GCNU Journal ISSN: 1858-6228 م ع(،) جم( نيلينلا ةعماج -ايلعلا ...neelain.edu.sd/mmacpanel/includes/magazines/pdf/3_26_7.pdf · 2017-06-06 · GCNU Journal ISSN:

GCNU Journal ISSN: 1858-6228م 2/1/2017 (26ع)،(7مج)جامعة النيلين - مجلة الدراسات العليا

162

The Effect of Gum Arabic on Extra Transmission from Polystyrene/Zn++

Hybrid Photonic Crystal

Mubarak Mohammed Ahmed1, Hatim Mohammed Al-khair Dirar

1,2

1Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain

University

2College of Science, Imam Muhammad Ibin Saud Islamic University, KSA

Abstract

Polystyrene (PS) photonic crystal doped with Zn++

prepared by foam reaction

method had showed an extraordinary transmission peaks after adding Gum

Arabic .such transmission enhancement can be attributed the strong plasmons-

plaritons coupling. From other hand the enhancement might be due to the

formation of PS/ZnO hybrid photonic crystal as being depicted from the nearest

band edge absorption around 300nm. Hybrid photonic Plasmonic crystals

characterized by strong coupling between photonic and Plasmonic crystals

excitations, dielectric photonic crystal is used as template for deposition of

metal films, the hybridization operation which is depend on the chemical

reaction that is used .In this work foam reaction is used as to fabricate photonic

crystal. Hybrid process might increased or reduced the transmission, by

increasing or reducing reflections, because of the corrugated and formed thin

film metal that make coupling with surface plasmons plaritons modes through a

thin film ,results of bands of increasing transmission and the reflection reduced

,which causes an extraordinary transmission peaks which were shown in this

study .the increasing of the transmission is due to the corrugated layers which is

caused by Zn metal under the polystyrene particles ,these layers make total

internal reflection leads to the increasing of the transmission, and this reduced

reflection on the polystyrene particles which is self-assembled.

The key words: polystyrene photonic crystal, ZnO, foam reaction, extra

transmission, surface plasmons plaritons.


163

Introduction:

Colloidal particles has become wide spread approach for fabricating two

dimensional(2D) periodic structures with different topologies, which is being

applicable in different fields such as biosensors or microelectronics [1] where,

the field of photonics is aimed to control light propagation and emission. Over

the last few years two dimensional periodic spheres systems fabricated from

mono-layers (MLs) of dielectric spheres, has acted as photonic crystals

[2].Experimental and theoretical studies were used intensively so as to invent

new devices that modify the emission from thin films of semiconductor nano-

crystals [3] or micro-lens arrays to enhance light extra-action from light

emitting diodes (LEDs) [4] which has been recently manipulated.

Nanostructures materials that based on self-assembly techniques can be used

also fabricate Plasmonic structures. The characteristic of these photonics had

said to be very sensitive to metallic topology as well as the degree of co self-

assembly of the other modified growth techniques, such as electro-chemical

deposition, can be achieved or built structures with novel and high quality

fabrication. The ordered systems of metal nano-voids have an efficient way for

controlling the dispersion relation of surface Plasmon combing both localized

and delocalized plasmons [5,6], also periodic structured metals, which obtained

by this way have been successfully used as substrates for surface enhanced

Raman spectroscopy (SERS) (7) Recently hybrid Plasmonic- photonic crystals

has been used, by combination of photonic and Plasmonic crystals so as to

obtain impressive field enhancement at sub-wavelength scales. In these systems

losses associated with plasmons are suppressed. These structures have a

potential application as waveguides [8], and cascade lasers [9].on the other

hand one can synthesized self-assembled mono-layers of dielectric spheres

deposited over Plasmon supporting substrate where photonic, Plasmonic, and

hybrid modes co-exist [15,16].In this study two dimensional Plasmonic –

photonic polystyrene crystals has been fabricated by using modified self-

assembly foam reaction method. The photonic structure obtained had acquired

enhanced transmission. Hydrogen peroxide is used as foam agent in acidic

medium, when zinc metal was added in the container filled with polystyrene

colloidal, foam reaction was started, Gum Arabic added as foam stabilizer and

emulsifier. Therefore, ZnO is synthesized during the reaction, with variety of

zinc metal amount hybridization operation has been formed, this amazing thing

is shown from the characterization of thin film constructed on the glass

substrate, by self-assembly method ,in the second part polystyrene photonic


164

crystal opal is infiltrated with ZnO that has been preparated in our laboratory by

