Gce PE Unit 1 - PENNOCK Qs

WORDING OF EXAM QUESTIONS

Describe = give a detailed account of Define= state the exact meaning Discuss = explain, then give 2 sides of the issue & any implications Explain= give details about how and why something is soIllustrate= make clear, usually requires the use of carefully chosen examples * USE UP TO DATE EXAMPLES

Unit 1a REVISION – Mrs Pennock

Detailed help on resource

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Detailed help on resource

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Week by week

content coverage

Week by week

content coverage

Exemplar

activities

Exemplar

activities

Learning outcome

Learning outcome

Edexcel GCE Physical EducationUnit 1

Unit 1 — Participation in Sport and Recreation

Section A — Healthy and Active lifestyles

Mrs Pennock Dubai British School 2010/11 COHORT 2

Content Chapter / Page Exam Questions

Requirements for participation:

Fitness, ability, resources, time.

Concepts of recreation and active leisure:

Philosophy of mass participation, sport for all.

Student book Chapter 1.

Student book task page 5 .

Student book task page 12.

Teachers Resource Pack.

Worksheets 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 .

Identify four requirements for participation in active leisure and recreation. (4) (2009) 1. fitness2. ability3. resources4. time

Explain how each of these 4 requirements restricts access for a specific target group. (4) (2009) NB the underlined phrases identify the requirements and the groups.Other applied examples too be accepted.1. a lack of fitness might prevent the sedentary person from feeling that they are able to take part2. a perception that a person lacks the same level of skill/or ability as others might inhibit participation from younger groups3. insufficient equipment or a lack of the perceived “right” equipment/ resources could prevent participation from the lower social socio economic groups4. being too busy/ lack of time can prevent the women with families / pressures of work life balance from taking part

Selecting two of the requirements for participation identify strategies that have been introduced in order to maximise participation (2) (2009) Requirements must be identified and then linked to the specific strategy. Any 2 from1. fitness - variations of activities/wider variety of activities available/modified / balanced similar levels (ref age i.e. 50+)2. ability - taster sessions for beginners/like ability/3. resources – providing more and better facilities / providingequipment / cheaper hire costs / concessions / programming /advertising campaigns /4. time – crèche / child care / availability of facilities at differenttimes/ extra time on schools P.E. programmes

Explain what is meant by the terms healthy and active lifestyle. (2) (10)1. Healthy lifestyle is when diet, exercise and work life balance are considered and managed appropriately / balanced diet with regular exercise / the definition of healthy lifestyle is being applied

Edexcel GCE in Physical Education Scheme of work © Edexcel Limited 2010 3

Please learn

2. Active lifestyle is when a person regularly takes part in physical activity.

Define the terms health, fitness and exercise. (3) (2009) 1. health is defined as a complete state of physical and mental wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease2. fitness is defined as the ability to meet the demands of the sportingenvironment/ without undue fatigue3. exercise is a physical activity that leads to a positive physiologicaladaptation or similar wording

Using examples, explain how it is possible to be healthy without being fit and also fit without being healthy (4) (2009) Sub max of 2 without examples(Fitness is sport related, health is life related.)Healthy without being fit.1. e.g. an active middle aged adult who eats appropriately2. is classed as being healthy but might not meet the specific sporting demands of a sporting event without first achieving a level of fitness.Fit without being healthy3. e.g. sumo wrestler4. is fit for environment / sporting but would be considered as being obese and therefore almost certainly be classed as unhealthy / fit for sport playing through injuries. / fitness that is drug dependent. / specific weight requirements might meanthat you are under or over weight, e.g. jockeys might be underweight.

Describe three of the basic requirements necessary in order to participate in sport and recreation. (3) 3 marks for 3 of: time/free time/leisure time money/disposable income transport/access to facilities/mobility resources/kit/clothing/equipment fitness/basic level/healthy/GP check up ability/skill level/knowledge of game/sports/rules

Explain, using examples, what is meant by the terms opportunity and provision in terms of access to sport and recreation. (4)


4 marks for 4 of: opportunity – chance to participate/time and money correct example applied provision – facility/where to play/getting there/coaching correct example applied

Target group is a term now used extensively when discussing access to sport and recreation.a) Define target group (1) (SAM)

A group identified as not participating fully in sport and recreation (1) A minority group/

Name two target groups and explain how their access to sport and recreation is restricted. (4 marks)Target Group – 1 mark for each target group (up to 2 marks)Group - old (1)/disabled (1)/young (1)/unemployed (1)/low income (1)/ethnicminorities (1)/female (1)/low social economic groups (1) etc.Explanation – up to 2 marks for each explanation.Group that has issues in terms of access to sport and recreation.

