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8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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GCSE music Edexcelpaper 3
Understanding 12 different pieces
This is a first attempt at a guide to help you think about the pieces that we are studying for GCSE. This version is designed to give
some key pieces of information about each work. You wont need to know all of the information. Ive put in bold the information
that I think is most important.
If you have any suggestions about how this can be made better, please email [email protected]
I think that this is a helpful musical dictionary:
http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/learnlisteningonline/atozdictionary/index.asp
If you dont know a word use the index go to the letter it starts with. There are recorded examples to illustrate the meanings.
Have a bit on how to make a chordand a cadence
Have a bit on functional - and non-functional harmony
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/learnlisteningonline/atozdictionary/index.asphttp://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/learnlisteningonline/atozdictionary/index.asphttp://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/learnlisteningonline/atozdictionary/index.aspmailto:[email protected]8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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HandelAnd the glory of the Lord from Messiah- 1742
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqMxwjs9RB0an Australian choir, with orchestra and organ and a woman conductor (go girls!
Conducting isnt just for men!). A very joyful performance.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6yIgN54R7k&feature=relateda different choirno organbetter photography and better
recordedbut a slightly slower paceperhaps a bit stick-in-the-mud?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOqzE9e4gG4a short cover version for two guitars.
The Messiah is an oratorio (a piece which tells a story from the bible). Oratorios have many short pieces (movements) within them
(solos, choruses, duets etc.) This is a chorus.
Handel was commissioned to write this piece by a Dublin charity. Most music was commissioned by royalty and the church at this time
so this is quite unusual.
A baroquepieceThe baroque era is 1600-1750
There are many more baroque featuresIve mentioned them below.
Some of the
important features
of baroque music
in this piece are:
The use of the basso continuo (a
bass and chordal part that plays
throughout). In this case the
chordal part is played by an organ
(its church music)and the bass
part is played by a cello.
The fact that the piece uses major
keys(earlier music, much music
from other countries and some
modern music dont use the
major/minor system). The fact
that it changes between keys
(called modulation) and that it
uses diatonic chords (chords which
The fact that it is accompanied by
strings(there were other instruments
in a baroque orchestra, but the strings
dominated).
The fact that there is only one mood
(joyful) which pervades throughout
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqMxwjs9RB0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqMxwjs9RB0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6yIgN54R7k&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6yIgN54R7k&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOqzE9e4gG4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOqzE9e4gG4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOqzE9e4gG4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6yIgN54R7k&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqMxwjs9RB08/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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belong to the key). the whole of the piece.
Some important features:
Tempo(speed),
rhythm and metre
(time signature)
Allegro(fast)do you think this
helps to create the joyful mood?
The whole movement ends with a
short Adagio(slow) section on
hath spoken it adds
seriousness?
3 beats in a bar.
(The slower Youtube version is
conducted very clearly in three
the Australian version is faster so
the conductor only beats on beat 1
for every bar). Dont be confused
by this. Its still in three.
Typically baroque use of a
hemiola*(feels like it goes into 2)
at some of the perfect cadences
(e.g. end of the introduction)
Some dotted rhythms(e.g. glory).
And the glory always starts on beat 2.
Syncopation (emphasises parts of the
bar that would normally not be
stressed) used to create a rhythmic
kick from time to time (e.g. whennotes are tied over bar lines0:30 on
the Australian versionaltos)
Performing forces A choirsoprano(highest female
voice), alto (lower female voice),
tenor(high male voice),bass(low
male voice).
(see below for melismatic and
syllabic word setting)
A baroque orchestra.Notice that
this orchestra only hasstrings
(violins play the highest two lines,
violas, cellos, double basses).
Quite often the strings double the
choral parts.
Supported by the basso continuo
(bass line and chordal instrument
cello and organin this case). Ahso
strings and organ then
Tonality Tonal(that is to sayit belongs to
the major/minor system) as
opposed to modal like some folk
music or atonal (no sense of key)
In A major but it modulates (changes key) to closely related keys*
(see below)E major(the section from 30-45 secs in
Australian version) and B major(1:101:27)(both very
brightgoing up the circle of fifths), both major. All adds
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like some modern music. to thejoyful feel.
Harmony Diatonic(the chords used
belong to the keyi.e. notchromatic)
The chords are mostly simple
chords I, II, IV, V and VI.
They behave in a fairly
predictable way (e.g. V usually
goes to I)this is called
functionalharmony.
Frequent cadences confirm the key
that the music is in. Cadences aremusical punctuation. They come at the
end of phrases. Perfect cadences(V I)
are most frequent e.g. at the end of
the introduction. But there are also
prominentplagal cadences(IV I)
e.g. at the end of the whole piece and
imperfect cadences (any chord V)
they dont sound finished and the music
is propelled forward. E.g. bar 82-83
together (1:25 Australian version).
Also occasional suspensionsused to
create a dissonance (clash) whichresolves to a complete chord. There
are several in the introduction.
Theres an example on the online
dictionary below (right at the end of
the example extract)
Occasional use of a seventh e.g.
V7(this means that an extra note has
been added to the usual three-note
chord).
Melody Word setting.Some of the words
are set with one note per syllable
e.g.And the Glorycalled syllabic.
Some are set with several notes to
one syllable Revealed called
melismatic.
Various melodies repeat throughout the piece
1) And the Glory -syllabicand based on an arpeggio
2) Shall be revealed melismatic and based on a descending sequence
(bar 18 is a note lower than bar 17)
3) And all flesh shall see it together repeatsthe same notes three times.
The notes are a descendingscale covering the interval of a fourth.
4) For the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. Based on only 2 notes with
the first one acting as a pedal.
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Texture A wide variety of different textures
but the imitationis typical of this
Baroque style.(Imitation is
overlapping entries of the same
musical idea e.g. on Shall be
revealed.
Imitation always fits under the
umbrella of a polyphonic /contrapuntal texture(where
several distinct lines combine)
Also
Homophonywhere all the
performers play or sing the
same rhythme.g. at the very
end hath spoken it and also
bar 33-38.
Also
Monophonyjust a single line but itself
11-13 (the first entry of And the Glory
He also combines idease.g. And the
glory combines with Shall be revealed at
110-113. Another polyphonic /
contrapuntal texture.
Dynamics There arent many dynamics written in the score, and where they do, they are either written as p (piano = quiet)
orf(forte = loud). This sudden change from one dynamic to another is called terraced dynamics and is a
typically baroque feature.
Mood Joyful throughout. The idea of having
a single mood throughout was typical
of the era and was known as oneaffect.
The joyousness is created bythe major keys, the fast tempo, some of
the jaunty rhythmic featuresthe hemiola, the dotted rhythms and the
fact that the main tune And the Glory starts on the second beat of thebar.
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Further Baroque listening:
Ive only chosen these pieces because I think theyre brilliant. Flick through and see if anything takes your fancy. Or maybe investigate
and discover some Baroque pieces for yourself.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVWgsNHoc_U- slow movt from Bachs double violin concerto. I used to play this with my
brother.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__xJTE6hm88&feature=fvst- Vivaldi 4 seasons with Nigel Kennedy. When I first heard this I
thought it was the most exciting music I ever heard. Theyre all wearing sun glasses because its summer. (Obviously!)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAYnKIttobs&feature=related- first movement from Bachs keyboard concerto in D minor.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r83ImAtVz1o- Crucifixus from Bachs Mass in B minor.
