GCSE LLW Employability Notes

8/10/2019 GCSE LLW Employability Notes

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Educational Guidance Service for Adults:This is a local, independent organisation that aims to connect adults with learning services. It is free toindividuals, and there are offices all across Northern Ireland. They provide information on adult learningprovision across the British Isles. They can advise funding for courses and provide information onevents taking place (such as seminars).

Explain two benefits of someone continuing with education during his working life. (4 marks) It may lead to promotion within work and enhance his job prospects. His salary may increase, which would improve his standard of living. It may present opportunities for a career change. He will keep up to date with technology. He may become more specialised in his field of work.

Write down four items of information you would need to find out about a Further Educationcourse before choosing it.

Form of assessment Jobs that may be available after completion of course How long the course takes How many hours it lasts per week Course fees/bursary/scholarship Where it is located, and how long it takes to get there If there is a gap year The entry requirements Opportunities for work placement

Many adults have taken the decision to gain qualifications to meet the demands of the changingworkplace. Evaluate their decision. (10 marks) Advantages:

They may stand a better chance of being employed They may stand a better chance of being promoted They may gain financial rewards/benefits They could raise their own self-esteem They could become more motivated and enjoy greater job satisfaction

Disadvantages: Gaining further qualifications may be expensive May have to sacrifice family and social commitments

They may become stressed/fatigued with the increasing demands of attending courses whilestill at school It may not lead to any further career enhancement They may suffer from low self-esteem if unable to complete the course

Training

Definition Training is a learning procedure that involves the possession of knowledge, sharpening of skills,theories and rules, or changing of attitudes to enhance the performance of an individual. An employee may be given training:

As part of their induction


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Because of a change in procedures In order to make the business more competitive (more highly skilled and able to provide

efficient and quality service)

Why is training important? Constant changes in technology need updated skills Introduction of new methods needs new information A highly trained workforce is more efficient It helps the business to keep ahead of its competitors It provides motivation for employees It decreases the possibility of accidents in the workplace It decreases the supervision required for employees

Advantages of training for the business or employer: Helps the business to cope with changes in technology

Employees will have to gain up to date knowledge, which will ultimately benefit the organisation Creates a more efficient workforce as workers may be more motivated Employees can gain different skills, which means that their work can be become more effective

and ultimately they can undertake different tasks Fewer accidents as employees know how to operate machinery correctly (which reduces staff

absenteeism) Employees should produce a better quality of products/services Less supervision of workers needed if workers know how to do tasks, are motivated, and can

operate machinery and equipment correctly

Advantages of training for the employees: Training updates employees skills and helps them to cope with changes in technology Employees who have kept their skills up to date have better opportunities for promotion Training motivates employees as it helps them to be good at their jobs and may help them

learn more Develops confidence in their own ability and ultimately their self-esteem

Methods of Training

InductionThe name given to training of new employees. It is designed to make new employees feel comfortable

in the workplace and to settle in to their new surroundings. An induction programme is likely to include: A guided tour of the building Introduction to colleagues and manager Talk or video on the rules of the business Explanations of Health and Safety procedures

On the Job TrainingPeople gain relevant knowledge and skills whilst working alongside experienced workers at their placeof work. This is the most common type of training and takes place during his/her normal hours of work.This type of training includes:

Internal courses Work shadowing


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Role play

Advantages Cheaper to carry out than off the job training Employees who are new to a job role become productive more quickly Training is very relevant and practical, dealing with day to day requirements of the job Employees are not taken away from jobs so they can still be productive Employees continue to earn money while they learn new skills

Disadvantages The trainer may find it difficult to deliver effective training to colleagues There may be distractions in the workplace, which might lessen the effectiveness of the training The training may not be certified and it may not be deemed a qualification (no evidence on

paper) Employees may pick up bad habits from the person who is training them, as they are not a

professional trainer

If employees are only trained in one area, this may mean that they will require further training ata later date if they move into a different area

Off the Job TrainingWorkers are taken away from their place of work to be trained by a specialist (at a local college/trainingagency/university). The training period is paid for by the business and may be on a day release basis orfor a longer period of time for example, a full-time course. It may be varied out in a number of ways:

Lectures Demonstrations Role play

Advantages Employees learn from a specialist in that area of work who can provide more in-depth

understanding Employees respond better when they are taken away from the pressures of the working

environment Employees may be able to gain qualifications or certificates Trainers can deal more easily with groups of employees at the same time The training can be more focused on the needs and levels of expertise of the employees

Disadvantages Can be expensive

May be time-consuming and employees are not getting hands-on experience in the workplace Time away from the workplace means work is not getting done and this could cost the businessin profit

It can be ineffective and unconnected to the employees actual roles in work The trainers may not be fully aware of the conditions under which the employees work

What are the benefits of employees attending training courses? Employees get up to date knowledge which ultimately benefits the organisation Employees may become more motivated, which may lead to more efficiency Employees gain different skills, which means workers can become more effective and can

undertake different jobs Highly trained employees may improve their promotional prospects within the company so this

can result in more efficient workers


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Training in Health and Safety procedures can decrease the possibility of accidents in theworkplace and thus less staff absenteeism for the firm

Explain the benefits to an employee of being trained while employed. (6 marks) Gain up to date knowledge which will ultimately benefit the organisation They will be more motivated and therefore more productive They can gain different skills so they can become more flexible within the company, and can do

several jobs Improve promotional prospects within the company Are continuing to be paid whilst training

Explain two reasons why it is essential for an employer to maintain high standards of health andsafety in the workplace. (4 marks)

Employees may work in an environment which is safe and secure so that their health and well-being is not adversely affected

The law states that employers must abide by all Health and Safety legislation: otherwise theywill have penalties imposed upon them

A healthy and safely working environment will mean that employees will carry out their tasksmore efficiently and therefore result in a more profitable organisation