A number of recent surveys on fitness have raised concerns about the fitness of young people in the UK.(a) Discuss how changes in lifestyle may have created some of these problems.(3 marks)Any three from the following:Young people now have more alternatives in their leisure (1)Rise in popularity/access of computer/TV/video (1)Rise in car ownership/transport issues (1)School run now done by car/not walking (1)Pressures on school curriculum/squeezing out time for sport (1).

Outline, using two specific examples, how sporting organisations are attempting to reverse this trend amongst young people (4 marks) 1 mark for each named example/individual sports programme, (max 2 examples) and 1 further mark for explanation as to how each example impacts on young people.LEA’s (1)/Sport England promoting programmes such as walking (1)Buses(1)/safe routes to school/encouraging pupils to walk/bike to school (1)Sports mark (1) encouraging schools to promote exercise (1)Active mark awards (1) encouraging schools to promote exercise (1)TOP sport scheme (1) developed to introduce young people into sport (1)


Examples of grass root schemes in sports (1)

Outline the benefits that a country may achieve from a successful Sport for All programme. (4) 4 marks for 4: healthier population, fitter population less impact on health service/more efficient workforce/less time off sporting success/more population to select from/global sports success reduction in crime/social control social integration/breaking down social and racial barriers consumer spending/economic benefit/VAT external status/shop window/ external / image / tourism / investment / chance to host major games

Identify and describe three grass roots programmes that have been introduced by national sports agencies. (3) 3 marks for 3 of: (need description for the mark) Sport England TOPS: mini games NCF’s champion Coaching Active Sports / Sport for All Institute of Youth Sports Camps CCPR – sports leadership award Sports Mark / Sports Mark Gold / Active Mark / Sports College status 2

Outline THREE reformative polices that can be used by sporting facilities to encourage participation amongst target groups (3 marks) Any three from the following:Concessions/cheaper rates (1)Programming/specific sessions (1)Taster days/open days (1)Increase range of activities/sports on offer (1).

Define the term mass participation and describe examples of schemes evident in the United Kingdom that were designed to promote it. (4) 4 marks for 4 of: (max 3 for examples) based at foundation level/bottom of pyramid/grass roots widening participation/getting more people to play introducing basic skills/fundamental skills named example


Contemporary concerns:

Obesity, coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, sedentary lifestyles, activity patterns, ageing population, access, stress.

description of example

Define the terms in Sport and Recreation & explain why they are represented in a pyramid (4 4 marks for 4 of: (needs both parts for max) Sport = competitive physical activities with serious organisation/rules and regulations Sport extrinsic and intrinsic rewards Recreation = non-competitive activities/ limited organisation Recreation intrinsic focus/enjoyment More people have access to recreation Sport is selective Sport requires higher level of funding and organisation Relationship/link/explanation of top and bottom of pyramid/role models

Define obesity and explain the reasons why it is such a contemporary concern for society (3)(2010)1. Obesity refers to a level of body fat over and above the accepted gender norm / 25% over the accepted gender norm. Is also a concern for society because;2. Obesity is linked with many other problems and diseasesincluding coronary diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain forms of cancer.3. puts additional burden oh the health service4. the trend is that obesity levels are increasing5. Not just an increasing trend for middle age upwards – but also for 2 – 10 year old childrenIDENTICAL QUESTION CAN BE ASKED ON ANY OF THE CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS

Identify four other contemporary concerns. (4) (2010) 1. Coronary heart disease2. Coronary heart disease (CHD), is the end result of the accumulation of plaques and fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Consequently these blood vessels begin to clog and passage through them becomes restricted.3. Diabetes4. Diabetes is a disease that is characterized by the bodiesinability to make sufficient insulin or alternatively from its resistance to insulin.5. High blood pressure6. Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood in an artery. / High Blood Pressure, or hypertension, is a condition in which blood pressure levels are above the normal range.7. High cholesterol8. High levels of Low Density Lipoprotein LDL cholesterol which often leads to coronary heart disease and high blood pressure..9. Metabolic syndrome


10. Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.11. Stress12. The body responds to stressors by activating the nervous system and the production of certain hormones / the stressresponse can cause problems when it overreacts or fails to turn off and “reset itself properly.”13. Sedentary lifestyles14. A Sedentary lifestyle refers to one that is predominantly lacking in physical activity15. Ageing population16. When the biggest growing proportion of the population that is experiencing growth is at or above retirement age.Access17. In terms of sport and physical activity access is a result of both opportunity and provision.