Famous tunes:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-C5BztAbqw&feature=fvstHandelArrival of the Queen of Sheba. Here she comes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmpDOWdsvWAHandelHallelujah Chorus from the Messiah. Whoop!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MYzkBiJn5YBachAir on a G string. One of the calmest and most beautiful tunes ever.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipzR9bhei_o&feature=relatedBach? Toccata and Fuguevery famous and very dramatic
http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/learnlisteningonline/atozdictionary/sosy.asp
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVWgsNHoc_Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVWgsNHoc_Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__xJTE6hm88&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__xJTE6hm88&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAYnKIttobs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAYnKIttobs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r83ImAtVz1ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r83ImAtVz1ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-C5BztAbqw&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-C5BztAbqw&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmpDOWdsvWAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmpDOWdsvWAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MYzkBiJn5Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MYzkBiJn5Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipzR9bhei_o&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipzR9bhei_o&feature=relatedhttp://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/learnlisteningonline/atozdictionary/sosy.asphttp://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/learnlisteningonline/atozdictionary/sosy.asphttp://www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/resources/learnlisteningonline/atozdictionary/sosy.asphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipzR9bhei_o&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MYzkBiJn5Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmpDOWdsvWAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-C5BztAbqw&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r83ImAtVz1ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAYnKIttobs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__xJTE6hm88&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVWgsNHoc_U8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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Mozarts 40th
Symphony1st
movtMolto Allegro (very fast) - 1788
A version conducted by Leonard Bernstein is here:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FLRcNJYSZE
Heres a much faster version:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l45DAuXYSIs&feature=relatedWhich version do you prefer?
A symphonyis a piece (usually with four movements) written for orchestra. The first movement of symphonies are usually fast, the
second slow, the third is often fast and in 3 beats in a bar, the fourth is often fast.
This is the first movement of a symphony.
Most classical symphonies were commissioned by royal or aristocratic households. Mozart actually wrote this one without a
commission (unusual!!).
A piece written in the classical eraThe classical era is approx. 1750-1800
Some of the
important
features of
classical
music are:
The use of sonata form. This
form enables Mozart to contrast
different moods the two main
themes (or subjectsas they are
called) are in different keys.
Melodies which haveeven
phrases, often in a call and
responsestructure.
A classical orchestrathe strings are
still important but there are more
woodwind and brass instruments:
flute, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, and
horns. Sometimes the wind
instruments take the lead.
Like the Baroque period, the piece is
tonal. This piece uses major and minor
keys(the first subject is in G minor, the
second subject is in B flat majorbut it
also modulates to other keys). It uses
diatonic chords (chords which belong to
the key)sometimes the melodyabovethe chords has chromatic notes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FLRcNJYSZEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FLRcNJYSZEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FLRcNJYSZEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l45DAuXYSIs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l45DAuXYSIs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l45DAuXYSIs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l45DAuXYSIs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FLRcNJYSZE8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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Some other important features:
Rhythm,
metre and
tempo
Marked Molto
Allegro: very fast
In 4/4. This means 4 crotchet
beats in a bar. Because it is so
fast, conductors often conduct
it in 2.
Lots of different rhythms in this piece. The first subject
makes use of quavers and crotchetsa lot. The second
subject has a slightly more laid back feel and starts with a
dotted minim.
Performing
Forces
A classical orchestra
the strings are still
important but there are
more woodwind and
brass instruments: flute,
oboes, clarinets,bassoons, and horns.
Sometimes the wind
instruments take the
lead.
There are two French Horns. One is in B flat. One is in G. At this
time brass instruments could only play a few notes (like a bugle).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAMmYJVwa2c&feature=related
(this is a short extract from a Mozart horn concerto. You can see that
there are no valves on the horn so hes making all the different notes
by changing his lips, the air pressure and the position of his handinside the bell of the horn).
Having horns in several keys means that Mozart could have more
notes played.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_horn
Clarinets are a
new addition to
the orchestra.
Structure and Tonality
Tonality Tonal(uses major/minor system) as
opposed to modal like some folk musicor atonal (no sense of key) like some
modern music.
In G minor .But it modulates to other places. Very importantly
it modulates to B flat major for the second subject(bar 44). Carry on reading
Structure This is insonata form Sonata form has 3 main sections: the exposition (the ideas are heard for the
first time), the development (the ideas are explored) and the recapitulation
(the ideas from the exposition are heard again).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAMmYJVwa2c&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAMmYJVwa2c&feature=relatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hornhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAMmYJVwa2c&feature=related8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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Tonality
related to
structure
Exposition (repeated) Development Recapitulation
Sub-
ject 1
Bridge
(24b
ars)
Subject 2 Codetta Mostly explores material from
the start of the first subject
Sub.
1
Bridge
(51
bars)
Sub. 2 Coda
G minor B flat major
the codetta
consists of severalperfect cadences
[V-I]
Many keysstarts in F sharp
minor which is a long way from
G minor (see closely related
keys grid below),later itmodulates through a circle of
fifths(keys a fifth apart see
the closely related keysgrid
below) (e minor, a minor, d
minor, g minor, C major, F
major, B flat major)
G minor
the bridge passage
is longer than itwas in the
exposition. Mozart
uses it to develop
material
G minor
the coda is more
developed than it wasin the exposition but
still ends with los of
perfect cadences
The fact that the second subject stays in G minorin the recapitulation (the tonic key) is an important feature of sonata form. It
reflects the classical ideals of order and balance.
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Harmony Diatonic(the chords
used belong to the keyi.e. not chromatic).
but there are one or
two chromatic chords
(chords with notes outside
the key) e.g. diminished
7th
(G sharp B D F)
second chord in bar 101.
Functional(chords are used in predictable ways and help to move the music on or
establish the key). Proof of this:
Regular cadences(V-I perfect cadence at the end). The exposition ends on V7 (an
imperfect cadence).
Frequent use of pedals(repeated notes whilst the chords change over the top). Pedals
are either dominant(built on the fifth note of the scalethere are quite a lot in the
development section and quite a long one at the end of the development section), or
tonic(built on the home note of the scale). The pedals in this piece are all dominant
(they help to push the music on).
Melody Two very distinct melodies make up thefirst and second subjects.
The first subject (G minorheard right at the start)is
characterised by a repeated falling semitone (a musical idea
which plays a significant role in a piece is called a motif). The
firstphrase lasts for 4 bars and is then repeated a tone
down(this is called adescending sequence). This theme also has
scales and leaps in it.
During the codetta passage the falling semitone idea is heardwith much longer note values in the string parts this is called
augmentation (at 1:11 in the fast version). This is a rhythmic
and a melodic feature.
The second subject (B flat major - starts at 0:42 in
the fast youtube version) is characterised by a
descending chromatic scale. In the first phrase the
scale lasts for only three notes, but then it is
immediately heard again with the scale lasting for
6 notes. It is played legato(smoothly).
There are a lot of sequences(music which repeats but a step higher or lower each time) in this piece. (Listen to the
developmentfrom about 3:20)
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Texture There are lots of different textures in this piece.
At the start it is melody
and accompaniment.
The violins play the
melodyin octaves, the
divided violas play a figure
which outlines the chords
and the cello and double
bass play atonic pedal on
the first beat of each bar
for 6 bars.
Classical music tends to
have a lot of melody and
accompaniment texture.
Another important texture is polyphony
also known as counterpoint.
In the developmentsection from bar 114
(3:32 in the fast version) the first subject
is heard at the same time as a melody
made up of quaver arpeggios and scales.
This is known as a countermelody.
When they are heard together the
texture is described as polyphonic or
contrapuntal. This countermelody is
staccato (the notes are short and
detached).
Sometimes the music isin octaves:
from 1:05 on the fast recording (bar 66-72)
there is anascending chromatic scale in
octavesfollowed byhomophonic (everyone
has the same rhythms but there are a
variety of notes)chords. This is followed by a
descending scalein octavesat 1:09.
Sometimes the melody is shared between
the instruments: (the strings and the
woodwind in the second subject) this iscalledantiphonal exchange.
Dynamics There are a lot more dynamics indicated in
this piece than in the Handel. These help to
create the contrasting moods.
It starts very quietly(piano indicated byp) but
there are passages which are loud(forte
indicated byf).
Unlike the Handel,
sometimes a
crescendo (gradual
increase in volume) is
marked in.
There are also marks calledsfwhich stands
forsforzando (this is an accent).
mfpalso occurs. This means play moderately
loudmfbut then immediately cut down to
quietp. This also acts as a kind of accent.
Mood The two themes enable Mozart to explore two different
moods. The first subject is rather anxious and stormy
created by the semitonerepeated motif and the minor key.