A safe environment means the workers will be more motivated

Explain how a well-motivated workforce can benefit a business. (6 marks) Improvements in the quality of output: workers take in more pride at work and produce better

quality products Productivity rises (more is produced per worker), so the cost of making each product decreases Few disputes, few strikes, more output Fewer staff leave, which reduces the cost of recruitment and training of new staff Provides a stable and happy environment, which encourages staff to stay

Competencies and Personal Qualities

Honesty and integrity Managing information Planning and organising ability Enterprising skills Dedication

Reliability ICT skills Numeracy skills Willingness to learn Motivation and passion Interpersonal abilities Initiative / Self-motivation Problem-solving and decision-making skills Leadership and management skills Flexibility and adaptability

Communication skills Positive attitude to work


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Teamwork skills Creative approach

Explain two good reasons why it would be important for a receptionist to have goodcommunication skills. (4 marks)

First form of contact from the suppliers and the public and thus it is important to create the rightimpression

Information given over the phone, or face-to-face, needs to be accurate in order to minimiseany mistakes made

As well as oral communication, the receptionist needs to be able to key information correctlyinto the computer in order to produce correct information

Recruitment

Definition

The employment of new workers.Perfect PersonPresentable, Efficient, Reliable, Full of energy, Educated, Careful, TactfulPerceptive, Enthusiastic, Resourceful, Stable, Organised, Negotiator

The Recruitment ProcessJob vacancyJob advertised Application form/CV assessedSort applications and draw up shortlist

Interview applicants who meet the criteria stated in the advertisementEmployee appointedComplete the contract

Why might employers need to employ new workers? Because the business has grown To bring in people who have the skills they need but do not have in the business To replace employees that have retired, resigned, been promoted, or been dismissed Also busy at certain times of the year (Christmas) and would need more staff for a short period

Methods of RecruitmentThere are various methods of recruitment for employers and the choice of recruitment method willdepend on:

The size of the business The amount of money available for advertising The type of work being offered Where the business is situated How many employees are required How quickly the employee is needed

Internal Recruitment (within a business: on notice boards, internal news sheets, by sending

emails or memos) Advantages


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Applicants are familiar with the business Existing employees are given the opportunity to gain promotion within the business It improves the staff morale and motivation It is a cheaper method than advertising generally The process should take a shorter time to complete

Disadvantages The range of applicants is limited It does not bring new ideas/skills to the business It could lead to staff discontent if one colleague is promoted over another

External Recruitment Local newspapers

Advantage: suitable for jobs that are not highly paid, where people would not have to travellong distances. Less expensive than national newspapers

Disadvantage: would not reach as wide an audience

National newspapers Advantage: reaches wide audiences. May have a special job-finder supplement. Suitable for jobs that are higher paid, and for people willing to travel.

Disadvantage: more expensive than local newspapersSpecialist magazines

Advantage: used to recruit highly skilled and specialist workers. People interested in the field ofwork will buy these magazines

Disadvantage: only certain people buy the magazinesInternet

Advantage: not expensive. Has a wide audience. Attracts candidates that are up to date withthe latest technology

Disadvantage: may eliminate candidates who do not have access to the internetDepartment for Employment and Learning

Advantage: free service run by the government, which displays notices about available work.Have career advisors to help find suitable work for suitable people

Disadvantage: often used to find skilled or semi-skilled workers such as factory workers, shopassistants, and cleaners

Private recruitment agencies Advantage: agency matches candidates with most suitable work available and contacts the

employer. Saves the business time in terms of recruitment selection, especially of a temporaryworker

Disadvantage: the service is expensiveMethods of Selection

Application FormIt helps an employer form an objective view of an applicant s suitability as part of its selection process.When completing an application form, it is important to:

Work neatly and accurately Complete all sections Sign and date the form Check that all details are correct

The benefit to the employer is that they receive exactly the information that they need, making it easy tocompare applicants.


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Letter of ApplicationSometimes the advertisement states that the applicant should apply by writing a letter of application,which should include:

Personal details Educational background Qualifications and work experience Names of previous employers Names and addresses of two referees

The benefit to the employer is that it shows the applicant s level of communication skills.

Curriculum Vitae (CV) A list of all the applicant s qualifications, work, and achievements to date, including:

Personal details (name, telephone number) Educational background

Qualifications Work experience Positions of responsibility Previous employers Two referees Hobbies and interests Other achievements

The benefit to the employer is that it shows how well the applicant can organise and displayinformation.

InterviewThe applicants who have been shortlisted are invited to an interview where they meet therepresentatives of the organisation to answer questions and discuss the post. It is important to:

Prepare thoroughly beforehand Research the company Dress appropriately Act naturally Show genuine interest in the company Arrive in good time

The benefit to the employer is that it gives them a chance to meet the applicants in person and judgehow suitable they are for the job.

PresentationIt is now common for applicants for management positions to be asked to give a presentation. Theapplicant would be given a title in advance and told the length the time the presentation should last.The benefit to the employer is that they are shown the personality of the applicant, as well as theircommunication skills, level of preparation, and their ideas for the job.

Aptitude test Aptitude and ability tests are designed to assess logical reasoning or thinking performance. Theyconsist of multiple choice questions and are administered under exam conditions. They are strictlytimed (a typical test might allow thirty minutes for thirty questions). The result will be compared to that of

a control group so that judgements can be made on the applicant s abilities.


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Benefit: an aptitude test measures strengths and personality facets, and matches the applicant withpossible career choices or placements in a corporation.

Write down four points that an applicant should take into consideration in order to successfullycomplete an application form.

Use block capitals where stated Best handwriting Sign the form Don t leave blank spaces Use black ink if specified Make it sure it is posted on time to meet deadline Read instructions/notes carefully Personal details / qualifications / hobbies / interests / references / previous experience /

personal qualities

InterviewsWhat information would you want to find out about a job before applying for it?

Prospects for promotion Required qualifications Reputation of the business Location of the job Salary/pay Duties involved Working conditions/hours of work Holidays Uniform/dress code Fringe benefits Possible training

Why might a person who filled in and submitted an application form for a job not be selected(called) for an interview?