A number of contemporary concerns are categorised as hypokinetic disorders. Explain what a hypokinetic disorder is and describe three such contemporary disorders. (4) (Name and describe 3 contemporary concerns related to inactivity (3 marks) A hypokinetic disorder: is a disorder that is totally or partly attributed to a lack of physical activity. Obesity: is when a persons body fat levels are 25 per cent greater than their suggested gender norms. Coronary heart disease: is the end result of the accumulation of plaques and fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. High blood pressure: blood pressure is the force exerted by your blood within the arteries. High blood pressure is when the systolic and diastolic readings are higher than 140/90. High cholesterol: is when your LDL cholesterol level is greater than recommended. Stress: is a stimulus that produces responses, either physiological or psychological. Stress is deemed as bad when the responses prevent or inhibit your capacity to function. At this point their will be significant and potentially very serious symptoms. Diabetes: is a disease that is characterised by the body’s inability to make sufficient insulin or alternatively its resistance to insulin. Metabolic syndrome: is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Define what leading a ‘sedentary lifestyle’ means (1 mark)A lifestyle that is predominantly lacking in physical activity

What are the current figures for the maximum cholesterol levels? Give values for the


different types and explain why. (4) 2 marks for figures 2 marks for type and reason: Maximum LDL cholesterol level for people at normal risk of heart disease is 100 mg/dL. Maximum HDL cholesterol level for all people is above 60 mg/dL. LDL cholesterol is a low density lipoprotein that has less protein than fat in each molecule. Therefore it is important to keep a low level of this in the diet (in preference to HDL cholesterol). HDL cholesterol is a high density lipoprotein that has more protein than fat in each molecule. Therefore it is important to keep a high level of this in the diet as cholesterol is necessary for some body functions, for example it is essential for making other molecules required by the body.

Differences, links, positive health benefits (physical and psychological).

Physical – (energy expenditure) reduction in body fat; increased resting metabolic rate and/or increased proportion of muscle mass; reduced rates of mortality, CHD, obesity, reduce risk of osteoporosis, and help type II diabetes management.

Current trends.

Comparative cultures, eg USA, Finland, Japan.



Explain how exercise can help to act as a cure for each hyperkinetic disorder. (3) Obesity: by exercising it is easier to create a calorific deficit, and increase muscle tone and muscle mass thus elevating your basic metabolic rate / burning fat. Coronary heart disease: exercise helps to maintain the efficiency of the cardiac muscles, reduces body fat levels and maintains elasticity of arteries. High blood pressure: exercise helps to maintain cardiac efficiency, lower body fat levels and reduce tension, three of the primary causes of high blood pressure. High cholesterol: exercise helps to regulate fat levels within the body and regularly flush the arteries with ‘surges of blood’ helping to limit the build up of plaque deposits. Stress: although exercise is a stress it is largely a controlled stress, exercise can provide the physical and psychological release to help reduce the effect of other stresses while at the same time building an increased capacity to deal with stress / cope. Diabetes: regular exercise can limit the likely causes of diabetes, namely high blood pressure and maintenance of correct body weight / fat levels. Metabolic syndrome: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure and high levels of LDL body fat levels are the primary causes of metabolic syndrome. The effect of all three of these can be significantly reduced with regular exercise.



Content Chapter/ Page Exam Questions

Energy intake, food groups, hydration, balance diet, food pyramid, cholesterol, dietary requirements for exercise.

Balanced lifestyle:

Energy balance (energy intake vs energy expenditure), work–life balance, dealing with stress.




Student book tasks page 29.

Teachers Resource Pack.

Worksheet 2.1.

Worksheet 2.2.

Explain what is meant by the term energy balance and identify what an athletemust consider in order to achieve the correct balance. (3) (2010)1. Energy balance refers to energy intake vs energy expenditureThey need to consider2. energy spent on basal metabolism and3. the energy spent on the physical activity.4. the energy required for recovery5. the types of food and the calories contained

Identify the potential problems for an athlete of getting this balance wrong.(3) (2010)Points 3 & 5 should be awarded only if the link to performance is explicit1. An athlete who wants to maintain performance needs toensure that they have sufficient energy to perform and recover.2. Too much of any one thing will mean an energy surplus whichin turn will lead to excess body weight and drop off in performance.3. Excess body fat could lead to a drop off in performance.4. Too little of anything will mean either a lack of availableenergy and so a reduced performance or a slower recovery which will inhibit future performances.5. Reduced body fat could lead to a reduced performance or a slower recovery which will inhibit future performances.

Energy can be obtained from three of the seven food groups.Name the three food groups and identify the specific function of each group for the body. (6) (2010) Food groups Specific function1. Carbohydrates 2. High intensity fuel/provides bloodglucose/neural energy3. Fats 4. Insulation and low intensity fuel5. Proteins 6. Muscle growth, repair and last


It is not uncommon for an athlete to lose a significant amount of weight during a prolonged sporting activity.Identify the principle reason for weight loss during an activity and explain why this might happen (2) Weight loss would be through water / fluid loss. If fluid loss is greater than fluid input = dehydration Overheating/dehydration / climatic conditions / inappropriate clothing Insufficient hydration pre-event and during the event