The second theme is more relaxedcreated by the
legato(smooth) articulation, the major tonalityand
the longer note values.
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Further classical listening:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcIqZoxV0sA&feature=relatedThe first part of Mozarts requiem.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRgXUFnfKIYThe first movement of Beethovens fifth symphony.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtNqCI1Elx0&feature=relatedThe last movement of Haydns surprise symphony.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5RHDwdaanQExtracts from Haydns Creation (another oratorio). Its in German. Right at the
start theres the bit about let there be light. A pretty good moment. Worth looking at the whole way through. All the woodwind
and brass instruments are like those which would have been played at the time (original instruments).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcIqZoxV0sA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcIqZoxV0sA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRgXUFnfKIYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRgXUFnfKIYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtNqCI1Elx0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtNqCI1Elx0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5RHDwdaanQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5RHDwdaanQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5RHDwdaanQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtNqCI1Elx0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRgXUFnfKIYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcIqZoxV0sA&feature=related8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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ChopinRaindrop prelude (1838)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhBx3_O9e9cthis is a hideous, tinnyversionbut it does show you how much that pedal A flat
(G sharp) occursand also how many different octaves it is heard in. When it gets quite powerful in the middle section you can seethe pedal being played in several different octaves at once. Listen to it once (as far as you can before your ears explode) and then,
never again. Important moments: the very opening. 1:32: the beginning of the second section. 1:54 when the pedal is played in
octaves. 2:09 when the pedal changes (very briefly) to B. 4:00 where the A section comes back. Now listen to Horowitz
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzYvoeQFVJw&feature=relatedAgain, not brilliantsound (but better than the last one). This is
good to watch though, because you can see the pianists hands. You can see how the A flat/G sharp pedal is played. You can see
the way that the range of notes used is larger in the middle section.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sh03YXzvDF4&feature=relatedThis is a good one! Played by Vladimir Horowitz (which is the
right kind of name for a virtuoso pianistWikipedia say that he is widely considered one of the greatest pianists of the twentieth
century. They also have a rather dashing photograph of him. This is probably a recording from 1973). Really nicely played (very
good attention to dynamics Mr Horowitz, A*). Also, if you like, you can follow the score as he plays and check out the A flat at the
start and the way at 1:33 it changes to G sharp (same soundspelt differently)! Rock n Roll!
This is a prelude. A prelude means something that comes before something else. In the romantic period, however, composers
wrote lots or preludes without anything after them at all. This is prelude no. 15 out of 24 (each in a different key and with each
depicting a particular idea or emotion). Essentially they were short, one movement pieces that were full of character. This one is
sub-titled Raindrop (that repeating A flat/G sharp pedal has a lot to do with the title).
Chopin was Polish who travelled around Europe during his career and spent much of his time in France. (He wrote this during astorm in Majorca on one of his trips.) He was a very clever pianist (a virtuoso) who was famous as a performer as well as a
composer. He wrote almost all of his pieces for piano. He died at the age of 39 (1810-49).
Chopin was a freelance composer(he wasnt employed by a single prince or a church but could make his money by composing for
and teaching a variety of different people). He became quite wealthy. He preferred to give performances to small audiences in his
rooms.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhBx3_O9e9chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhBx3_O9e9chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzYvoeQFVJw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzYvoeQFVJw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sh03YXzvDF4&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sh03YXzvDF4&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzYvoeQFVJw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhBx3_O9e9c8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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A piece written in the romantic period (approx. 1800-1900)
The romantic era was mostly concerned with high emotion feelings, drama, the natural world, the supernatural, magic, mystery
Romantic features:
Long, lyrical
melodic lines.
Freedom in form
this is in ternary
form [ABA]
but the return to A
at the end is
relatively short
Dissonanceand chromatic notes.
Lots of new chords(an extended vocabulary of
chords).
For example they might take a normal chord and add
lots of extra notes Heres a posh sounding one
dominant 13th
(normally chords just have a first, third
and a fifth).
Another new type of chord would be one which uses
notes from outside the key (a chromatic chord) e.g.
(another posh sounding one) an augmented 6th
chord.
(Neither of these chords actually are in this workthis is
known as background information!!)
Strong and dramatic dynamic
contrasts.
The fact it has an element
of the natural worlda
story-telling(programmatic) element.
He wrote this during a
storm in Majorca.
Lots of romantic music is hard to play
virtuosic
this piece isnt that hard but virtuosity is
a general feature of music from this time
All of the careful attention paid to tempo
and dynamics are typical of the era.
A more sophisticated
piano(with more notes
and a greater capacityfor dynamic extremes).
On a different note (heh!), the
romantic orchestra was much
larger than the classicalorchestra.
(Again, background
information!)
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Some specifics:
Tempo, rhythm
and metre
Perhaps the most important thing about
the tempo is the fact that it is performed
with rubato.
not strictly in time, with small alterations of
tempo to give a more expressive
performance
This is typical of romantic music. The
Horowitz version is full of subtle rubato.
Pianists normally play this piece quite
slowly.
The marking at the top of the score is
Sostenutowhich means sustained.
This implies that the music should be
played legato (smoothly) so that the
melody can sound like a leisurely
song.
The piece has 4 crotchet
beats in a bar.
This time signature is
marked asCin the score.
The C stands for common
as in most music is in
4/4
The repeatingpedalA
flat/G sharp is played
in a constant quaver
rhythm.
This repetition helps to
create the raindrop
feel.
Very occasionally (e.g. bar 4) there is a
section with quite a lot of notes squeezed
into a crotchet beat.This feels improvisatory
(freely made up) especially when played
with rubato (0:14 of Horowitz version
there a seven notes here this is called a
septuplet).
The music slows down at the end.
9 bars before the end there is a
marking, slentando, this means that
the tempo should slow down. In the
last two bars there is a marking,
Ritenuto. This means that the tempo
should be held backeven more.
Structure This piece is in
ternaryform
(A B A)
What is typically romantic about this ternary form is how unbalanced it isthe middle section
is much longer than the outer sections.
A (27 bars) B (47 bars) A (6
bars)
8 bar
codetta
D flat major C sharp minor (tonic minor) D flat major
Melancholy and lyrical Stormy, dark Melancholy and lyrical
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Instrumental
forces
The piano had been invented in
the classical erabut the
romantic piano was larger
(therefore louder), had more
notes and had sustaining and
soft pedals.
It became an ideal romantic instrument
capable of extremes of dynamics.
NB the melody is in the right hand forthe A section. For mostof the B section
it is in the left hand.(Changes towards
the end).
Notice that this piece often calls
for the Ped. this enables the
notes to continue to vibrate once
the key has been lifted. It helps
to create the legatofeel.
Dynamics The dynamics are important in the
creation of the moodand cover a
widerange (frompp(right at the
very end) to ff(in the middle of the
B section).
The crescendo from quiet to ff in
the middle section helps to create
a menacing and stormy feel.
The quieter dynamics in the outer
sections add to the feeling of
melancholy.
The dynamics change very frequently.
These are sometimes indicated by
hairpins. This pair of hairpins makes
the music get louder (crescendoor
cresc.), and then get quieter
(diminuendoordim.).
There
are also accents in the B section.
These help to emphasise some of the
notes.
Other dynamic markings include
sotto voceat the start of the B
section.
Sotto voce means beneath the
voice. This means that the pianistshould play quieter than before.
This hushed tone should provide a
contrast and therefore draw
attention to itself.
Smorzandomeans dying away
(used when A returns at the end)
Melody The A melody is sad and lyrical
it starts with a descending major
arpeggio(falling raindrops and
sadness)- then slowly rises in a
long,lyrical (song-like) phrase.
The A melody is played by the
right hand (the higher notes).
The B melody is more threatening and
stormy. It is minor and mostly played in the
low register of the piano and in the left hand.
It starts with a 3 note rising scale which
becomes part of an ascending sequence.
Both A and B melodies are played legato
(smoothly).
Ornamented melody
e.g. the septuplet in bar 4
and the acciaccatura
(crushed note) just before
it.