They have not met the specified requirements (qualifications/experience) The application form may have arrived after the closing date Poor application form (incorrectly completed) Criminal record The job may not require an interview Large number of applicants, which makes it difficult to be shortlisted

Why would an employer conduct an interview? To assess suitability of candidates and select the best person for the job To find out what sort of person the applicant is (for example, well-presented) To supply the candidate with more information about what the job entails and assess if they

really want it To check the information the candidate has supplied and clarify any misunderstandings

What are the advantages of a mock interview? Gives individuals a chance to practise so they won t make a mistake in the real interview


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As well as academic performance, explain what else an employer might be looking for in a jobapplication. (8 marks)

Personal qualities, skills, and experience, as qualifications may only give a limited view of whatyou are like as a person

Personal qualities, skills, and experience may be more relevant to the job in question Is trustworthy, responsible, and able to see things through to completion Adaptability can adapt to requirements of the job and fit in with others Shows the job seeker has jobs and interests outside of school/college Criminal record information References

Explain two advantages of going straight into work after finishing Year 12. (4 marks) Wages become more independent Training on the job training, resulting in qualifications relating to career Freedom gained by being financially independent

Career prospects may be easier to work your way up in the firm rather than trying to join at ahigher level when older

How can careers teachers help you make decisions regarding the best career for you? Give advice about your chosen career path Advice about possible courses at Institutes of Further and High Education Mock interviews Help with Work Experience Placements Help with CV Careers fairs

Explain two ways the careers teacher can help a student to make a decision regarding his/hercareer. (4 marks)

Students can discuss what he/she is good at and what he/she likes and dislikes so the careersteacher can give them advice on suitable jobs/courses

Careers teacher will be knowledgeable in all aspects of Post 16/Post 18 courses and may beable to suggest a course/option that the student is unaware of

The careers teacher can give impartial advice so the student can make their own decisions andnot what their family wants them to do

How can parents or family members help you make decisions regarding career choices?

Parents and family members have their own ideas about what they want you to do They try to push you down a career path that you don t want to do They can give good advice and knowledge if your chosen career is the same as the one they

already have They know your skills and qualities and what type of person you are They can also be very protective

Explain two advantages of taking part in an apprenticeship scheme rather than staying on infull-time education. (4 marks)

A person can undertake vocational training and therefore they will end up with not justacademic qualifications but a lifelong trade

A person will earn money during an apprenticeship, so therefore they will enjoy moreindependence and freedom


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Undertaking an apprenticeship will mean that you leave school and therefore it may help you tobecome more mature and feel more adult

An apprenticeship may be more suitable for your skills and qualities than undertaking academicstudy would be

The Global Credit Crunch

Definition A credit crunch (also known as a credit squeeze or credit crisis) is a reduction in the general availabilityof loans (or credit) or a sudden tightening of the conditions required to obtain a loan from the banks.

Disadvantages in Northern Ireland Redundancies Reduced pay Pay freeze

Sabbaticals Businesses not hiring/recruiting House prices have plummeted A lot of small businesses have had to close Public spending has been cut People from Northern Ireland have been affected by the closure of companies such as Fair

Pak, and travel companies

Advantages in Northern Ireland Increase in pay day loans / cash for gold, and so on Pawn brokers Second hand shops / charities have benefited Increase in home rentals Reduction in mortgage rates Good for shops like Lidl, Home Bargains, and so on Fast food outlets (cheaper than eating out at a restaurant)

Jobs Affected by the Credit Crunch

Construction (developers, builders, contractors, suppliers, estate agents)The demand for new housing fell dramatically as people wanting new homes could no longer get

mortgages. This meant a drop in the number of new homes being built.

RetailPeople no longer had access to as much credit as they did previously. Some people ended up innegative equity and were therefore more wary about spending money on luxury goods. Many retailgiants suffered as a result of this (Woolworths).

HospitalityPeople have less disposable income and so go out to bars, restaurants, and clubs less often

Public sector

The government announced a decrease in public spending, which meant decreasing the wage bill inthe public sector, so there were fewer jobs in this sector


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This usually refers to unpaid leave because a situation/emergency has arisen with regard to adependant (children, spouse, partner, elderly relative)

Some employers do offer paid compassionate leave Includes the right to attend a funeral

Holidays All employees are entitled to annual leave Again, this will be laid out in the contract of employment It refers to holidays above and beyond annual bank holidays Entitlement increases with every year spent working for the company

Health and Safety The employer must ensure the health and safety of all their employees, customers, and clients Health and Safety training must be taken by each member of staff Health and Safety signs and instructions must be clearly visible throughout the workplace Safe practises must be insisted on

Rights of an Employee A fair interview Evenly distributed working hours Holidays A break/lunch Good working conditions The minimum wage Data protection/confidentiality

To be treated as an equal Maternity/paternity leave Maternity/sick pay Regular Health and Safety checks To be a member of a Trade Union

How can employers make the workplace healthy and safe for employees? Provide safety equipment and protective clothing Make sure emergency exits are identified so employees know the quickest way to evacuate Provide adequate heating, light, and toilet/washing facilities

Train employees on use of specialist equipmentWhy is it essential for an employer to maintain high standards of health and safety in theworkplace?