hydrothermal method, also the characterization of the thin film which deposited

on the substrate show the extra-ordinary transmission spectrum as the result of

hybridization operation between Plasmonic and photonic crystals. Flat metallic

films can support surface plasmons plaritons (SPPs), which are occurred

according to coherent oscillations of surface charge density bound at the metal

surface [12 ], or even excited through prism or grating-based coupling schemes

.Nano-structured metallic films may also give rise to local surface plasmons

resonances which, in contrast with propagating surface plasmon plaritons, are

confined around the nano-structure, and display higher local field intensity [13 ]

.Two dimensional photonic crystal with mono-layers of spheres also support

guided resonances by coupling of leaky modes of the irradiative modes of the

surrounding environment[ ],photonic and Plasmonic have a resonant

phenomena, which are characterized by peculiar spectral features ad selectivity.

In particular, they display or show a strong sensitivity in term of wavelength

shift lead to changes in the refractive properties of the local surrounding

environment. Lassiter et. al. (2010) some recent studies [ 15,16] have

demonstrated the very promising potentials of hybrid Plasmonic-photonic

platform based on metallo- dielectric nano-structures. The potential interplay

between Plasmonic and photonic crystals resonance, 2D nano-structured

metallo –dielectric Plasmonic-photonic crystals have been successfully

synthesized by self- assembly techniques, of a dielectric photonic crystal

structure, mono-layers of colloidal spheres on a metallic film. Such hybrid

structures show very high quality factor Plasmonic-photonic resonant modes,

which have high degree of tenability and strong sensitivity to external materials

deposited on the dielectric photonic crystals or opals. Therefore, Plasmonic-

photonic structures based on periodic nano-structure, which can be easily

fabricated through self-assembly technique [17]. Here in his study

experimentally hybrid photonic-Plasmonic crystals which has been fabricated

with above modified method, in this method opal photonic crystal was formed

via foam reaction, two experiments, in the first one hybridization occurred

during the chemical reaction this is shown by characterized thin film that

formed on glass substrate, here ZnO was formed during the foam reaction, but

in the second one ZnO was doped in the colloidal solution of polystyrene ,and

the foam reaction was done only by adding foam agent which is hydrogen

peroxide in acidic medium, also hybridization operation was occurred. The field

of Plasmonic has an interesting area for fundamental studies, and with important


165

applications possibilities in fabrication of photonic crystals. Plasmonic crystals

are a particular relevance because of large field enhancements and extraordinary

transmission that rise form Plasmonic interaction between periodic arrays of

metallic elements [12] .Surface plasmons are coherent oscillations of electrons

at metal-dielectric interface, that exist either in localized or propagating forms

[12].The applications plasmons have a wide ranging like biological and

chemical sensors, waveguide [18], Raman scattering [19], Optical

modulation[20], Bragg reflector[21],photo-detection[22], lasers[23],and solar

energy generation[24].Plasmonic interaction can be modified by the mean of

controlling the shapes and sizes of the metal structures[25] and the type of

metal[26]. L. Landstrom et. al.(2009) synthesized close packed monolayer of

amorphous silica or polystyrene micro-spheres deposited on quartz using

colloidal suspensions ,the mono-layers were covered with different metals (Ag,

Au ,Ni),also they used standard evaporation techniques, they study zero

collected transmission with covering the upper half of single spheres, while the

lower is uncoated they noted that films deposited onto the microspheres arrays

exhibit a poly/nano crystalline structure which may alter the optical properties

of the metal relative to bulk values used in calculations. In the present study

polystyrene spheres were used for fabricating photonic crystal by new method,

which is foam reaction, by using foam agent like hydrogen peroxide or sodium

peroxide in acidic (hydrochloric acid) medium of polystyrene colloidal solution

different vials, and Zn metal was added, the cleaned glass slides immersed in

the vial vertically for few time the ejected and characterized by 1240 UV-Vis

spectrometry, for optical properties of transmission and absorption spectra.

