GEGlobal Research

Sustainable Energy“Technologies of the Future”

Michael IdelchikVice PresidentAdvanced Technology

GEGlobal Research

2

Energy technology objectives

Driving cost of electricity down

Effi

cie

ncy

Reliab

ilit

y

Em

issio

ns

EfficientDiversenuclearcoalgaswindoil geothermalbiomasshydrosolar

nuclearcoalgaswindoil geothermalbiomasshydrosolar

+

Future power systems more diverse, automated and integrated

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A future ripe with opportunities1970

Coal/Oil Boiler & STGas (SCGT)Nuclear

Today

SCPC/Oil Boiler & STGas (SC, CC, Recip)NuclearWind

Solar PV (Si)

Gasification

2020

XSCPC Boiler & STGas (Recip, ACC)Nuclear (& Gen-IV)

Wind (Multi-MW)Solar PV (Thin Films, Gen3)

Gasification (& Bio)

?Energy StorageSolar Thermal

How will the winning portfolio evolve?

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Gasifier

RadiantSyngasCooler

ParticulateRemoval

MercuryRemoval

Sulfur RemovalFuture CO2

Capture

Gas Turbine

ElectricityTransmission & Distribution

Steam Turbine

HRSG

Cleaner coal

Converts coal to synthesis gas … cleaned prior to burning

Carbon capture and sequestration ready

Driving industry, regulatory change for coal … need carbon policy

R&D focus: - Reduce plant costs, increase efficiency- Enable cost-competitive CO2 capture solution

IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle)

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Combined cycle with supersonic heat release technology

Fill

Initiation

DetonationPropagation

Blowdown/Expansion

Purge

• Pressure increase during combustion

• Less cooling air required

• Unsteady flow into turbine 56%

58%

60%

62%

64%

10 15 20 25 30Compressor PR

CC

Effi

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ncy

Game-changer for efficiency

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Higher heat transferSmaller size

Anti-foulingImproved water wash

Droplet sheddingMoisture control

Condensers Steam Turbines Compressors

Superhydrophobic coatings

Game-changer for efficiency

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Solar photovoltaic

• Thin film cells • Low cost solar grade Si• High efficiency cells• Generation III technologies• Inverter & systems

Targeting 15¢/kWh at the meter by 2015

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• Detailed evaluation of solar components and power block integration

• Applicable with steam and gas turbines• Storage and hybridization are unique elements to leverage• Well-positioned for peak demand sector, RPS, and CO2 credits

Concentrated solar thermal

Evaluating opportunities

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Technology for 1.5–5 MW wind turbines

Next-generation blade

>0.5 pt efficiency improvement>20% weight reduction >20% cost reduction

Next-generation drive train

5% pts efficiency improvement3 dB quieterImproved capacity factor at high

wind

Wind penetration could reach 20% worldwide by 2030

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Energy recovery from waste heat

Jenbacher Engines• Increase efficiency by 5% pts• Potential 50+% efficient engine

Geothermal & Solar• 100 GW geothermal potential (MIT)*

• 200 GW solar potential*

Industrial Waste Heat• 900+ T BTU heat wasted (210-

400°F)*

• $6B/yr energy wastes*

• Adds 20% power to MD/SC apps• Significant retrofit opportunity

Jenbacher & Gas TurbinesGeothermal100°C 200°C 400°C 500°C 600°C

Conventional Steam Cycles

Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC)

300°CIndustrial Large GTSolar

(* US only)

Gas Turbine

Efficiency & power and … retrofits

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PowerGeneration

Generation

Switchyard

Transmission Substation

Distribution

Substation

EndUser

Common Information Backbone

Meters & Demand-Side Management

Wide-Area Awareness &

ProtectionDistributio

n

Automation

Distributed Generation Integration

Demand Side

Management

High-penetration Renewables

Intelligent grid

• More performance from capacity-constrained infrastructure

• Improve grid operability, stability and robustness

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Energy storage

15 min

30 min

1 hr

5 hrs

1 kW 10 kW 100 kW

1 MW

10 MW

Application Power Level

Ap

plicati

on

Du

rati

on

Regional Utility

Grid Utility

Frequency Reg & Wind/PV Firming

Load Ramping

UPS

baseload renewables?

• Storage enables huge renewables penetration

• Fundamental change in peak/mid/base marketsGEMx battery technology is scalable

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Pre-combustion Capture

Post-combustionCapture

Oxyfuel-basedCapture

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Cos

t of

CO

2 Avo

ided

($/t

CO

2)

Generation 1

Generation 2

COCO22

SolventsSolvents

CryogenicCryogenicASUASU

HH22, CO, CO22

MembranesMembranes

COCO22

SolventsSolvents

COCO22

MembranesMembranes& EGR (NGCC)& EGR (NGCC)

OO22

MembranesMembranes

NaturalGas

Coal

• First generation capture technologies still too expensive• Membranes could play a key role in meeting cost targets

CO2 capture

IGCC has an entitlement advantage

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Sequestration of CO2

• Saline formations - layers of porous rock saturated with brine

• Contain minerals that can react

with injected CO2 to form solid

carbonates

• Estimated 120+ year capacity

• Leverages 30 years of EOR experience

Source: DOE

Target CostCapture ($20) + transport ($5) + sequester ($5) = $30/ton

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Liquid fuel alternatives

Key Features

Biomass Cellulosic Starch

Economics

Hydrocarbons may be preferred over ethanol

Gasification enables more flexibility & efficiency in feedstocks

Biomass co-firing gives option for “lower CO2” electricity

17 15.715.518

Oil @ $65/bbl=15 $/MMBTU fuel

CoalFermentationGasification

CAPEX

O&M

FeedStock

CTax

($/MMBTU)

Gasification ideal path to “greener hydrocarbons”

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•Game-changing technologies coming

•World energy portfolio will become more diverse, automated and integrated

•New opportunities and business models will result

Looking ahead …

… and the future is closer than we think