To ensure employees health is not adversely affected The law states that employers must abide by all health and safety regulations: otherwise, they

will penalties imposed on them A healthy and safe working environment will mean that employees will carry out their tasks

more efficiently and therefore result in a more profitable organisation Safe environment means workers will become more motivated

Contract of Employment


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During the induction period, a new employee should receive a contract of employment. The contractmust be drawn up and signed within eight weeks of starting a new job. It is an agreement between theemployer and employee which sets out their rights, responsibilities, and duties, and it clearly illustrateswhat the employer and employee can expect of each other.It contains:

The name of the employer and the employee Start date Job title and job description Hours of work Rate of pay Holiday entitlement Sick pay Disciplinary procedure Period of notice required Maternity/paternity leave

Information about overtime

Explain why it is important to receive a contract of employment. (6 marks) It is a legal document which says exactly what is expected of you, states your starting date,

duties, and responsibilities, and must be given within eight weeks of starting work It states pension rights, redundancy pay, length of notice, and so on It can be used at an industrial trial (cases of unfair dismissal) It can be used by both employer and employee to defend their actions, as it highlights

grievance/disciplinary procedures It outlines arrangements for the payment of any commission, bonuses, or overtime

Right and Responsibilities

Salary Employee has the right to be paid fairly and on time for the work they do Employer has the responsibility to ensure employees are paid a fair wage on time, and to

ensure each employee is paying income tax and National Insurance

Career development Employee has the right to have opportunity for promotion Employer has the responsibility to ensure there are opportunities for career progression or

promotion

Health and Safety Employee has the right to be safe at work Employer has the responsibility to ensure employees are fully trained in the use of all

equipment in the workplace; to ensure all employees receive health and safety training; tofollow health and safety legislation

Compassionate leave Employee has the right to be shown consideration for personal matters Employer has the responsibility to allow unpaid time for family emergencies including funerals

as agreed in the terms and conditions of employment


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Holidays Employee has the right to have holidays Employer has the responsibility to ensure that all employees are allocated annual leave for

holidays

Legislation

Equality: Northern Ireland Act 2000This piece of legislation is different to the others as it goes beyond trying to eliminate discrimination bytrying to promote equality of opportunity. It states that public authorities must do all they can to promoteequality of opportunity when they are carrying out their jobs and writing policies in Northern Ireland.They must promote equality of opportunity between:

Different religious beliefs, political opinions, racial groups, ages, marital statuses, or sexualorientations

Men and women generally

Persons with a disability Persons with dependants and persons withoutThey must also promote good relations between persons of a different belief, political opinion, or racialgroup.

Gender: Sex Discrimination Act 1975 / Equal Pay ActThis legislation protects individuals from discrimination on the grounds of his/her sex or gender in theareas of employment, training, education, provision of goods, facilities, and services, and the sale andmanagement of premises.Employers cannot discriminate against people because of their sex if they are:

Applying for a job

Applying for promotion, transfer, or trainingEmployers have the responsibility to ensure men and women carrying out the same or similar work arepaid the same.

Race: Race Relations Act 1997This legislation protects individuals from discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality,ethnic, or national origin. It states that people involved in the provision of goods, facilities, services, or infurther and higher education cannot discriminate against anyone on the basis of race/ethnicity.Irish travelling community is specifically included as a racial group which cannot be discriminatedagainst.Employers cannot discriminate on racial grounds when someone applies for a job, and segregation onracial grounds is not allowed on account of the fact that we ve already been there and done that beforeslavery was abolished.

Disability: Disability Discrimination Act 1995This act gives rights to people in the areas of employment and access to goods, services, andpremises. It recognises that some disabled people need practical help in getting a job or accessingservices/Employers have to make reasonable adjustments to their employment practises or the workplace itselfto make sure people with a disability are not at a disadvantage.

Trade Union


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Describe the functions/roles of a Trade Union. (8 marks) Protect and improve the real living standards of their members (for example, pay) Protect workers against unfair dismissal (employment rights) Promote improvements in working conditions and health and safety issues Promote improvements in workplace training and education Campaign for protection of pension rights for union members

Advantages for Employee Can provide the employee with information on his/her rights, and keep the employee updated

with laws affecting his/her work Can negotiate for good working conditions relating to safety, working facilities, and working

environment Can represent the employee in times of grievances and disputes (over wages/holidays) Trade union will act as a mediator between employers and employees and ensure staff are

treated fairly

Trade unions can organise action to put pressure on an employee to make changes (strike, go-slow, work to rule, picket line) An employee can get advice and support from their trade union representative If an employee has a question regarding their contract of employment, they can ask the trade

union to clarify it A trade union will ensure there is career progression for employees

Disadvantages for Employee Trade union may call workers out on strike: the employees don t get paid, which results in loss

of earnings The expense of being a member of a trade union: there is a membership fee, so if the

employee does not avail of the service it could be seen as a waste of money The employee will have to abide by the decisions of the trade union, whether they agree or not If staff takes industrial action, this will disrupt production (loss of productivity), which the

employee will need to catch up when they return after strike action Strike action can cause serious stress, depression, and financial worries for employees

Advantages for Employer Unions and their members stand to gain from higher productivity The workforce is more flexible Improve working conditions and employment right so less likely to have any disputes Employers can deal with the shop steward (the representative of the union) instead of a

number of different employees Employers only need to distribute information to the trade unions, which then pass it on to itsmembers

Disadvantages to Employer They drive wages higher and employment lower than if the labour market was fully competitive They may prevent the introduction of new, flexible work practises They may delay the introduction of new technology Trade unions can encourage members to go against the company s wishes Industrial action can give the company a negative reputation, which could affect orders and

money coming into the business Industrial action from the whole staff can result in profit losses for the company


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Responsibilities of an Employee

LoyaltyEmployees should be loyal to their employer or the company they work for. Employees who work to thebest of their abilities have high productivity levels, which can influence profit levels. They promote thegood reputation of the company, which can attract new customers.

HonestyEmployees should be honest in all their dealings with colleagues and customers. Their employer shouldbe able to trust them to handle valuable items and money. This gives employees confidence andencouragement to be a better employee. Being honest also ensures no theft of goods, which couldresult in a loss of profit for a company, and a feeling of low morale among staff.

Health and SafetyEmployees must ensure their own safety and the safety of others. This will result in fewer accidents,

which can cause damage to a company s reputation. If employees are off sick due to injury, there arelower levels of production.

Time KeepingEmployees should be on time for work. It is essential for employees to be at work on time to carry outtheir duties. This ensures high productivity levels and customer satisfaction. If an employee is late forwork, a colleague may have to cover for them and this creates negative feelings in the workplace,which can lead to reduced levels of production.

Meeting DeadlinesIf deadlines are met, work will be produced on time, which leads to customer satisfaction and a goodreputation for the company and ultimately good profit levels.