Near the end there are 10
notessquashed into the
place of a crotchet.
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Harmony Quite a variety
of different
chordsboth
simple (at the
start) and more
adventurous (in
the middle
section)
Starts with
simple,
diatonic
harmony
(mostly V7
and I) making
use of
perfect
cadences
Later it has a typically romantic approach to harmonywith added
chromatic notes
e.g. in bar 73 there is a C sharp minor chord with an added sharp 6th
(dontpanic you dont need to know that for the exam) 3:53 in the Horowitz
version
andabrupt modulations(changes of key)particularly at the end of the B
section.
There are suspensionse.g. in bars 61-62 (3:15) (nice crunchy dissonances
that resolve beautifully) and also quite a lot of chromatic notes to add
colour. (This is all in the juicy bit at the end of the B section.)
The A flat/G sharp pedalis a harmonic device.Traditionally they are used to help establish the key this one has
two effects it helps establish the key and creates the rainy feel.
Given that the piece is in D f lat/C sharpthe pedal notes are the fifth note of each keytherefore they are
called dominant pedals.
If a pedal is at the top of the texture it is called an inverted pedal. If is in the middle it is called an inner pedal. If
it is at the bottom it is simply called a pedal.
Tonality The most important tonality point is the relationship between the key of the A section and the B section.
The A section is in D flat major. The B section is in C sharp
minor.
D flat and C sharp sound the same (are the same black note
on the piano). This relationship is called enharmonic.
The middle section is therefore in the tonic minor.
The music changes key (modulates) to other
related keys. E.g. in the A section there is a
passage in B flat minor. In the B section there is a
passage in G sharp minor and a brief trip to F
sharp minor.
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Texture By far the most significant texture
in this homophonyor to be
precisemelody-dominated
homophony.
This is because the lyrical tune is
prominent throughout and Chopin
doesnt draw attention away from
it by adding any other
countermelodies etc.
In the A section the melody is primarily
in the right hand. In the B section the
melody is primarily in the left hand (until
the end of the B section).
The only other texture of note is the
monophonic soloin bars 81 to 83 which
starts on the highest note of the piece
which breaks off the previous music and
leads to the ending codetta.
The B section, whilst still
homophonic (melody-
dominated), does have a
thicker texture(helping to
create the stormy feel).
There are chordsin the left
hand (and sometimes in the
right). Alsooctaves are used
in both hands. All of this adds
to a sense of climax.
Mood As this is a romantic piece themood is very important.
The opening section is rather
melancholy(despite the major
tonality).
This is created by the falling
arpeggio, the repeating A flat, the
slowtempo, the generally quiet
dynamics and the lyrical melody.
The B section is more stormy.The change to the minorkey is
important to change the mood. The very
hushed start is rather dark and ominous.
This crescendos to ffwhich adds to the
stormy feel.
The generally low pitchincluding the
melody and chords in the left handand
the thickening of the texturealso adds
to this.
The repeating pedal sounds a bit like a
bell tolling.
Make sure that you are clearabout how the repeatingA flat
/ G sharp pedal adds to the
raindrop feel.
The repetition of the same
note is important, as is the
short note value (quaver).
Raindrops are over quickly!
You could also mention the
falling figureat the start(falling raindrops) and the
stormy (slightly thundery?)
feel of the minormiddle
section.
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Other romantic pieces:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCEDfZgDPS8Night on a Bald Mountain by Mussorgsky - massive orchestra, lots of chromatic
notes, enormous dynamic range and its all about witches!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph3h2IJAsgkSwan Lake ballet music by Tchaikovsky
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJJfEfP9JVk&feature=relatedMa Vlast (My Country) by Smetana. An example of nationalism.
Smetana was a Czech composer. He wrote this piece to represent the river (Moldauin German) that flows through Prague.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyobDmGPhKI&feature=relatedMorning by Grieg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvm2ZsRv3C8&feature=relatedFantasie impromptu by Chopin (very virtuosic and emotional)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmq5JBpFf9wGrand Galop Chromatique by Liszt (very virtuosic and silly?).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aKAH_t0aXAWagnerThe ride of Valkyriesa famous bit of operahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLaY2VcIEqo&feature=relatedMadame Butterflyanother famous bit of opera.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVERlJgghOY&feature=relatedThe slow movement from Dvoraks New World Symphony
(about America)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5C99JyP2ns&feature=relatedElgars Cello concerto movt.1. Written in 1919 but still a
romantic work.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEzdZ9G5q_0Violin sonata by Franck. Very good example of imitation at the start! The violin
copies the piano a bar afterwards. This type of imitation is called canon.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLtJmOHRJIQand thenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFNsTlsDCro&feature=related
Schuberts String Quintet in C - slow movement (yum!)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCEDfZgDPS8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCEDfZgDPS8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph3h2IJAsgkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph3h2IJAsgkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJJfEfP9JVk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJJfEfP9JVk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyobDmGPhKI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyobDmGPhKI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvm2ZsRv3C8&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvm2ZsRv3C8&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmq5JBpFf9whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmq5JBpFf9whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aKAH_t0aXAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aKAH_t0aXAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLaY2VcIEqo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLaY2VcIEqo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVERlJgghOY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVERlJgghOY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5C99JyP2ns&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5C99JyP2ns&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEzdZ9G5q_0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEzdZ9G5q_0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLtJmOHRJIQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLtJmOHRJIQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFNsTlsDCro&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFNsTlsDCro&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFNsTlsDCro&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFNsTlsDCro&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLtJmOHRJIQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEzdZ9G5q_0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5C99JyP2ns&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVERlJgghOY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLaY2VcIEqo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aKAH_t0aXAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmq5JBpFf9whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvm2ZsRv3C8&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyobDmGPhKI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJJfEfP9JVk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph3h2IJAsgkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCEDfZgDPS88/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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Closely related keys(we had a lesson on chords that work well near to one another) this is exactly the same grid(it
works for keys and chords)
You absolutely dont need to know this off by heart but it might help when you are composing
Key sig. This column can be ignored but it tells you about the
keys of some of the pieces you study.
6 sharps F sharp major D sharp minor
5 sharps B major* G sharp minor In And the Glory:B major is the dominant of the
dominant.
4 sharps E major* C sharp minor In And the Glory:E major is the dominant (fifth note) of
A major.
The middle of Raindrop prelude is in C sharp majorit
modulates to G sharp minor and F sharp minor.
3 sharps A major** F sharp minor And the Glory is in A major
Mozarts 40th
development starts in F sharp minor.
2 sharps D major B minor
1 sharp G major E minor
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0 sharps/flats C major A minor
1 flat F major D minor
2 flats B flat major G minor Mozarts 40th
symphony movt. 1 is in these keysfirst
subject G minor, second subject B flat major. A bit in the
development goes EmAmDmGmCmajF maj
B flat maj!! Notice how closely related they are! (Apart
from the bit in F sharp minor).
3 flats E flat major C minor
4 flats A flat major F minor
5 flats D flat major B flat minor The outer section of the raindrop prelude is in D flat
majorand there is a modulation to B flat minor.
6 flats/6 sharps G flat major/ F
sharp major
E flat minor / D
sharp major
(point of interest)G flat and F sharp are the same note
(enharmonicequivalents) and so it goes round and
round and round (parklife!)
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Area of Study 2: Music in the Twentieth Century
Schoenberg: Peripetie from Five Orchestral Pieces (1909)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNCIz-_QFrsThis is a recording of it, accompanied by lots of expressionist paintings.
This is an example of expressionism. Expressionism came about in the early decades of the
Twentieth Century.
It was a movement in art, poetry and music and was designed to express intense inner emotions.
Often not very comfortable to listen to/look at.
Although our extract was written before
World War I, a lot of expressionist art
responded to the horrors of the fighting.
Whilst expressionism was a way that composers dealt with their
feelings about their world (and also their inner world of intense
emotion) it was also a response to the way that music had been
developing over time.