Materials and Experimental Details

Specific weight of polystyrene latex was dissolved in acetone as a chosen

solvent, the solution subjected to a continuous steering; hydrogen peroxide is

added as a foam agent and pillowed by Zn++

solution, also small amount of

Gum Arabic was used in the colloidal of polystyrene as a foam stabilizer and

emulsifier, after white foam was obtained, the PH of the colloidal solution was

chosen such that the foam will continue rising. The glass slides were cleaned by

well known route of cleaning, the glass ware immersed at tilting angle and kept

for few days, in the presence study the time is varied between 12 hours and ten

days .After that the glass was removed and dried in air, after drying the

formation of Bragg reflections was detected. The samples were collected and

characterized by transmission spectra experiments, also absorption spectra used


166

to characterize the film that formed on the glass slides. By using 1240 UV-Vis

spectrometer, in the present study two main experiments was used, the first one

foam reaction as new method for synthesizing photonic crystal is used,

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) and Zn metal was added to the colloidal crystal of

polystyrene, metal weight is varied and also the PH, ZnO was added in the

colloidal solution of polystyrene spheres instead of Zn metal .In the second part

of the experiment, foam reaction here is done only by adding H2O2 as foam

agent, but polystyrene colloidal solution was doped with ZnO prepared by

hydrothermal method, in those two experiments self-assembly method is used

and glass substrates were immersed vertically with small tilting angle. High

extraordinary transmission was showed in photonic microspheres that formed,

indicated that the thin film of photonic crystal was covered with Zn metal or

ZnO during the foam reaction which was used .On the other hand, when Zn

metal was substituted with ZnO that we prepared by hydrothermal method is

doped with polystyrene colloidal crystal, the thin film that was fabricated also,

and the extraordinary transmission is shown.

Result and Discussions

In this work photonic crystal was fabricated by self-assembly method,

polystyrene spheres were used as synthesizing nano particles, by using foam

reaction method, which can lead polystyrene particle to rise up from the bottom

of the vial as bottom- up technique, and also to support these particle with

energy so as to deposit on the glass substrate that immersed vertically in the vial

such as to achieve self-assembly deposition for polystyrene spheres ,in first

part Zn metal was added with two different amounts .0.12gram, and

0.16gram, L. Landstron and co-workers(2009) different of(SiO2) or polystyrene

spheres deposited the mono-layer covered with metals (Ag, Au, Ni) the

characterization showed an extraordinary transmission peaks results of the

polycrystalline structures[], but in present work only one peak of an

extraordinary transmission spectrum results of mono-crystalline structure.(

Sergei G. Romanov et. al. ,2012), prepared metal-dielectric structure by

deposition method , they obtained transmission and reflection spectra that

increased the transmission peak and reduced the reflection, also extraordinary

transmission one is shown by others. In the present paper figures (1) and (2)

showed the extraordinary transmission, in the first experiment sample is

without Gum Arabic but in second experiment it used. In figure (3) comparison


167

between spectrum 1and 2 was done, in figure three and four a different

extraordinary transmission and extraordinary absorption spectra respectively

show the effect of Gum Arabic. The extraordinary transmission spectra are very

high when Gum Arabic is used. The same effect is shown in figure four, the

spectra of thin film that formed when ZnO was added with different

concentrations to the colloidal of polystyrene as shown in figures (6, 7). The

extraordinary transmission spectra that showed results from hybridization

process that occurred between photonic and Plasmonic crystal during

fabrication process, in figure (5) and (6) Zn metal with amount o.16 gram is

added to the colloidal solution ,when the slide is removed from the vial after

12hour and dried ,the characterization of the spectrum show extraordinary

transmission spectra, when another glass was immersed in the same vial after 12

hours of the beginning of the reaction ,removed after 4days the characterization

of it show photonic crystal transmission, results that there is no hybridization

process, this means Zn metal nano particles size were become large and became

bulk or might become small amont. Therefore, the enhancement arises because

of confined effect of the apertures in the arrays; these apertures might be as the