ProfessionalismEmployees must act professionally in the workplace. This ensures that there is a level of respect and agood atmosphere in which to work. A good reputation will encourage staff to apply to work in thecompany. It will also attract customers if they know they will receive a professional service.

Failure to meet these responsibilities may result in the employer beginning the dismissalprocess:

Verbal warning

Written warning Formal written warning Dismissal (fired)

If an employee has been dismissed, it is very difficult to get a positive reference for future employment. Also, they may not be considered for promotion opportunities.

What rewards are there if an employee meets their responsibilities?Financial:

Bonus: extra payment, usually for reaching a target Commission: percentage of sales made a sales person (Belfast Telegraph) Profit-Sharing: employee receives a share of the profit

Non-Financial:


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Job rotation: moving around different jobs to prevent boredom Recognition/Status: employees may be recognised for their efforts (Employee of the Month) Consultation: employers may take the time to find out their employees views and be willing to

discuss their suggestions Fringe benefits: perks of the job (company car, pension scheme, mobile phone) Job enrichment: employees may be given more interesting, challenging, and more complex

tasks

What are the benefits of a highly motivated workforce? Improvements in quality of output workers take more pride in their work and produce better

quality products Productivity rises more is produced per worker, so the cost of making each product

decreases Fewer disputes fewer strikes Fewer staff leave this reduces the cost for the company as it is expensive to recruit and train

new staff Provides a stable and happy environment, which encourages staff to stay

Corporate Social Responsibility

Government DefinitionHow businesses take account of their economic, social, and environmental impacts in the way theyoperate maximising the benefits and minimising the downsides.

To be socially aware is to have knowledge of the world and the people around us.If a business is socially aware, they employ ethical strategies within the workplace. (Fair Trade)They may also be involved in local projects and charity work.They may be involved in raising money for local schools. (Tesco vouchers)

How can environmental issues be dealt with in the workplace? Investigate the issues Train staff in practises geared towards protecting the environment Offer incentives to staff who are following procedures Ensure machinery/vehicles/equipment are serviced Insulate the premises Encourage bags for life as opposed to giving plastic bags

Reducing/reusing/recycling waste materials Proper disposal of litter

How does being environmentally aware create jobs? Jobs in recycling Jobs in collecting recyclable materials Jobs in manufacturing goods from waste Sales jobs

How does being environmentally aware attract customers? Some customers will only use companies that are environmentally aware It will attract customers because they are making the extra effort to protect the environment It can attract other businesses to share practises


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It enhances the corporate image and therefore attracts more customers

Good Practise Cards

Economic Responsibility Turn the office heating system down a few degrees and have it check regularly (also

environmental) Replace all lighting with low energy bulbs (also environmental) Only print when necessary (also environmental) Buy and use fairly traded good, products, and services where available Donate to charitable causes (also social)

Social Responsibility Implement a customer care policy Support local businesses and industries Allow staff to use their expertise to guest-speak at local schools

Set up and promote flexible working hours Deal with suppliers and customers responsibly Provide measure to reduce stress in the workplace Offer work placements to schools Treat employees fairly Provide a safe working environment for staff and customers

Environmental Responsibility Recycle printer and toner cartridges Encourage staff to car share, walk, or use public transport (also economic) Make sure lights, computers, and other devices are switched off at the mains when not in use

(also economic) Buy, use, and sell environmentally friendly goods (also economic) Use recycled products Conduct a green audit

How climate change can affect a business Extreme weather conditions (floods, hurricanes, and other extreme weather conditions can

damage property and disrupt the business) Drought (lack of water has impact on health and safety) Poorer air quality (leads to air pollution impacts on employees and animals) Colder winters/hotter summers (leads to higher energy costs because of heating and air

conditioning requirements)

Inner City Renewal: This is the development of our city centres.

What effects does redevelopment have on employment? Generates employment in the construction industry (new apartments/office blocks/roads) More tourism, therefore more service jobs (Belfast Tour Bus/Tour Operator) Odyssey Arena and so on Leisure facilities Restaurants, cafes, and so on

Negative effects


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Large supermarkets are able to offer low-cost pricing, a bigger range, and unlimited freeparking. This competition means that corner shops won t sell as many goods and may closedown

Corner shops also create a sense of community, which can be wiped out by supermarkets Some people feel that the demise of the local shop affects the health of the population s lowest

earners, as it can lead to a lack of food shops and services in rural and poor areas

Unit 3 Issues of Self-Employment and Sources of Support

Learning Outcomes:Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:

The characteristics of an entrepreneur The advantages and disadvantages of being self-employed The support provided by the following agencies: the Department of Employment

and Training (DEL), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Invest NI,Enterprise NI, and the Prince s Trust

Learning Intentions:Students will be able to:

Identify the opportunities and risks involved in self-employment List the sources of finance available to an entrepreneur

Enterprise and Entrepreneurship

What is enterprise?When the term is mentioned, the immediate connection is with business. Entrepreneurship isconnected to the running of a successful business. Enterprise, on the other hand, is an ability we allbring to our daily lives in many ways. We are all enterprising, but we are not all entrepreneurs. Manyyoung people show enterprise by taking part in/organising community activities and events, developingnew interests, charity work, and fundraising.

Definition of Enterprise:The ability of an individual or group, using essential skills and attributes, to develop an original idea andbring it to a rewarding, successful conclusion.

Famous EntrepreneursBill Gates Founder of MicrosoftSteve Wozniak Founder of Apple ComputersCoco Chanel Founder of ChanelOprah Winfrey Founder of Harpo Productions

An idea We are all enterprising at different times and in different ways, but all new projects have to start with anidea something new or novel.

Enterprising Qualities


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Having an idea is at the heart of enterprise, but other qualities are also required. These include: Creativity Persuasion Networking Focussed Leader Listening Flexible Good communicator Able to take risks Enthusiastic Determined to succeed Innovative

Where can entrepreneurs find money for a business?