During the romantic era it had become very chromatic and had
increasingly used more and more dissonance. Expressionism took
this trend and did it to extremes. If the romantic period was about
large contrasts and powerful emotion, then expressionism is about
extreme contrasts and overpowering emotion.
The evening glints with the sound
Of deadly weapons, the forests, the golden plains
And the blue lakes, over which the sun
Darkly rolls.
Night encompasses
Fallen warriors; the wild muttering
Of their broken mouths.
Now silently gathers in the grazing lands
A red cloud, the dwelling of an angry god
Ingested with the blood.
A cool moon and
Under it the roads run to putrid blackness.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNCIz-_QFrshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNCIz-_QFrshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNCIz-_QFrs8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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More detail:
Performing forces This is written for an
enormous orchestra. Thereare, for example, 6 french
horns. The tuba (very low
brass instrument) is also of
note. There is quadruple
woodwindthis means that
each woodwind instrument
has four distinct parts e.g.
there are 3 oboe parts and
a cor anglais part (the coranglais is a lower oboe). A
piccolo is a higher flute, a
contrabassoon is a lower
bassoon and a clarinet in D
is a higher clarinet. Theres
also a percussion section
including a tam tam (big
gong) and a bass drum.
Timbre (sound quality) is very important.
Things to remember: the use of muted brass,divided (divisi) stringsso that the cellos, for
example, play a chord rather than a single line,
strings sometimes play pizzicato (plucked) the
trumpets are asked at one point to play with
their bells up (to be more prominent). At the
start the trombones have to play a glissando
(gliss. - sliding). At one point the cymbal is
played with a cello bow. One really good
example is right at the end where the doublebasses are asked to play divisi(a chord), with
mutes on(to be quiet), tremolo(special
technique to sound like shimmering) and with
their bows on the bridge(a special part of the
string which means that the sound will be
quieter than usual). So, you can see how
seriously Schoenberg takes sound.
Another point which also
links to timbre (soundquality), is the fact that
he writes music which is
often at the extremes of
the instruments range.
The first notes that the
cello and double basses
play are very highfor
their instrumentand so
sound unusual. The lasttwo notes that the tuba
plays go from a very low
note, to a very high note.
Schoenberg often writes
lines which leap across a
wide rangeso they are
very hard to play!
Melody Angular melodieswith large leaps.
The soundthat the melody is played
with (the timbre) is as important as
the notes used.
Large pitchrange
The melody often switches betweeninstrumentsso that it is constantly playing
but carried by different sounds. The word
Klangfarbenmelodie (tone-colour melody)
describes the way that different instrumental
colours contribute to a melody.
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Tempo, rhythm
and metre
Tempo is used to
heighten the
expression
passionate (faster),
calmer (slower).
Quite often note
values shorten in the
faster sections (giving
an even greater
impression of speed).
The notes lengthen in
the slower sections.
Tempo also helps to structure the piece
as it works by alternating between speeds.
Sehr rasch means very quick. At bar 7 itis marked etwas ruhiger which means
somewhat calmer so the piece slows
down. Throughout the piece the tempo
changes back and forth fast (tempo or
heftig meaning passionate) calmer
(ruhiger) fast etc.
The clarinet solo is played with some
rubato (expressive playingnot strictly in
time)
There are occasional changes in
time signature (between 3/4 and
4/4) but the rhythms themselves
are very complicated.
You would be forgiven for thinking,
on first listening, that they are
random. But they are completely
not. Do avoid describing them as
randomcomplex is a much better
worddeliberately so, this isnt
music designed to make you feel
comfortable. Some rhythmic ideas
come back.
Texture Complex polyphonic / contrapuntal
texture(a texture where there are lots
of different thingsall fighting for
attentiongoing on at once).
In the score Schoenberg marks which
part is most important (he marks this
with an H) and second most important
(N).
Sometimesthere is a very sparse
texturewith only a few
instruments playing. Sometimes
the full orchestra plays. The last
8 bars build from a monophonic
texture (just a clarinet) to full
orchestra before ending with a
quiet chord and a thin texture.
Sometimes the
instruments have an
extended melodic line
e.g. the clarinet solo from
bar 10. Sometimes they
just add a single note or a
very short phrase to the
texture.
Dynamics The dynamics are extremeand described in
great detail. They are an important part of
the creation of the mood.
They sometimes change dramaticallyin a single phrase
towards the beginning theres a string part that goes from
fff (very, very loud) to pp (very quiet).
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Structure Structured in 5 sectionsbroadly
described as rondo (A B A1C A
2) but
the A section is very different when it
comes back each time. It isnt really
recognisable as the same musicbut it
has a similar mood and orchestral
sound.
The underlying unifying principle is the use of the hexachords
(described above). One hexachord that is used and
manipulated a lot (to form melodies and chords) is heard in
the horns from bar 8C, B flat, E, F, C sharp and A.
Tonality This music is atonal(no sense of key)therefore no cadences, pedals, familiar-sounding melodies etc.
The atonality also means that Schoenberg needs the hexachords to help organise his music.
Harmony Very dissonant(clashing)
Further expressionist music:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6LyYdSQQAQ&feature=relatedNacht from Pierrot Lunaire also by Schoenberg. This is
nicely odd. Good example of Sprechstimme (speech songtypical of vocal expressionism)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGWai0SEpUQ&feature=relatedVery movinga description of a survivor from Warsaw
about World War II. By Schoenberg. A very clear example of how expressionism is used to explore deep inner feelings.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbAA very short documentary about serialism. Good, I thinkalthough it does
use some big words toward the start! Ignore them if you dont know what they meanthe general info is good.
http://musictheory.net/utilities/html/id98_en.htmlThis is a way of working out a note row (that will only make sense if youve
watched the video above). Students have often found serialism a good method of composing. Its very structured.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0aRDarh9_0&feature=relatedA very short piece by Webern in the Serialism style. Check
out all of those dynamic contrasts and the fact that there isnt a prolonged melody. Probably best listened to as tiny moments
in timebut there are rhythms that keep coming back.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tr3oKxNGCnE&feature=relatedA more lyrical piece. Still short.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6LyYdSQQAQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6LyYdSQQAQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGWai0SEpUQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGWai0SEpUQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbAhttp://musictheory.net/utilities/html/id98_en.htmlhttp://musictheory.net/utilities/html/id98_en.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0aRDarh9_0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0aRDarh9_0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tr3oKxNGCnE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tr3oKxNGCnE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tr3oKxNGCnE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0aRDarh9_0&feature=relatedhttp://musictheory.net/utilities/html/id98_en.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGWai0SEpUQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6LyYdSQQAQ&feature=related8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNwDRFD6kUoThis is talking about expressionism and serialism. He goes through several
important pointsbut hes not the most exciting speaker.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNwDRFD6kUohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNwDRFD6kUohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNwDRFD6kUo8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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Leonard Bernstein: Somethings Coming from West Side Story (1958)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu7sRdRrm_wA version from a film in 1961.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoELFSc_dmU&feature=relatedA studio take with Bernstein conducting. He gets a bit cross
with the singer (hes a famous opera singer).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TtUORAJhV4&feature=relatedA jazz trio version.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUBzYsaRBMwBeautifully cheesy versionwith nice xylophone action!
This is from a musical. Whilst musicals emerged in the Twentieth Century, there is a long tradition of singing and dancing on stage.
The predecessors of modern music theatre were called Vaudeville, burlesque, opera-bouffe and operetta (light opera).
Musicals are written in many stylesclassical, jazz, rock.
This is influenced by classical music and jazz- particularly from latin America (the rhythms). Also influenced by a fast and dissonant
form of jazz called bebop. This sophisticated combination of jazz and classical, as well as the dark focus on social problems in
America (poverty and gang warfare), made this cutting edge stuff.
Musicals have various sectionssolos, duets, trios, choruses, dance numbers. Somethings coming is a vocal solo.