result of Gum Arabic. This affect on interference and diffraction of the surface

wave excited by light incident on the performed metal surface, Plasmonic

crystal may further enhance the extraordinary transmission through the metallic

film that formed, and the metallic particle acts as oscillator and corresponding

resonance behavior determined the properties of the crystal that performed

results of combination of photonic- Plasmonic crystal. Such Plasmonic

resonance induced charges pile on the surface of the metals, and those charges

induce electromagnetic fields on the surroundings of the surface and fields are

enhanced [28]. This enhancement is very important for many photonic

applications, such as spectroscopy and sensing because the plasmons have

sensitivity to a very small charge on the dielectric function of the surroundings,

which can produce a large spectral shift.

Conclusions

In the present work photonic crystal was fabricated with a new method which is

foam reaction, during the process Zn metal is added, the hybridization process

occurred between the metal particles and the polystyrene latex, the

characterization of the thin film show an extraordinary transmission and

ordinary one also, this is according to the foam reaction condition and the

amount of metal or metal oxide that was added.


168

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

Tra

nsm

issio

n

Wavelength(nm)

hybrid plasmon-photonic nogum

Figure(1):Extraordinary transmission spectrum result of doping polystyrene

spheres with ZnO prepared by hydrothermal method ,the foam reaction without

gum Arabic and without adding Zn metal

Figure :( 2) Extraordinary transmission spectrum result of doping polystyrene

spheres with ZnO, the foam reaction without adding Zn metal but in presence of

gum Arabic

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

Transmission

wavelength(nm)

hybrib+gum


169

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 60050

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Tra

nsm

issio

n

wavelength(nm)

hybrid without gum(black)

hybrid with gum(red)

Figure (3): An extraordinary transmission spectra of polystyrene spheres doped

with ZnO, black without gum, red with gum


170

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Ab

so

rptio

n

wavelength(nm)

(without gum)

(with gum)

Figure (4): An extraordinary absorption spectra of polystyrene opal photonic

crystal doped with ZnO :( black) in absence of gum Arabic, (red) in presence of

gum Arabic


171

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

Tra

sm

issio

n

wavelength(nm)

after 12hours(ma8)

Figure(5):extraordinary transmission spectrum of polystyrene photonic crystal

prepared through foam reaction by adding foam agent and Zn metal with

amount equal to 0.16gram the deposition time 12 hours


172

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

Tra

nsm

issio

n

wavelength(nm)

after4 days(mb8)

Figure(6): ordinary transmission spectrum of polystyrene photonic crystal

prepared through foam reaction by adding foam agent and Zn metal with

amount equal to 0.16gram the deposition time is 4days


173

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

B

A

(ma4)

Figure(7): transmission spectrum of polystyrene photonic crystal prepared

through foam reaction by adding foam agent and Zn metal with amount equal to

0.12gram the deposition time 12 hours


174

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Tra

nsm

issio

n

wavelength(nm)

4days(mb4)



0.12gram the deposition time 4 days


175

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

Tra

nsm

issio

n

wavelngth(nm)

10daysmc4)



0.12gram the deposition time 10days


176

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

T%

wavelength(nm)

12hours( black)

7days( red)

10days(blue)

Figure(10):samples ma4,mb4,mc4.: ordinary transmission spectrum of

polystyrene photonic crystal prepared through foam reaction by adding foam

agent and Zn metal with weight equal to 0.12gram the deposition time 12 hours

,7days,10days, the spectra are black, red, and blue respectively.


177

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Documents

GCNU Journal ISSN: 1858-6228 م ع(،) جم( نيلينلا ةعماج -ايلعلا ...neelain.edu.sd/mmacpanel/includes/magazines/pdf/3_26_7.pdf · 2017-06-06 · GCNU Journal ISSN: