Equipment Performance• Total Reduced Sulfur (Total and Speciated)

State-of-the-Art Equipment• Mobile Dilution CEM Systems• On-Site Gas Chromatography• More than 40 Mobile Laboratories• Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM) Systems• Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Industry Experience• Gas Turbines, Stationary Diesel, Spark Ignition Engines• Industrial and Utility Boilers• Refinery Process Heaters, FCCUs and CO Boilers• Incinerators Burning Municipal, Hazardous, Medical or Mixed

Wastes• RCRA/TSCA Incinerator Testing and Trial Burns• Recovery and Power Boilers, Thermal Oxidizers, Lime Kilns,

Dissolving Tanks and Other Pulp and Paper-Related Sources• Cement Kilns• Aerospace Manufacturing Facilities• Wastewater Treatment Plants• Petrochemical Manufacturing Facilities• Steel Plants, Foundries and Smelters• Printing and Coating Plants• High-Temperature, High-Pressure Environments• Other Commercial, Industrial and Utility Plants

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GE Energy Capabilities—Particulate Testing and Monitoring

Particulate Testing• Particulate control baseline/guarantee data• Opacity solutions• Emissions inventories• Rulemaking advocacy• Site permitting/applications• Health risk analyses• Source apportionment studies

Particulate Monitoring and Detection• Advanced light scintillation technology• Full cross duct sampling, up to 50 ft.• Relative (0-100% scale) or Quantative (mg/M3 or gr/dscf)

measurements• Meets all EPA guidelines for broken bag detection and

monitoring systems• Detects only moving particles, build up does not

affect reading• Dual stage emissions alarms and maintenance alarm• Single or multipoint capability

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GE Energy Capabilities—Continuous AirEmissions Monitoring

GE Energy offers you a cost-efficient air emissions monitoringsolution. We design and build our continuous emissionsmonitoring systems (CEMS) in-house, integrating a dataacquisition and handling system (DAHS) that we developed to maximize system performance.We develop reports specific to your monitoring requirements,install your monitor and take you through the certificationprocess. We can work with you to develop required QualityAssurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) programs, train youroperators and perform quarterly audits. We know your systeminside and out, and offer options for continuing maintenanceand emergency response with same-day parts availability. Andas your process or regulatory needs change, we can upgradeyour system’s hardware, software or analyzers.

CEMS & DAHS Equipment and Services• CEMS & DAHS system design specification development• CEMS & DAHS design and fabrication• Data Acquisition and Handling Systems• Installation supervision• Start-up• Certification• Performance and compliance testing services• QA/QC programs and monitoring plans• Factory and field training programs• Quarterly audits & electronic data reporting (EDR) services• Annual testing and reporting services• Service & maintenance• Emergency response• Replacement parts• Software and hardware upgrades• Ongoing operations management

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GE Energy Capabilities—Continuous AirEmissions Monitoring (Cont.)

CEMS & DAHS Equipment and Services – continued• Integration into Corporate Information

Management System• Predictive emissions monitoring systems• Parametric monitoring systems• Ambient air monitoring• Mobile laboratories• Temporary CEMS

GE Energy Qualifications• Over 30 years CEMS/DAHS experience• CEMS & DAHS system design regulatory specialists,

engineers and programmers in-house• National and international field capability• Factory-trained field technicians• Single source responsibility• Research and development of prevailing technologies

GE Energy Capabilities—NETDAHS AirEmissions Monitoring

GE Energy offers NetDAHS, a cutting edge, robust, compliantdata acquisition and handling system (DAHS) product, tosupport the following regulatory requirements:• 40 CFR Part 60 and associated subparts and appendices• 40 CFR Part 75 and associated subparts and appendices• NOx budget program• NOx SIP call and section 126• State level reporting

DAHS architecture/features• Microsoft® Windows® operating system• Industry-standard relational database• Client/server architecture• Web architecture• Microsoft® standard graphic user interface (GUI)

applications• PLC-based communications – including GE 90/30 Series

and Allen-Bradley® controllers

Plant communications• Distributed control system (DCS) communications

including Honeywell®, Bailey®, Westinghouse and GE• OLE for process control (OPC) for interfacing with plant

information (PI) system• Allen-Bradley® data highway• Modbus serial and Ethernet communications

(master and slave)

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GE Energy Capabilities—NETDAHS AirEmissions Monitoring (Cont.)