West Side Story is a reworking of Romeo and Julietbut set in the gang culture of New York. One gang is made of Latin Americans
and the other of white Americans. This is sung by Tony (Romeo), just before he meets Maria (Juliet) for the first time. Hes
anticipating a fight with the rival gang but he thinks something good might be coming too.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu7sRdRrm_whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu7sRdRrm_whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoELFSc_dmU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoELFSc_dmU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TtUORAJhV4&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TtUORAJhV4&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUBzYsaRBMwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUBzYsaRBMwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUBzYsaRBMwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TtUORAJhV4&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoELFSc_dmU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu7sRdRrm_w8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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Important features in this music (and the whole musical) include:
Jazz-based harmonyadded
notes in chords forming
dissonances e.g. 9ths, 11ths.
Also blue notese.g. flat 7 (see
below)
Syncopated rhythmsgives a jazzy feel
(puts a kick on parts of the beat that
arent usually emphasised) and pushes the
music forward. If you listen to the studio
version (above) youll hear Jose Carreras
not coping very well with the syncopation.
The interval of a tri-toneused throughout the
musical to represent dark moods. A tri-tone is an
interval such as F sharp to C. It sounds very
uncomfortable. In this piece it occurs in the tune all
over the place. After hes sung could be the
next line who knows stretches down from C to F
sharp before he slides up to G.
Extensive use of short
riffs. Theres somethingdue, any day etc. (0:45 in
film version). This riff is
heard in the
accompaniment and then
forms an important part
of the tune.
Cross-rhythms(which feel like we are in
two different time signatures at the sametime)the middle section (around the
corner 1:50) uses long note values often
in triplets against the 2 time backing. The
syncopation in the opening main riff
against the straight 3 in the bass also feels
like a 2 against 3 cross-rhythm.
Polyphonic textureslots of
different layers to theaccompaniment texture
many of the parts work
independentlye.g. the bass
ostinatoat the start is
rhythmically very different to
the rest of the accompaniment
Long sustained notes in
the tune(sometimes),against short, snappy
phrases in the
accompaniment.(For
examplehis long note
on knows against the
opening riff).
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More details:
Performing
Forces
Written for a
male singerthe
higher of the
broken voices
a tenor.The speed
and the
syncopation make
this very hard to
sing (as you can
see on the
recorded version)
The accompaniment is played by a band/orchestra that would play in the pit (under the
stage). This is a relatively large pit band. It consists of 5 woodwind players (each player would
play several instruments each e.g. flute, clarinet and alto saxophone), 2 horns, 3 trumpets, 2
trombones, 7 violins, 4 cellos, 2 double basses, a drum kit, extra percussionists, piano and
guitar.
The double basses play the three note ostinato at the beginning pizzicatothe bass clarinet
also plays this staccato.
The air is humming (2:25) is illustrated by the violins playing tremolo(when they make very
small shimmering movements with their bows).
Often the brass are muted.
Tempo,
rhythm and
metre
The tempo (176
beats per
minute) is very
fastand adds to
the excitement.
There are 3 beats in a bar
at the start but the fast
tempo makes it feel like
theres only one.
The time signature changes from 3 into 2at It may come
cannon-balling down through the sky. The change of time
signature gives the music a rhythmic jolt which suits the lyrics.
The middle section could it be? Yes it could is in 2.
It returns to 3 beats in a bar at the end.
Syncopationadds to the
excitement; typical of jazz.
Oftenaccentson syncopated notes which
emphasise the exciting jazzy rhythms even more.
2 against 3 cross-rhythmsadds
to the rhythmic complexity.
In the middle section marked warmly
Around the corner longer note values
add to the warm, more romantic, feel.
Occasionally there are straight crotchet rhythms in the melody e.g.
Somethings coming. This gives the music a feeling of confidence
and certainty (something is coming!)
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Structure Ternary form
Not structured like
a normal verse chorus song.
Intro
ACould be section starts in 3/4 briefly goes into 2/4 it may come cannon-balling then
repeats the whole section for verse 2. (0:401:18)BCould it be? Yes it could includes the warm lyrical Around the corner 40-105 (1:18 -
B1Will it be? Yes it will (shorter version of B) 2:10 2:35)
A1Who knows? Its only just out of reach shorter version of A (2:353:04)
Melody Heavy use of tri-
toneinterval
throughout
(representing darkthemes) both in
this piece and the
whole musical
Several different melodies with different characters are included in this piece.
Two are based on a short repetitive riff theres something due any day and could it be? Yes
it could. Both make use of detached notes (staccato) and are full of excitement.
Two start on an insistent repeating noteIt may come cannon-balling and SomethingsComing I dont know both are accented(marcatomeans with emphasis). These melodies
are strong and confident.
One is much more warm and lyrical Around the corner. It starts with a rising interval of a 5th
(rising intervals often signify hope), has much longer note values, and triplets. This is legato
and is full of hope for romance.
Tonality The A section is in D major.
The B section starts in C major
but modulates (changes key)
back to Dfor the lyrical Around
the corner section.
The piece ends in D major.
The tonality is undermined(we arent sure about the key) at various points by
adding notes or chords which are unusual or dont belong to the key:
In the first chord there is a G sharp which does not belong to the D major
tonality (D to G sharp forms a tri-tone). There are lots of examples of dissonant
notes like this.
The three note bass ostinato at the start is on D, A and E. Whilst the D and the A
would traditionally the used to outline D major, the E feels dissonant.
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Harmony Dissonanceis
frequently used
e.g. added Gsharp to the D
major chord at
the start
Use of blue notes. Blue notes belong to jazz harmony and
include:
flat 7(in C major the 7
th
note is B, flat 7 is therefore B flatlike inbar 47-8 if I can wait). There are quite a lot of these in the piece
they add a jazzy feel and a sense of dissonance. The whole piece
ends with the melody on a flat 7 this gives a sense of uncertainty.
flat 5(a tri-tone)
Added-note jazz
harmonies
in the first two bars thereis a chord with an added
tri-tone, one with an
added 11th
and one with
an added 9th
There are some chromatic chordsused in the lyrical Around the corner for example in bar 95 there is an E flat
major chord even though we are in the key of D major.
The chromatic shifts at the end of the A section comin to me!-------- long note. The bass ostinato implies C major
but the chords slide onto F sharps at times (there arent F sharps in C major).
Texture A very busytexture. The vocal melody
dominates but the accompaniment is rather
complexusually several rhythmic strands
are heard at the same time. Repetitive riffs
and ostinatosoften combine in the
accompaniment. So, melody with a
polyphonic accompaniment.
At one point it is monophonic(just the voice) at it may come
cannon-balling immediately after that the accompaniment is
homophonicbar 23-26 (0:52). These are staccato, syncopated
chords. They help to emphasise the words. The rest of the piece is
melody with the complex polyphonic accompaniment.
The lyrical section has a chromatic line which is very prominent.
Dynamics andarticulation
A big range of dynamicswhich enhance the mood.
It starts pp (pianissimo very quiet) which adds to the
feeling of anticipation.
It crescendos to f (forte) on It may come cannon-
balling. Adding to the sense of confident excitement.
Dynamics for the staccato, riff based sectionstend to be very quiet (ppp at 107 (will it be? Yes
it will). The legato lyrical section has a variety
of dynamics suiting the feeling of warmth and,
perhaps, day-dreamy feel. But Somethings
coming is loud, confident and accented.
There isa fade
outat
the
end.
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Mood Exciting: quiet dynamics,
staccato, syncopated, very
fast, use of ostinato.
Some confident sections loud, sometimes with
straight (as opposed to
syncopated), rhythms.
Sense of impending darkness/uncertainty:
the use of the tri-tone, the melody ends on a
flat 7 blue note.
Romantic and dreamy middle
sectionlonger note values, legato
(smooth). A bit of word painting
the very high tremolo strings at theair is humming.
Further listening:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpdB6CN7jwwMariafamous song from West Side Story. When he sings the chorusthe
interval between the first two notes of Maria is also a tri-tone.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09BB1pci8_oAn example of be-bop jazz (an influence on thischeck out the speed!)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPtnx1RejX0A clip which demonstrates some jazz harmonydont try to understand it in detail
but the general gist islook at all those added notes in the chords.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJpAIOFN5WQ&feature=fvst- back to Chopinsome good examples of cross rhythms in here.
The accompaniment is mostly in groups of three but the tune often divides into two.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN4zVfOkNzA&feature=relatedA religious piece by BernsteinThe Chichester Psalmsyou can
hear his interest in dissonance and unusual rhythms.
Other musicals:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8iTeDl_WugSeasons of Love from Rent
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=liSrzc_OdDwWell did you evah? From High Society
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7kzsZreG0o&feature=relatedA gospel influenced track from Guys n Dolls
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Qq4bJvoQJMThe worst pies in LondonSweeney Todd
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klZLfHAWfxEPinball Wizard - Tommy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpdB6CN7jwwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpdB6CN7jwwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09BB1pci8_ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09BB1pci8_ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPtnx1RejX0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPtnx1RejX0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJpAIOFN5WQ&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJpAIOFN5WQ&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN4zVfOkNzA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN4zVfOkNzA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8iTeDl_Wughttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8iTeDl_Wughttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=liSrzc_OdDwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=liSrzc_OdDwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7kzsZreG0o&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7kzsZreG0o&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Qq4bJvoQJMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Qq4bJvoQJMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klZLfHAWfxEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klZLfHAWfxEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klZLfHAWfxEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Qq4bJvoQJMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7kzsZreG0o&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=liSrzc_OdDwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8iTeDl_Wughttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN4zVfOkNzA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJpAIOFN5WQ&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPtnx1RejX0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09BB1pci8_ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpdB6CN7jww8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RuTt4iqcKw&feature=relatedWe Will Rock You
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JY7Hh5PzELoAnything you can do Annie Get Your Gun
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-fG8c-CMoUThe Song That Goes Like ThisSpamalot
This is from a musical. Whilst musicals emerged in the Twentieth Century, there is a long tradition of singing and dancing on stage. The predecessors of
modern music theatre were called Vaudevillehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgTrigy7UKkburlesque, opera-bouffe and operetta (light opera).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov4RMQQRRnw&feature=related
In America there were Extravaganzas which were variety shows. There were also minstrel shows. These were, essentially, racist shows in which white people
would black up. There were also melodramas which were plays with some incidental music.
The home of American musicals is Broadway. The home of British musicals is The West End in London. Some famous musical composers are Rogers and
Hammerstein (America 1940s and 50s they wrote The Sound of Music) and Andrew Lloyd Webber (Britain from the late 60s to now Phantom of the Opera
etc.).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RuTt4iqcKw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RuTt4iqcKw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JY7Hh5PzELohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JY7Hh5PzELohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-fG8c-CMoUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-fG8c-CMoUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgTrigy7UKkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgTrigy7UKkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgTrigy7UKkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov4RMQQRRnw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov4RMQQRRnw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov4RMQQRRnw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgTrigy7UKkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-fG8c-CMoUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JY7Hh5PzELohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RuTt4iqcKw&feature=related8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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Electric CounterpointSteve Reich (movement IIIfast) 1987
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ynOtr8X-ksThis man multi-tracked all the parts and then did some nifty video work!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l34m_bXONVs&feature=relatedHeres someone performing it to a backing track.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIEDFEgZy8g&feature=relatedA cover version in a dance style by Royksopp
This is an example of minimalismhere are some important characteristics of minimalism music:
Very repetitive Gradual changes Relaxing, hypnotic
These are some important techniques that composers use to create minimalism pieces (not all used in this piece):
Repetition of small musical cells(ostinatos)
Layeringthe ostinatos combine and form
a complex texture
Drones
Static harmonysometimes there is only
one chord the whole way through a piece
or the chords change so slowly that you
dont get a sense of a chord sequence
Non-functional harmonychords change
but they dont follow the same patterns
(tonic, subdominant, dominant) as classical
music
The piece changes over time. It might do so in the following ways:
Melodic/rhythmic transformation (metamorphosis)the
pitches/rhythmgradually change
Rhythmic displacementan ostinato is repeated but gradually alters
which part of the bar it begins on (as a result, a different part of the
ostinato will be emphasised)
Phase shifting(gradually separating parts from an opening rhythmic
unisonseehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu-
tRXgOrdg&feature=relatedyou can see how two players can get out of
phase and then, gradually, back into phase) Addition/Subtraction(making a phrasemore/less complex byadding
notes/taking them away)
Augmentationnote values are made longer
Diminutionnote values are made shorter
Changes in texture(adding/taking away parts)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ynOtr8X-kshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ynOtr8X-kshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l34m_bXONVs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l34m_bXONVs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIEDFEgZy8g&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIEDFEgZy8g&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu-tRXgOrdg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu-tRXgOrdg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu-tRXgOrdg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu-tRXgOrdg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu-tRXgOrdg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu-tRXgOrdg&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIEDFEgZy8g&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l34m_bXONVs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ynOtr8X-ks8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
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Changes in dynamics
A bit of context:After the extreme dissonance of expressionism and serialism composers developed music in various different ways,
some wrote music that continued to push the boundaries of what instruments were capable ofand did things like hit instruments
rather than strum them, or put nuts and bolts inside a piano. This was called experimental music.
Other composers reacted by creating music which was experimental in a different way. They were fascinated by repetition.
Because it was so interested in tiny sections which repeated and repeated and changed, the music they wrote was called
minimalism.
Some minimalist composers:
Steve Reich, Terry Riley, John Adams, La Monte Young. Dance music has influenced dance music composers (check out The Orb)
Steve Reich was influenced by: tape loops (especially getting tape loops to go out of sync), the repetition in African drumming,
Balinese Gamelan music and Hebrew chanting.
Important facts about Electric counterpoint:
Performing forces
and technology:
Composed for a soloist to
play along with a pre-
recorded multi-tracked tape.
The soloist would record the backing-track
before the performance and layer up all the
parts in a recording studio. Everything comes
from the solo performer.
This was composed specifically
for a jazz guitarist called Pat
Metheney.
The solo performer has various different roles within the performance:
At the start the soloist joins in with the main ostinatoa few notes at a time (note addition)
Sometimes the guitar plays a resultant melody. This is a melody that happens when various ostinatos
are combined.
The solo guitarist is the first to play the strummed chords.
In total, the backing track consists of 12 guitar The backing track is recorded in Its very hard to get it
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parts and 2 bass guitar parts. In the movement we
are studying, however, there are 7 guitar parts and
2 bass parts.
stereoso that certain sounds
come from the left/right. The
two bass guitars are panned to
the left and right.
all in time.
Minimalism
techniques used
in this piece:
The piece consists of combinations of different ostinatoswhichinterlockand
form a complex layered textureand create very interesting rhythms and
harmonies (e.g. the strummed chords are introduced by three different
guitars. Each guitar plays a slightly different chord sequence at a slightly
different place within the bar. As the strummed parts enter one by one
(gradual build up of texture), the resulting rhythms and chords become
increasingly complex.
Rhythmic displacementis
used. E.g. guitar 2 comes in in
bar 7 playing the first ostinato,
but one crotchet later.
Another 2 guitars enterwith
the same ostinato but with
each one displaced by a
different amountthe overall
effect isfour-part canon.Sometimes the guitar plays a resultant melodythis is a melody that arises
from combining several ostinatos at once.
The solo guitar part starts by using the note addition technique. (The soloist starts by playing just a few notes
from the ostinatobut then adding notes until the full ostinato is heardonce it has been built up a backing
track guitar then takes over that part and the soloist moves on to other things). Note addition is usedthroughout the pieceanother noticeable time is when the bass ostinato is introducedthe ostinato is
gradually built up.
Tempo, rhythm
and metre:
The
movement is
marked
The piece is in 3/2which means that there are three minim
beats per bar. Sometimes the solo part is marked 12/8 which
means that there are four dotted crotchet beats per bar. 3/2
The ostinatos are syncopated
and have rests in themthis
means that they form
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fast.(There
are other
movements
in thecomplete
pieceat
different
tempos.
and 12/8 have the same number of quavers per bar (12), the
only difference is which part of the bar is emphasised. When
the two time signatures are marked simultaneously cross
rhythmsoccur.
interesting rhythmic
counterpoint when they are
combined.
Towards the end of the piece, the 12/8, 3/2 time change
happens every 4 bars.
Ostinatos are rhythmically displacedat the startthis means that as the various guitars come in, the pattern
starts on a different part of the bar. This builds the music up into a canon.
Melody The solo guitar part builds up using note
addition
The solo guitar sometimes plays a resultant melody (the
melody which occurs by combining several ostinatos atonce)
Tonality The key is deliberately vague (tonally ambiguous) at the start. It takes a while before the E tonality becomes
clear (not until the bass guitars come in). The piece is actually modal (it has D naturals rather than D sharps in it
D sharps would imply E minor)
The piece starts in E minor (although this
is not made clear at the start).
It changes key to C minor at bar
74 and then back to E minor.
These are not closely related keys
and the change between the keysis abrupt.
Towards the end there are
frequent changes in tonality
from C minor to E minor. This
helps to build up the tension.
Structure Highly repetitive -
based on ostinatos
Forms into two large sections and a coda. Section A 1-73. Section B is 74-113 (this is
where the key changes start). Coda is 114-140 (this is the section where the texture
returns to the four-part texture).
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The texture helps to define the structure of the piecesections are marked out by the addition of partse.g.
when the bass enters and when the strumming begins.
Harmony Non-functional harmonynocadences etc.
Consonant harmony. The strummed chords, when they come in, are simple(C, B minor, E minor, D and E5A chord with only E and B in it).
As the various chords combine (they are heard at the same time)more
complex harmonies occur.
Dynamics The dynamics are marked in the score. The backing guitars are
marked mf (moderately loud) at the start. The soloist is marked f
so that it is a little louder. There are crescendos (getting louder)
and diminuendos (getting quieter) marked at various points in the
piece.
The solo
guitar part
fades in and
out of the
texture.
The dynamics are also
dependent on texture
thinner textures tend to
be quieter (e.g. at the
start and when thetexture thins at the end)
The whole piece ends on a big crescendo.
Texture The combination of different ostinatos forms a complex polyphonic texture.
The texture builds up slowly. A single guitar at the start.
Then the soloist comes inbuilding up a line which is
taken over by a backing guitar. Gradually 4 backing
guitars enter with the solo guitar using note addition
techniques to introduce two of the backing guitar parts.
At bar 20 the solo guitar plays a constant line over the 4
guitar backingthis is a melody which picks out notes
being played by the interlocking ostinatos (being played
by the backing guitars)this is called the resultant
The texture helps
to define the
structure of the
piecesections
are marked out by
the addition of
partse.g. when
the bass enters and
when the
The texture thins back down at
the endback to the texture
heard near the start (a four-
part guitar canon with the
soloist playing the resultant
melody over the top)
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melody. strumming begins.
Some other things about minimalism:
According to a website I foundBjork once said in these busy times, the bravest thing is to be simple. Minimalism responds to thecomplexity in technology and society. It encourages us to find beauty in simplicity and to look carefully. Less is more.
Some Art and Sculpture:
James Turrell The Inner Way Sol LeWitt Corner piece No. 2 John McCracken Song
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Art music minimalism:
Wheelbarrow Walk by Michael Nyman:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwyhRTPxGnI&feature=related
Ludovico EinaudiLe Onde (The Waves)very popular:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gr4FN_DOpSk&feature=related
Different Trains by Steve Reich (a documaentary)uses speech, samplers. Music about travelling on trainthe trains to the death camps of the
holocaust and trains between divorced parents:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhQfggqNuYM
John AdamsGrand Pianola Music:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6vo4xTpHdA
George Winstona piece of music based on a simple, repeated chord sequence:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDq0HqHXuq0
George WinstonCloud burstbased on the technique of addition:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Dy_apBWeis
Philip GlassEinstein on the beachvery interestingcounting, simple background, somebody talking:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmX_GgozpQs&feature=related
Philip GlassMad Rush for pianohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1vMpkIRAjo&feature=related
Arvo Partchoral spiritual minimalism:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoUKV5khjTA
Terry RileyA Rainbow in Curved Air:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apxuRKWmEJsAmongst other things, this is on the record sleeve:
National flags were sewn together into brightly colored circus tents under which politicians were allowed to perform harmless theatrical games
/ The concept of work was forgotten
Also political: The Death of Klinghofferby John Adams:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RAE3fsDz0I
Pop music minimalism:
SpiritualizedLadies and Gentlemen We Are Floating In Space:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOL1291ryKM
The OrbLittle Fluffy Clouds:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHixChYgGRI
Brian EnoBy This River:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUyZgXN6DBQ
Autechre - Bike:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE_P5S1Hb6I&feature=related
The BeatlesTomorrow Never Knows (based entirely around a drone with lots of tape loops, distortion etc.so no verse/chorus structures) -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwyhRTPxGnI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwyhRTPxGnI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwyhRTPxGnI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gr4FN_DOpSk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gr4FN_DOpSk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gr4FN_DOpSk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhQfggqNuYMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhQfggqNuYMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhQfggqNuYMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6vo4xTpHdAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6vo4xTpHdAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6vo4xTpHdAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDq0HqHXuq0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDq0HqHXuq0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDq0HqHXuq0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Dy_apBWeishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Dy_apBWeishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Dy_apBWeishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmX_GgozpQs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmX_GgozpQs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1vMpkIRAjo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1vMpkIRAjo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1vMpkIRAjo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoUKV5khjTAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoUKV5khjTAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoUKV5khjTAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apxuRKWmEJshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apxuRKWmEJshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apxuRKWmEJshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RAE3fsDz0Ihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RAE3fsDz0Ihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RAE3fsDz0Ihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOL1291ryKMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOL1291ryKMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOL1291ryKMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHixChYgGRIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHixChYgGRIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHixChYgGRIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUyZgXN6DBQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUyZgXN6DBQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUyZgXN6DBQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE_P5S1Hb6I&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE_P5S1Hb6I&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE_P5S1Hb6I&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE_P5S1Hb6I&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUyZgXN6DBQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHixChYgGRIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOL1291ryKMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RAE3fsDz0Ihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apxuRKWmEJshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoUKV5khjTAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1vMpkIRAjo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmX_GgozpQs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Dy_apBWeishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDq0HqHXuq0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6vo4xTpHdAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhQfggqNuYMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gr4FN_DOpSk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwyhRTPxGnI&feature=related8/10/2019 GCSE Music 2010 Revision Guide
42/60
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a3NcwfOBzQ
Miles Davis: All Blues from the Album Kind of Blue
The album version:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW8UnTuy0pA&feature=fvw
A live version played by Miles Davis:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFTp2O0ywyw&feature=related
Stevie Wonder on harmonica getting everyone to clap along:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e5Q9jT3z9w
Buddy Rich Trio (Buddy Rich is a jazz drummer)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e5Q9jT3z9w
George Benson (legendary jazz guitarist)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vaV-IdFK8DE
Doug Munro (another guitaristnice bass and drum solo)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fa1R-lSzCaU
This is ajazzpiecerecorded in 1959
Typicaljazz instruments used in this piece:
Rhythmsection:
Piano
Drum kit (often with brushes
Upright bass (double bass)plucked (pizzicato)
Front lineinstruments:
Trumpet
Saxophone (theres an alto and a tenorsaxophone in this recording).
The strong influence ofthe blues. This is based on
the 12 bar blues chord
sequence.The chord
sequence in jazz music is
know as thechanges
Important features
of jazz are:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a3NcwfOBzQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a3NcwfOBzQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW8UnTuy0pA&feature=fvwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW8UnTuy0pA&feature=fvwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW8UnTuy0pA&feature=fvwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFTp2O0ywyw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFTp2O0ywyw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFTp2O0ywyw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e5Q9jT3z9whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e5Q9jT3z9whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e5Q9jT3z9whttp://www.yo