Explain how weight lost during an event might affect the performance of an athlete. (5) • Body’s inability to regulate temperature = overheating • 2 per cent loss of body weight = 10 per cent loss in performance (or similar figures) • 5 per cent loss of body weight = 25 per cent loss in performance • 8 per cent loss of body weight = potentially fatal • Loss of electrolytes • Increased viscosity of the blood • Increased blood pressure • Cellular donation of water to the blood resulting in ‘shut down’ of many cells, leading to greater fluid loss and severe dehydration, leading to further overheating. • Increased HR • Decreased SV • Decreased Q • Recovery can take several days • Severe cases can lead to death

How can an athlete’s diet aid the recovery process? ()Quick ingestion of carbohydrates (2 hour window of opportunity) will speed up recovery Water needed to re-hydrate the body Electrolyte replenishment needed to aid metabolic process Protein needed to aid tissue damage repair and growth

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR) and identify factors that could raise it andfactors that could lower it. (6) (2009) 1. BMR is the speed at which your body converts and uses/burns calories/ energy to fuel the activities that you undertake.Factors that will raise your BMR2. eating frequent meals3. regular exercise


4. increased muscle mass5. age (up to peak physical maturation, mid 20’s)6. getting pregnant7. environment (warmer/high altitude)8. named hormones (eg testosterone/ HGH/increased thyroid)9. smoking/caffeine/drugsFactors that will lower your BMR10. eating few large meals11. age (after peak physical maturation, early 30’s onwards)12. fasting/starvation13. named hormones ( low levels of thyroid)14. sleep15. becoming sedentary after being active / loss of muscle mass

Correct nutrition is an essential consideration for any serious athlete in order to provide the energy necessary for training and competition. Three food groups can produce energy. Name the three groups and identify the approximate percentage required by an

athlete of your choice. You should explain the reason behind the given quantities.

Food group Power athlete Aerobic athlete

Fats Approx 10–15% of dietary intake. Approx 10% of dietary intake

Athletes need to gain weight and protein

sources are frequently accompanied by higher

fat contents/a slightly higher body fat level is

not so critical for a power athlete

Excess fat is not required/pursuing a

diet with less than 10% fat would be too

difficult / fat should be utilised during

recovery training

Carbohydrates Approx 50–55% of dietary intake Approx 65 - 70% of dietary intake

Required to fuel high intensity but short

duration activity / actual work time will be

shorter than for an aerobic athlete

Required as main fuel source for

majority of activity / training will

frequently drain glycogen stores

Proteins Approximate 30–40% Approximate 25–30%

Required to repair muscle tissue damage /

facilitate growth / enable recovery which is the

primary goal of each training session

Required to repair muscle damage after

intense or excessively long duration

activities


Physical maturation, decline in physical capability (cardiovascular fitness muscular strength, lung function, resting metabolic rate, osteoporosis, flexibility).

Student book – pp42-45.

2010 – 12 mark

Identify four physiological reasons for a decline in athletic performance as an athlete ages. (4) Age can result in a deterioration in the following areas: strength / speed / flexibility / endurance Degeneration of the nerves supplying the muscles Extra collagen fibres are laid down between the muscle fibres, which reduces the flexibility of the muscle, with a resultant decrease in efficiency Reduced efficiency / elastin of all tissues with elastic properties Injury to joint structure / wear and tear Reduced efficiency of synovial membrane Extra collagen fibres in the cardiac muscle tissue, leading to a reduction in cardiac output Maximum heart rate also tends to decline, which reduces the V02 max value of the athlete Extra collagen fibres are also responsible for a reduction in elasticity of lung tissue, which has the effect of further reducing the endurance capabilities of the athlete Reduction in bone density with age General ‘stiffening’ of the blood vessels, cholesterol deposits being laid down in the walls of arteries reduces the blood supply to many organs, and reduces the exercise capacities of the athlete Slower recovery time from training / injury

Identify reasons for a decline in athletic performance as an athlete ages (3) 1. Reduction in the levels of anabolic steroids produced results in the body requiring longer to recover and so can not train as often 2. Reduction in HGH results in less capacity for the body to grow. 3. Wear and tear / stress injuries reduces ROM / increases pain 4. Slow down of neural impulses / speed and reaction times decrease 5. Collagen fibres within the lungs reduce their capacity to stretch and so take in less O2 6. Collagen fibres within the heart reduce elasticity and so reduce MHR / reduce VO2 max. 7. Collagen fibres within muscles reduce muscle elasticity and so reduces flexibility. 8. Reduced calcium stores make bones more brittle.