Services available• DAHS support 24 hours per day, 7 days per week• Electronic data report (EDR) generation• Monitoring plan accuracy service (MPAS)• Training workshops for operators, system

administrators and regulatory specialists

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GE Energy Capabilities—Air Quality Systemsfor Gas Turbines

GE Energy offers four nitric oxide (NOx) control technologiesfor new and existing gas turbines:• Dry Low NOx combustion systems• Dry Low Emissions (DLE) combustion system• Diluent injection systems• Catalytic combustion systems

Dry Low NOx combustion systems minimize the generationof NOx during the combustion process for our heavy-dutygas turbines using lean-premixed combustion technology.There are two basic design configurations: DLN-1 and DLN-2.DLN-1 systems are two-stage premixed combustors designedfor low emissions operation without use of diluent whileburning natural gas fuel. Diluent injection (usually water) isused to reduce NOx levels when operating on liquid fuels.GE’s DLN-2 combustion systems were specifically designed formachines which operate at higher firing temperatures thanthe units that utilize DLN-1 systems. These single-stage dualmode combustors can operate on both gaseous and liquidfuels. On gas, the combustors operate in the diffusion mode atlow loads (less than 50 percent) and in premixed mode at highloads. Diffusion mode is used for burning liquid fuels.

Dry Low Emissions (DLE) combustion systems can reducenitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from our line of aeroderivativecombustion turbines. These lean pre-mixed annular combustionsystems can reduce NOx levels in some circumstances to lessthan 25 ppmvd (at 15 percent O2) on gas fuels without usingexhaust cleanup technology such as Selective CatalyticReduction. When operating on liquid fuels, the systems usewater or steam injection to reduce NOx emissions in somecircumstances to 42 ppmvd.

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GE Energy Capabilities—Air Quality Systemsfor Gas Turbines (Cont.)

Diluent injection systems reduce the generation of NOxwithin a heavy-duty or aeroderivative gas turbine combustionsystem by injecting diluent (either water or steam) directly intothe combustor to reduce flame temperature. The level of NOxreduction achieved is proportional to the amount of diluentinjected. The increased mass flow provided by the diluent willprovide an increase in power.NOx levels (ppmvd) that can be achieved for operation on gasand liquid fuels in some situations are: 25 or 42 ppmvd (ongas) and 42 or 65 (oil). Several aeroderivative engines can insome situations achieve NOx levels as low as 15 ppm on gasfuel using steam injection.

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GE Energy Capabilities—PerformanceEvaluation Services

Comprehensive analysis of power plant (GT, ST, CC) efficienciesto reduce fuel costs, improve output, and lower emissions.

Acceptance and Compliance Testing For:– Simple cycle gas turbines– Combined cycle plants– Industrial / cogen steam turbines– Fossil-fired steam turbines– Nuclear steam turbines

• Performance Acceptance Testing per ASME, ISO, IEC– Output, Heat Rate, HP/IP Efficiency, Exhaust Energy,

Temperature, Flow– Acoustics

• Gas Turbine Combustion System Integrated Tuning• Baseline & Periodic Tests• Pre- & Post-outage Tests• Post-outage Acceptance Tests• Capacity Tests

Evaluations and Audits• Gas Turbine Performance Evaluation: Providing

recommendations and solutions to recover performance• Steam Turbine Performance Evaluation: Detailed

diagnostics of the steam turbine/feedwater cycle and/orcondenser and vacuum system

• Combined Cycle Performance Evaluation: Determinecauses of CC Plant Performance shortfalls and providerecommendations to recover performance

• Condenser and Vacuum System Performance Evaluation:Analyze condenser and vacuum system performance toquantify causes of high condenser pressure

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GE Energy Capabilities—PerformanceEvaluation Services (Cont.)

• Plant Performance Evaluation: Total Plant Solutionscombines the boiler, steam turbine, and condenserdiagnostic expertise within GE Energy to identify andquantify all boiler, steam turbine, feedwater heater andcondenser contributors to lost plant performance ANDto provide specific recommendations to recover lostperformance and optimize operations. This serviceapplies to all steam turbine plants with fired boilers

• Steam Path Audit: Combines thermal and structuralevaluations of internal steam turbine parts

• Condenser and Vacuum System Performance Audit:Determines the impact of condenser and vacuumsystem parts condition on unit performance

OpFlex™• Airflow: Offers incremental output of up to 4%,

with higher base output and the same or lowercombustion dynamics

• Peak: Offers incremental output of up to 2.5%, with peakoutput and the same or lower combustion dynamics

• Turndown: Offers 5-15% extended turndown capabilitywith the same or lower combustion dynamics

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GE Energy Capabilities—Remote Monitoring & Diagnostics

GE Energy utilizes our Remote Services Technology andSpecialist Engineers to provide our customers with valuableproducts and services focused on improving their equipmentavailability, reliability and performance. Collaborative workingalso helps to enhance customer knowledge.• Remote Services Platform (Universal On Site Monitor –

uOSM): Remote services technology which facilitatessecure communications/data transfers betweencustomer sites and GE’s remote services centers

• Global Operations Center – Remote Monitoring &Diagnostics: 24/7 gas & steam turbine monitoring anddecision support

• OnSite SupportSM – Remote Controls & Electrical SystemDiagnostics: 24/7 instant access to GE controls specialists(applicable to PowerGen, Industrial & BOP equipment)

• Thermal Performance Management – RemotePerformance Diagnostics: Continuous and/or electiveperformance diagnostics and testing

• Continuous Dynamics Monitoring (CDM): Continuousgas turbine combustion dynamics monitoring system

• Remote Dry Low NOx Tuning (RDLNT): Remote controlsadjustments to optimize gas turbine combustiondynamics & emissions levels

• Remote Exhaust Measurement System (REMS):Continuously measuring emissions data taken directlyfrom gas turbine exhaust duct to improve speed andaccuracy of RDLNT

• NetDAHS – Data Acquisition & Handling System:Web-based viewing platform for site’s ContinuousEmissions Monitoring System

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GE Energy Capabilities—Remote Monitoring & Diagnostics (Cont.)

• 24/7 DAHS Software Support Services: Remotelysupporting the O&M of emissions monitoring equipment

• Precipitator Remote Diagnostics: 24/7 access to GEelectrostatic precipitator specialists

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GE Energy Capabilities—CombustionModification and Optimization

NOx Control Technologies for Boilers• Low NOx Burners: GE Energy’s low NOx burner for wall-

and cell-fired coal-fired boilers and furnaces is custom-engineered to match your furnace conditions, fuel andNOx control requirements. It offers proven performance,typically reducing NOx emissions by 50 percent or morewhile maintaining unsurpassed mechanical reliability.Retrofitting your boilers or modifying your burners with GEEnergy’s low NOx burner can reduce NOx emissions for aslow as $1 to $6 USD per kilowatt. The simple, ruggeddesign features axially moving components-no gears orcomplicated linkage-and is manufactured with a high-strength, heat-resistant alloy to ensure a long service life.

• Overfire Air (OFA): Overfire air is a combustionmodification technology that stages the combustionprocess to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. The typicalNOx reduction for application of overfire air to utilityboilers is between 20 and 40 percent, depending on the application, design and unit operation. Overfire air systems can be installed independently, but aretypically used in conjunction with low NOx burners or reburn systems.Combustion air is diverted from the main burner zoneand injected through ports located above the mainburners. GE’s unique dual concentric zone port designprovides variable swirl and flow control to adjust theflow characteristics to optimize the mixing conditions for all operating conditions. GE has extensive experienceinstalling overfire air systems on a range of boilerdesigns including tangential, cell, wall or cyclone firingconfigurations with varying main and reburn fuels,including coal, oil and gas.

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GE Energy Capabilities—CombustionModification and Optimization (Cont.)

• Reburn Systems: Reburn is a commercially provencombustion modification process that can achieve“deep” NOx control at low cost per ton of NOx removed.Reburn utilizes sequential fuel and air staging to reduceNOx emissions by as much as 60 percent. Reburnsystems can be installed on many different boilerconfigurations, including wall fired, tangential, cell and cyclone. The NOx reduction that can be achieveddepends on the conditions in the main combustion and reburn zones. Temperatures, residence times andfurnace flow patterns are important in determining theeffectiveness of the process. GE has experience with awide range of reburn fuels including gas, oil, orimulsion,coal and biomass. GE’s reburn systems can be a cost-effective alternative to SCR for NOx SIP Call compliance.

Coal Balancing Products• Balancing Damper: This product is a simple yet rugged

adjustable orifice that provides the ability to balance coalflow to each burner online. Dampers can be equippedwith actuators and combined with coal flow monitors andcontrols to automatically balance flow for different loadsand operating conditions.

• RotorProbe™ System: This system samples the coal-airmixtures at 64 points representing equal cross-sectionalareas of the coal pipe.

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GE Energy Capabilities—CombustionModification and Optimization (Cont.)

Emissions Control Services• SCR and SNCR Assessments: Our combustion expertise

can help maximize the effectiveness of your selectivecatalytic reduction (SCR) and selective noncatalyticreduction (SNCR) systems. In SCR, careful design andoperation, such as reagent dosage control and goodmixing, are necessary to keep NH3 emissions to aconcentration of a few ppm. In SNCR, a reducing agent(typically NH3 or urea) is injected into the furnace abovethe combustion zone, where it reacts with NOx. Criticalfactors in applying SNCR are sufficient residence time in the appropriate temperature range and uniformdistribution and mixing of the reducing agent across the full furnace cross section. Let us help improve theperformance of your system through comprehensiveanalysis and monitoring.

• Mercury Removal and Testing: Managing mercuryemissions requires fine control of combustion conditionsand coal properties. At GE, we are developing a method of controlling mercury through optimization of combustionconditions and coal composition to increase mercuryremoval with existing particulate control devices. Pilot and field testing has demonstrated that optimization ofcombustion conditions to form reactive fly ash improvedthe efficiency of NOx reduction and could result insignificantly increased mercury removal for combustionsystems equipped with a baghouse or ESP.

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GE Energy Capabilities—CombustionModification and Optimization (Cont.)

We have also developed advanced techniques to addressthe challenges faced in mercury testing, including testmethod interferences and biases, low concentrations and detectable limits, test locations, sample recovery and preparation, sample contamination and clean, leak-free equipment. We also have substantial experiencewith many of the emerging continuous emission mercurymonitors. We have performed numerous mercury tests atmany locations around the world, and we have a team oftrained personnel and state-of-the-art equipment readyto support your mercury testing needs.

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GE Energy Capabilities—Post Combustion AirPollution Control

Fabric Filter Collector Upgrades• Filter bags and cages• Fine filtration products

(pleated filter elements, ePTFE membrane filters)• Engineered services• Baghouse accessories• Troubleshooting seminars

Electrostatic Precipitator Upgrades• Precipitator electronics• Precipitator mechanical parts• Engineered services• Troubleshooting / controls seminars

Max-9™ – Electrostatic Fabric FilterNew technology that combines discharge electrodes andfabric filters in the same casing providing maximum efficiency(99.99+%) at a lower pressure drop than traditional baghouses.

Acoustic Cleaning Systems• Baghouse• Precipitators• Boiler tubes• Heat transfer surfaces• SCR• Variety of processing and storage equipment

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GE Energy

8800 East 63rd Street

Kansas City, MO 64133

800-821-2222

gepower.com/airquality

GEA-13354A (04/05)