Personal savings Sale of an asset (like their house) Overdraft (short-term loan from a bank) Bank loan Credit cards Investors (people who put money into the business for a share of the profits) Government assistance

Advantages of Self-Employment Financial:

o You get the profitso You get the money to reinvest in what you want, such as other businesses

o You can make lots of money from owning your own business and so can have a highquality lifestyle

Non-Financialo You are in control, andyou are your own boss. You don t have to answer to a superior,

and you make the decisionso You can work when you want to and so make your hours fits around your family and

lifestyleo You will have the satisfaction of working on something you feel passionately abouto Running a successful business will boost your confidence and self-esteem

Disadvantages of Self-Employment Financial

o You may lose the money that you have invested in the businesso You may have difficulty with cash flow (money coming in and out of the business),

which affects your own personal financeso You have to deal with the ebbs and flows of the economy your business may be

affected by a poor economic climate Non-Financial

o You may not be an expert in all areas of the businesso You are the only person responsible for the business and the staffo You may need a lot of motivation


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How it Helps: guidance on areas around tourism, innovation, energy, global markets, andhealth and safety

Examples of Assistance: a place to go for information. It has policies and statistics thatentrepreneurs may find useful when researching or conducting business

Invest Northern Ireland (NI) Role: part of DETI and gives assistance to new and existing businesses on starting up or

growing their business domestically or internationally. Also attracts new business to NI Support Provided: Go for it programme and Growth programme offer advice on exporting and

global trading and encourage foreign investment to set up in NI How it Helps: meetings, workshops, and training seminars (on finance planning, IT, marketing,

design, and so on), mentoring support from experts, business clinics where problems can bediscussed and hopefully solved

Examples of Assistance: personal business advisors, training and workshops, one to onementoring, networking opportunities, online support, support to develop business plans, offergrants, organises international trade fairs

Enterprise Northern Ireland (NI) Role: represents the Local Enterprise Agency in NI. These are independent, local, not-for-profit

companies that try to help support small business development and encourage economicdevelopment activity in NI

Support Provided: representation of the interests of Local Enterprise Agencies with governmentagencies, private companies, and NGOs working in enterprising and economic development. Also provides services for small businesses such as funding and information

How it Helps: guidance on grants and initiatives available to small businesses, professionaladvice from experienced business people, advice on programmes available to help businesses

and entrepreneurs grow and develop Examples of Assistance: help with financial assistance, help with finding businessaccommodation, help with new technologies, help with using programmes such as Go for it

Princes Trust Role: helps young people aged eighteen to thirty who are unemployed to start up their own

business Support Provided: advice on employment options that are available, business training,

business planning, funding, and guidance from a mentor How it Helps: downloadable guides with help in areas such as business planning, finding

premises, sales and marketing, managing finances, legalities, taxation, and business behaviour Examples of Assistance: 24-hour helpline, virtual office space, online accounting system, web-

designing, town and country market opportunities to sell goods and services, money grants

Explain two ways a business support agency may help an entrepreneur set up a new business. Provide with advice, support, guidance so that they will be informed of all help available Assist them with raising capital in order to help finance their business Provide specialist advice on skills needed to set up business so they can sort out any problems

that they may encounter Low cost loans Grants


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Unit 4 The Impact of Globalisation on Employment

Learning Outcomes:Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:

The impact of global economic changes on Northern Ireland: for example,changing employment patterns, migration and immigration, and the growth of newtechnologies

Learning Intentions:Students will be able to:

Define the terms globalisation , import , and export . Explain why globalisation has taken place Examine the implications of the global market on Northern Ireland Evaluate the impact of the global market on Northern Ireland Identify the jobs that may become available in Northern Ireland as a result of

globalisation Identify the changing employment patterns in Northern Ireland and explain why

they are changing Definemigration , emigration , and immigration . Identify the key reasons why people leave their home country to come to

Northern Ireland Evaluate the impact of migrant workers in Northern Ireland Identify how technology is changing and the impact this will have on the jobs

available in Northern Ireland

Globalisation: The integration of economic, cultural, social, political, and technological systems acrossthe world. It results in a greater movement of people, capital, goods, and ideas across boundaries.

Import: To bring or carry in from an outside source, especially from a foreign country, for trade or sale

Export: To send or transport abroad, especially for trade or sale

Why would a business go global? This can be summed up by the three Cs: Cost, Climate, andCompetition.

Cost: It is cheaper to produce some goods in other countries rather than in Northern Ireland, due tofactors such as cheaper workforce, cheaper raw materials, or cheaper utilities. The benefit to theconsumer is that products sold in shops may be cheaper. The benefit to the business is possibly moreprofit if the cost of producing goods is lowered.

Climate: Some countries can produce goods that cannot be produced in Northern Ireland coffee, forexample so the goods are imported here for sale. We import fruit and vegetables from other countrieswhere they can be grown all year. The benefit to the consumer is a greater choice of goods. The benefitto the business is that a greater choice of goods means more customers.


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Competition: There may be an opportunity to sell products in other countries in competition with otherglobal or local businesses. The goods or services a business could sell may not be on offer in anothercountry, or they may be able to provide highly quality or cheaper goods or services. The benefit to theconsumer is more choice and products and services of higher quality. The benefit to the business isthat selling products in other countries could result in increased profit and more job opportunities.

Why do you think globalisation has taken place? Improvements in technology, particularly the internet. Other components of modern technology

that have also played a part are email, video-conferencing, mobile communications, networkedcomputers, and digital television.

Better transport systems International trade

The Benefits of Globalisation: To the Business

o Gives the business a larger market and so this could lead to increased sales o Export opportunities in a global market, which can lead to increased profit o The opportunity to learn more efficient business methods through the sharing of ideas

with other countries in the global market To the Employee

o Opportunity for employees to gain new skills or promotion as the business expandsand new jobs become available

To the Consumero Variety of products and services and a larger range of goods or service providers o Increased competition can lead to better value

To Northern Irelando Opportunity to trade on an equal basis with countries all over the world o Attracting investments in jobs/communities in Northern Ireland o Tourism into Northern Ireland o Civic pride as the country is able to compete in a global market o Education, community, and business links (town-twinning) o Building relationships with countries around the world

The Drawbacks of Globalisation: To the Business

o More competition for local businesses o Closure of businesses due to the increased competition of being in a global market o Fluctuation in money markets if a business is importing into the UK the price of the

good will depend on the strength of the pound against the currency of the other country o Money will be needed for retraining of staff to work in a global market o Language barriers it can be difficult to communicate in a market where a different

language is spoken o Transport arrangements can be expensive and take time to organise, which may mean

that the business will not make money in the short term To the Employee

o Redundancies due to under-pricing from foreign businesses o Pressure may be placed on employees to travel to other countries and to remain there

to establish the business

Town-Twinning


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Town-twinning started after the Second World War as a way of building strong links and friendshipswith communities in other countries. Its central ideas are to build international cooperation andunderstanding within a diverse cultural framework.Special emphasis is placed on the involvement of young people, who serve as the foundation of thefuture. Another important goal is the exchange of ideas and innovation among the partner cities for the

benefit of all sections of the twinned communities.

The Impact of GlobalisationAdvantages

Worldwide communications have improved Increased communication means we can learn more about each other Population is more diverse and cosmopolitan More people are recognising the importance of protecting the environment There are more jobs in poor countries (call centres) Countries with a shortage of skilled workers are actively promoting employment opportunities

It is possible to buy more exotic foods and goods at affordable prices A wider market means an increase in sales and therefore more money Get ahead of competitors because your business is more well known

Disadvantages Companies who find it too expensive to do business in Northern Ireland will relocate to

countries where costs are lower Language barriers Strive for increased profit may result in slave labour Increased movement of people and trading links can lead to the spread of disease in humans,

plants, and animals Logistics: how do you physically transport the good around the world and deal with delays? Many companies in Great Britain and Northern Ireland cannot compete against countries like

India and China Globalisation can have a negative effect on the environment Many highly skilled people leave poorer countries to come to (for example) Northern Ireland to

earn money, which means fewer jobs for natives Some companies relocate overseas where wages are much lower

Employment Patterns

Employment patterns refer to the types of jobs we do, who employs us, and how many of us are

employed at a given time.

Primary Sector: Farming, fishing, mining, oil drilling, forestrySecondary sector: Manufacturing, constructionTertiary sector: Services business and public

Different Types of Employment: Permanent (full- and part-time): An employee with paid leave entitlements and a work contract ofunlimited duration.Temporary (full- and part-time): An employee with a fixed term contract.Seasonal: A worker who finds work in certain seasons, such as Christmas.

Freelance: A person who sells services to employers without a long term commitment to any of them.Tele-working: Working from home.


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Different Types of Employer: Self-employed: this is when you work for yourself.Public sector: working for the government.Private sector: working for a private business.

Changes in Employment Patterns

Shift from manufacturing to services. There has been a long decline in manufacturingindustries such as shipbuilding, and a growth in service industries such as banking, IT, andtourism.

Rising female employment. Noticeably in service industries. Rise of flexible employment patterns. Including greater part-time employment and a switch

towards short-term contracts. Expansion of self-employment. Now over three million people register as self-employed.

Long term rise in part-time employment. Higher long-term employment. Growing scale of economic inactivity. Particularly for males over the age of fifty, lone

parents, and people with disabilities.

Why are such changes occurring? Advances in technology. These changes bring about a change in the jobs offered and skills

required by employers. The introduction of machinery and computerisation in many industrieshas resulted in a reduction in staff and trends are now based on computerisation.

Availability of appropriately skilled workers. Because of developments in technology and in aglobal market, employees need to learn new skills for the growing tertiary sector.

Cost of labour force. As a result of globalisation, many companies based in Northern Irelandhave decided to have their goods produced abroad because of the cheaper workforce. Peopleemployed in factories in Northern Ireland therefore face losing their jobs and having to retrain tohave the employability and technological skills that are most sought after.

Migration: The process of moving between countries.Emigration: The movement of people out of a country. Emigrate from Ireland. Immigration: The movement of people into a country. Immigrate to Australia.

Reasons why People Migrate: Employment other countries may have more job opportunities than Northern Ireland Moving to a place where your skills are required some countries have a skills shortage, and if

you have the skill that is sought after, you may be offered an incentive to go and work there Better pay and conditions this can be the case if the country is more developed and more

modern Better standard of living if there are more activities to participate in or more amenities in the

country due to climate To avoid war many people do not want to remain in a country that is being ravaged by war To avoid persecution in countries where human rights are abused For medical treatment if the country has superior medical services To avoid racism in some countries, certain people face violence or live in fear of their lives

because of their race Retirement to go and live in a place with a better climate and standard of living


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Reuniting families if they have been separated for many years and decide to come backtogether

To return to their country of birth to see family again or just experience their place of birth

Reasons why People leave their Homes to come to Northern Ireland: Northern Ireland offers higher salaries than some other countries UK-based employment agencies may have travelled to an immigrant s country and offered

work Northern Ireland has a better standard of living in terms of housing, education, and healthcare

than some other countries

Advantages to Migrant Workers (of migrating): Better pay Better life Better education system and health service

Most people are welcomingDisadvantages to Migrant Workers (of migrating): Racism Poorly paid work Prejudice Poor housing conditions Language barrier Exclusion from society

Reasons why People leave Northern Ireland and Migrate Elsewhere: Unhappy with the post-conflict situation A warmer, dryer climate Attracted to a different culture Opportunities for children education, sport Better career opportunities promotion, need for skills Change of lifestyle and type of living outdoor activities, beach lifestyles, large city

environment

Advantages of Emigration from Northern Ireland: The people leaving may gain a better standard of living Better job opportunities and chances of promotion

Emigration is not permanent, and people who have emigrated may return, bringing back theirexperience and expertise to be put to good use and shared

Disadvantages of Emigration from Northern Ireland: Brain Drain loss of highly skilled professionals Loss of highly skilled professionals can lead to jobs not being filled The movement of one individual can cause a chain reaction in a family and filter out into a

community

The Impact of the Growth of New Technologies on Northern Ireland

How has new technology affected our lives?


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The ability to use computers at home and access the World Wide Web has influenced our lifestyles. Wecan now shop online, compare prices and communicate with each other without leaving the house.These facilities have been enhanced further by smartphones, which means we can now use the WorldWide Web on the move.

Advantages of New Technology Ease of access to information Ease of access to price comparisons Ease of communication Home entertainment Ability to work from home

Disadvantages of New Technology Information overload Price comparison can be time-consuming and often does not include transport/delivery costs Dangerous, as people can be subject to abuse and fraud

Impact of New Technology on BusinessesPositive:

Improved motivation of workers as most employees enjoy being part of a business that investsin modern technology and which is achieving success due to this. People enjoy learning aboutnew technologies and learning new skills in it.

New technologies can result in high levels of production and more efficient production whichcan lead to increased sales and improved profits

The development of new products would be easier with modern technology and a businesswould benefit from a larger range of products. This in turn would attract customers, gainingmore sales and improve profit.

New technologies may increase administrative efficiencies of a business and thus improvecommunication (internet, email, Skype, iPad)

The growth in online shopping can save the business money in the long run as there is lessneed for fancy premises and showrooms. Also, it cuts out the middleman.

The uses of a very wide range of products/services are available and easily accessible so thishas changed people s lifestyles in a variety of ways.

Negative: People must be adaptable and willing to learn new skills. This could mean undertaking training

programmes, which they could find stressful employees need to have skills based aroundcomputerisation.

The workforce could become less skilled as the technology does most of the work for them. Through time, new technology may mean fewer workers (redundancies), and this will affect

employment levels in the locality individuals need to learn new skills in order to obtain futureemployment.

More competition for local businesses through the use of the World Wide Web. The use of the internet has lessened the amount of physical exercise and social interaction of

many people.

Jobs for the Future A 2012 article predicted that these jobs would be in demand in 2020, due to the impact that newtechnology will have on society s needs, wants, and desires.


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Environmental: Jobs to reduce human environmental impact. Jobs to measure the environment impacton business.Advanced Manufacturing : Product design using mechanical engineering, electronics, controlsengineering, and computers to make materials for use in technologies such as self-healing compositematerials for use on aircraft, ships, and spacecraft.

Robots and Artificial Intelligence : Jobs where robots can perform tasks more efficiently than humans,such as types of surgery. Jobs where artificial intelligence can predict or give answers faster thanhumans can (search engines).Education : Jobs for teachers and lecturers to retrain and re-skill the population, especially throughonline courses.Renewable Energy : Jobs to generate and sustain renewable fuels such as solar, wind, tidal, andhydrogen.Augmented Reality : Jobs that will allow the world of the internet, 3D, and reality to collide in the formof 3D visors connected to Bluetooth devices and digital architecture.Social Services : Jobs that will cater for an aging population (nurses, home carers).Food: Jobs for people involved in organic and locally produced food.

Mass Production Means producing large volumes of an identical, standardised product, continuously on a productionline.

You can only mass produce something if there is a mass market for it.

Advantages: Each employee is practiced at one particular task, so can work faster. Lengthy training is avoided, so saves money. Time saved because not moving from one job to another.

More items produced in a given period of time, and therefore more profit. Tools and machinery are used economically as each employee only requires tools needed tocarry out one particular task.

Disadvantages: Work can be very repetitive for the employee, resulting in boredom. Motivation is low there is no incentive to take pride in work. If machinery breaks down or strikes take place in one section, production is halted throughout

the whole workplace. Redundant employees find it difficult to find out other work because they are so narrowly

trained. High cost of purchase and installation of equipment.

J and B Games Ltd has decided to target the global market. Evaluate the impact of theirdecision on their business.Positive:

A wider market will provide the business with the opportunity to be ahead of its competitors. Having access to a global market should make the business better known. Advertising costs should prove quite minimal. Sales through the global market should increase overall sales and hence lead to greater profits. The business could save money as a result of not having to pay for expensive showrooms and

premises.

The business will remain open twenty-four hours a day, so this means that the businessprovide opportunities for round the clock sales.


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Negative: The business needs to be able to meet the demands of increased sales (more staff, bigger

premises, and so on). Needs to take account of the logistics of physically transporting goods all around the world. Product needs to be differentiated to suit a worldwide market.

Explain two benefits to a company of using ICT in its Head Office. It can store vast amounts of information relating to the business on its computer (stock

records). It enables its office workers to communicate throughout the world using email, video

conferencing, and the internet. Word processors produce greater quantity of material in a shorter period of time. It may enhance the public image of the business. It may be used to store customer details on a database so they may be contacted with details

of special offers and so on.

They can access stock levels in other stores in order to satisfy customer needs.

Evaluate the effects of using mass production techniques in the workplace. Positive:

Each employee is practiced at one particular task, so can work faster. Lengthy training is avoided, so saves money. Time saved, because they are not moving from one job to another. More items produced in a given period of time, and therefore more profits. Tools and machinery are used economically, as each employee only requires tools needed to

carry out one particular task.Negative:

Work can be very repetitive for the employee, resulting in boredom. Motivation is low, as there is no incentive to take pride in work. If machinery breaks down or strikes take place in one section, production is halted throughout

the whole workplace. Redundant employees find it difficult to find other work because they are so narrowly trained. High cost of purchase and installation of equipment.

International Trade is very important to the economy of a country. Evaluate the effects upon abusiness of trading with other countries. Positive:

By trading with other countries, a business can sell its goods in greater quantities, which willlead to increased profits for a business. Increased sales will inevitably lead to high levels of production in the business, which will

provide employment for more people. Trading with other countries increases the variety of goods available to purchase, which will

create a better standard of living for the consumer. Trading with other countries may result in the business being able to buy raw materials/goods

cheaper than buying at home. Fair trade issues.

Negative: It will be faced with competition, because there are so many more manufacturers trying to sell

their own products.


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Documents

GCSE LLW Employability Notes