Discuss the effects of ageing on physical performance.(12) (2010) NB. Performance generally improves with age up to physical maturation, Good counter argument for top band Post physical maturation physical fitness may stop may stop improving howeverpsychological factors (experience, etc) may enable continued improvements in performancePhysical maturation will differ for different types of activities, i.e. power based activities will peak at late 20’s / early 30’s,


Extended writing question

however endurance based activities will peak later – mid 30’s, even later still for extreme endurance based activities.Increases in production of growth and anabolic hormones facilitate quicker recovery timesand so more frequent and intense training.Improved neural pathways produce better / quicker and more efficient movements Reasons for a drop off in physical performance;Muscular Strength (Maximal)1. tend to be less active = less muscle mass2. Perform less higher intensity exercise = less muscle mass3. Produce less human growth hormone = less tendency to grow4. Produce less testosterone = slower recovery time = less frequent training5. There appears also to be a degeneration of the nerves supplying the muscles.6. Extra collagen fibres are laid down between the muscle fibres, which reduces the elasticity of the muscle = with a resultant decrease in efficiency.7. Lose some motor neurons from motor units which leads to a loss of muscle fibers, especially type II muscle fibers;Cardiovascular Endurance.8. Decreased elasticity of cardiac muscle = reduced MHR by average of 10 beats per decade.9. Decreased left ventricular contractile performance = in a decreased stroke volume.10. A decline in total blood volume, plasma, and red blood cells.11. a decline in the size and density of mitochondria of skeletal muscle, = less efficient use of delivered O212. an increase in blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance, as a result of a gradual stiffening and or narrowing of the arteries.Resting Metabolic Rate13. General lack of or less exercise = lower RMR.14. A secondary effect of being less physically active is a loss of lean tissue, musclemass in this case. Muscle is fat hungry and so losing muscle mass also encourages a lower BMR.Flexibility.15. Wear and tear on connective tissue, - ligaments and cartilage-, = reduced jointmobility. increased collagen content within skeletal muscle and any scar tissue =reduced muscle elasticity


Content Chapter / Page Exam Questions

Muscular-skeletal system:

Responses (fibre recruitment, force production, metabolism).

Adaptations (increase fibre size, increase force production .

Increase metabolic energy supply).

Student book chapter 3.



The body responds and then adapts to exercise. Explain the difference between a response and an adaptation (4 marks) (2010)Responses are short term changes/reversible/ enable increase in physiologicaloutput (1) e.g. an increase in heart rate prior to a 100m final/or equivalent (1)An adaptation is a long term/permanent change (1) e.g. a decrease in restingheart rate as a result of aerobic training (1)

Identify the three skeletal muscle fibre types and two structural characteristics of each (9 )

1. Type 1/slow twitch 2. Type IIa / FOG 3. Type IIb / FTG

4. Good at working with oxygen 5. Good at working with limited O2

supplies

6. Poor at working with O2 /

good at working without O2

7. Red in colour 8. Pinkish in colour 9. White

10. Small in diameter 11. Larger than type I in diameter 12. Large diameter

13. Significant capillarisation 14. Relatively vascular 15. Low levels of capillaries

16. Significant quantities of

myoglobin

17. Significant quantities of

myoglobin

18. Low levels of myoglobin

19. Large / quantities of

mitochondria

20. Fewer mitochondria than type I 21. Low levels of mitochondria

22. Recruited first, 23. 24. Recruited last

25. Support sub-maximal

contractions / i.e endurance based

athletes – marathon runner

26. Support near maximal

contractions / e.g. middle distance /

games player

27. Can generate maximal power /

such as 100m runner


The major muscle groups — learning the muscles and their application in earlier lessons.

Isometric and isotonic contractions.

2009 – 12 mark

Extended writing question

28. 29. Higher level of lactic acid

tolerance

30. Higher levels of PC / muscle glycogen

31. 32. Not as frequent in humans 33.

34. Slowest nerve transmission 35. 36. Fastest nerve transmission

37. Resistant to fatigue 38. Intermediate rate of fatigue 39. Fatigues quickly

The three muscle fibre types adapt to different methods of training.Discuss the methods of training most likely to enhance the characteristics of each fibre type and describe the adaptations that would occur (12) (2009) Fibre type Type of training Adaptations1. slow twitch /type I2. continuous / Fartlek/ long intervals / light resistance weight training3. increased vascularisation4. increased density of mitochondria5. increased quantities of myoglobin6. increased resistance to fatigue7. ability to exert a greater force for longer periods of time8. FOG / type IIa 9. Fartlek / intervals / circuits10. increased vascularisation11. increased density of mitochondria12. increased quantities of myoglobin13. increase in diameter of muscle fibre size / hypertrophy14. increased resistance to fatigue15. increased stores of muscle glycogen16. ability to exert a greater force for longer periods of time17. FTG / typeIIb18. intervals / circuits / weight / plyometrics19. increased diameter of muscle fibres/ hypertrophy20. increased force produced21. increased stores of ATP / PC / muscle glycogen


Identify a sporting movement where an antagonist pair of muscles each take on the role of the prime mover. Name the muscles and the type of isotonic contraction performed (3) (Jan 08)

Muscles can perform isometric, isotonic and isokinetic contractions. Describe each type of contraction x 3

Explain the difference between eccentric and concentric muscular contractions. Provide a sporting example where the Biceps Brachii performs both types of contraction. Identify each phase of your example (5 marks)

Name and explain the two types of isotonic contraction - 4 marks

Explain how muscles work with bones to enable movement (3)Muscles are attached to bones by tendonsTwo points of attachmentOrigin is the anchor attachmentInsertion is the attachment to the bone that moves As muscles contract they pull on the bones which they are attached to.The point of insertion is pulled towards the point of origin producing movement

Select three of the types of movement listed above and using a sporting example for each, name the joint involved and the prime mover (9) (June 06)

Flexion 1. Kicking 2. Knee 3. Quadriceps Extension 1. Boxing 2. Elbow 3. Triceps Abduction 1. Gymnastics 2. Shoulder 3. Deltoid


Circumduction 1. Swimming / butterfly 2. Shoulder 3. Deltoids Rotation 1. Cricket 2. Pivot / neck 3. Sternocliedomastoid Adduction 1. Tennis 2. Shoulder 3. Deltoid / pectorals

Cardiovascular:

Responses (> SV, HR, Q, redistribution of blood flow to working muscle).

Define the following movements within the specific context of the body. Flexion, extension, abduction, circumduction, rotation and adduction (6)

Flexion - Decreasing the angle of a joint Extension -Increasing the angle at a joint Abduction -Movement away from the midline of the body Circumduction - Movement in a circular direction rotation - Movement around a pivotal point adduction - Movement towards the midline of the body

Identify two responses that occur within the cardiovascular system during exercise and describe the physiological benefits of each.(4) (2010) 1. Vascular shunting2. enables blood to be directed to where it is most needed /allows increased O2 delivery to working muscles.3. Increased venus return4. facilitates increased Q5. Increased HR -6. enables more/quicker delivery of O2 / removal of CO27. Increased strength of ventricular contractions8. decreased end systolic volume – increased SV / increased volume of blood ejected per beat (increased SV)

Warming up is said to ‘improve performance’. Identify four physiological responses to a warm-up and state how each aids performance. (8 marks) Responses followed by benefit:

Response How it aids performance

1. Increased SV / Q / HR /CO2 2. Increased speed / quantity of O2 delivery

3. Increased Ventilation rates 4. Increased pressure gradient / greater %age of diffusion /

greater gaseous exchange

5. increased CO2 removal

6. Increased Production of adrenaline 7. Increased strength of ventricular contractions


Adaptations (increase in size of heart, SV, Q and capillaries).

8. increased metabolic rate

9. Heat generation 10. Increased speed of energy metabolism /

Faster production of energy /

Reduced risk of injury through increased muscle elasticity /

increased force of contraction.

11. Increased Speed of nerve impulse /

reactions

12. Muscles are able to generate greater force /

faster rte o F production

13. Increased Muscle elasticity 14. Reduced risk of injury / greater force generated /

Increased Range of movement

15. Process of Vascular shunting begins 16. Increased O2 & glucose delivery

Greater rate of waste removal

17. Process of thermo regulation begins 18. Decreased risk of overheating

Explain how oxygen delivery to the working muscles increases during exercise. (4 marks)Increase in SV Increase in HR Increase in rates of ventilation Vascular shunting will take place Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Identify the likely adaptations to the cardiovascular system as a result of both aerobic and anaerobic training (6)

Identify the structural and functional adaptations that result from aerobic training

The condition known as bradycardia occurs when the number of cardiac cycles falls below 60 per minute. Outline both the structural and functional adaptations that result in bradycardia – 5 marks


Blood pressure, heart rates and exercise how affected over sustained training.

Define the terms cardiac output and venous return and explain their relationship,known as Starling’s Law (3) Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected by the heart per minuteVenous return is the amount of blood returned by the body back to the right atrium per minute.Venous return controls Q because the heart can only pump out what it receives – Starlings Law

Define venous return and explain the mechanisms that aid this process (4 marks)

Define bradycardia and explain its benefits. (3) Definition: Bradycardia is a decreased resting heart rate / below 60 bpm. Benefits: the lower the resting heart rate the greater the range the athlete has in which to train reduced blood pressure increased stroke volume

Identify a type of training likely to lead to bradycardia and explain why it occurs. (3) Training: Aerobic training / continuous / Fartlek training / altitude Explanation: This type of training is by definition for a longer period of time and requires the CVR system to deliver blood / O2 Consequently the heart has to work harder / becomes bigger / stronger / cardiac muscle hypertrophy More efficient / better able to work / deliver the same amount of blood with fewer beats Increase force of contraction

Explain why not all training will produce bradycardia. (3) • Anaerobic / high intensity training is short duration • Ventricular myocardium will increase in strength / stronger ventricular• But insufficient demand to noticeably increase ventricular size • Improvements in cardiac efficiency may be accompanied by increase in body mass / greater requirement for O2 delivery / > Q at rest means more O2 required

The cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole. Explain what is happeningduring each phase (4 marks)


Identify two cardio-respiratory responses, explaining why each occurs and a benefit of each to the performer. (6 marks) 1 mark for each response, reason and benefit maximum of 2 marks for responsesmaximum of 2 marks for reasons, maximum of 2 marks for benefits.Response Increase in heart rate (1).Reason Response to build up of CO2/secretion of adrenalin (1).Benefit Faster removal of waste/faster delivery of 02 (1).Response Increase in stroke volume (1).ReasonStarlings Law (1)Increased Venous return (1)Secretion of adrenalin (1)Increase in sympathetic nerve impulses (1).Benefit Increase in cardiac output (1).Response Increase in ventilation rate (1).Reason Response to build up of CO2 secretion of adrenalin (1).Benefit Rise in the amount of gaseous exchange/helps to remove waste (1).Response Increase in Respiratory volumes (1).Reason - due to build up of CO2 secretion of adrenalin (1)Increased activity of respiratory muscles (1).Benefit Rise in the amount of gaseous exchange/helps to remove waste (1)



Content Chapter/Page Exam Questions

Respiratory:

Responses (Increased rate and depth of breathing, increased gas exchange).

Adaptations (improvements in respiratory muscle performance.).

Neuro-muscular:

Responses (increased number of muscle fibres recruited, increase in rate of fibre recruitment) .

Adaptations (improved co-ordination, increases in force production and rate of force production, increase in speed).




Define the terms anatomical dead space, tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume (3) Anatomical dead space is the volume of air taken into thelungs that does not contribute to gases exchangeTidal volume is the volume of air inspired and expired per breath.IRV is the volume of air that can be inspired after a normal /at rest inspiration.

Ventilation is largely reliant on differences in pressure Define the term pressure gradient. What are the consequences of a pressure gradient? (2)

Identify how the mechanical process of ventilation creates the necessary pressure gradient (4)

Define partial pressure of oxygen and explain why it is lower at altitude than atsea level (3) Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by a particular / single gas within a mixture of gases.At higher altitudes there is a reduced barometric pressure /the air is less dense and so O2 exerts a lower pp. e.g. in a litre of air O2 would make up 20% of the total volume and so it would exert a pp of 20kpaIdentify the physiological effects this will have for an unacclimatised enduranceathlete when first performing at altitude (3) (Jan 06) Reduced aerobic capability/ <V&O2 maxHigher HR for a given workload > ventilationreduced performance for endurance / aerobic activities.Reduced rate of diffusion

identify the structural and functional adaptations required by an athlete in order that they might improve their VO2 max (5)


Components of physical fitness:

Speed, strength, endurance (aerobic, muscular), flexibility, composition.

Components of skill fitness:

Coordination, balance, agility, reaction time, power, endurance (local muscle, cardiovascular, strength).

NEED TO KNOW WHICH ARE SKILL AND WHICH ARE PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS

Work on definitions! – develop glossary.



Define three components of fitness necessary in order to participate in a named sport or physical activity and justify why they are required (6) (2010)No mark for the named sport / physical activity. No marks forcomponents of fitness unless they are appropriate for the named activity.Max of 3 marks for defined components of fitness.Marks can be awarded for applied components of fitness even if not previously defined.e.g. Games player1. Speed is defined as the time taken to cover a specific distance.2. Required to beat an opponent or reach the ball / marker.3. Power is defined as strength x speed4. Required to jump / shoot / accelerate5. Aerobic endurance is defined as the ability to sustain sub maximal activities6. Required in order to sustain effective performance for the duration of the event.7. Cardiovascular endurance, the ability of the CV system towork to deliver O2 and remove waste from the working muscles8. Required to last the duration of the game.Or similarly defined and applied components of fitness.

Define the term flexibility and identify two main limiting factors (3) Defined as movement at a joint.Affected by joint structureAnd muscle elasticity.age/gender/activity

There are different types of strength. i. Identify and define three different types and provide a sport which would be suited to each. (9) 3 marks for each type, definition and example • absolute strength • maximum force that can be exerted regardless of body weight / size • rugby • dynamic strength • ability to exert muscular force repeatedly • rowing • elastic (similar to power) strength • ability to exert a force quickly • jumping


• explosive strength • ability to exert a maximal force quickly / in one action • javelin • relative strength • maximum force that can be exerted in proportion to body • boxing • strength endurance / muscular endurance • ability of a muscle to resist fatigue while exerting a force • marathon running • static strength • ability to exert a sustained force • gymnastic balance / rugby scrum / tug of war




Methods of fitness training:

Aerobic/anaerobic training, continuous, interval, power, circuit/weight/ resistance training, speed, fartlek, cross training, core stability, plyometrics, SAQ (speed, agility, quickness), stretching (static, ballistic, dynamic, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation — PNF).

Work on key definitions – develop glossary.



Explain what is meant by core stability and describe its benefits (4) (2009) Answers must indicate that stability is related to the function of themuscles within the central part of the body. (abdominals, lower back etc)1. Identification of appropriate muscle groups.2. Core stability refers to the ability of the muscles that make up the bodies core to stabilise movement / work without tiring / compromising other movements.3. the body's core muscles are the foundation for all other movement4. when these muscles contract, they stabilise the spine, pelvis and shoulders and create a solid base of support5. the stronger this base the better the platform that other muscles, particularly those of the arms and legs have to work from / appropriate examples6. consequently they can generate more forceful contractions7. training the bodies core muscles can also correct postural imbalances and reduce the risk of injury

Name and describe three different methods of stretching (6) (2009) 1. Static stretching2. the muscle is taken to its current elastic limit and held in position3. Ballistic stretching4. Ballistic stretching uses the momentum/bouncing of a moving body or a limb in an attempt to force it beyond its normal range of motion5. Dynamic stretching6. involves stretching the muscles through a full range of momentum and gradually increasing reach, speed of movement, or both7. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching8. PNF refers to a stretching techniques in which a muscle group is passively stretched, then contracts isometrically against resistance while in the stretched position, and then is passively stretched again through the resulting increasedrange of motionActive and passive are ways in which the above are carried out.

Identify THREE components of fitness that are considered important for anamed sport. For each component explain why you think it is important. (9) (SAM) 1 mark for each component, (maximum of 3 marks)2 marks for each explanation linked to importance.


Any 3 from the following:Strength (1)• Maximal/absolute (1)• The ability to exert a maximal force once regardless of body weight (1)• Relative (1)• The ability to exert a maximal force once relative to your body weight (1)• Dynamic (1)• The ability to exert a significant force repeatedly (1)• Static (1)• The ability to exert a force - often against an immoveable object, without movement (1).Endurance (1)• Localised muscular - the ability of a muscle to exert a repeated force over an extended period of time (1)• Cardiovascular - the ability of the body to supply the working muscles with sufficient O2 / remove CO2 (1).Flexibility (1)• The range of movement at a joint (1)• Increase the length and flexibility of the soft tissues, especially muscle and tendons (1).Speed (1)• The ability to move the body or specific body parts as quickly as possible (1)• Key factor in explosive sports and relies on anaerobic pathways (1). Power (1)• The ability to produce force rapidly (1)• Strength x speed (1)• Power to weight ratio (1).

Select two contrasting types of strength and explain how weight training could be manipulated for both. (4) 2 marks for two contrasting types of strength 2 marks for correct manipulation of weight training • Muscular endurance • Low weight (50% of 1 RM) and high reps (> 25 reps) • Absolute strength • High weight (>90% of 1 RM) and low reps (< 5 reps)

Describe the main concepts of interval training and explain why it is a popular method of


Principles of training:

FITT, duration, recovery Application of fitness and training/overtraining.

Appropriateness of programmes to differing clients:

Young and old, trained and untrained, active and sedentary, healthy and unhealthy.

training – 3

Describe an appropriate interval training session for a specific component of fitness in a named sport - 4

Describe the main concepts of circuit training and identify the benefits associated with it – 5 marksCAN ASK FOR ANY METHOD, MUST BE CLEAR

Overload and overtraining are both principles of training. i. Explain each principle. (2) 1 mark for each principle Overload – gradually increasing the training intensity Overtraining – when insufficient rest is allowed between training sessions

Outline how an athlete would apply their knowledge of overload and overtraining when training. (2) They would apply overload by increasing the training load / intensity every third week. They would apply overtraining by allowing two recovery days per week / not overload too frequently / too soon.

Explain why an athlete would warm up prior to exercise (3 marks)1. To prepare physically for the activity2. To prepare mentally for the activity3. To reduce the risk of injury4. To improve performance

Describe and explain an appropriate cool-down for a named activity. (2) Max of 2 (for cool-down and activity) Performed post-activity Continuous activity, such as jogging, of a decreasing intensity Maintain elevated O2 delivery to the working muscles Aid with the removal of waste products Slowly reduce cardiac and ventilatory rates Assist in repair of muscles and so reduce the effect of DOMS Minimise the effect of blood pooling Aids venous return


Stretching Maintain / increase muscle elasticity Further aid the removal of waste products

Explain how a cool-down can help future performance. (2) Max of 2 (for cool-down and activity) It aids / speeds up recovery Minimises post activity discomfort The faster the recovery stage the quicker that an athlete can train again

Describe a warm up for a named activity identifying the different stages involved. State the aims of each stage and describe how they are achieved. (9 marks)

Identify a type of training likely to lead to bradycardia and explain why it occurs (3)

Training: 1. Aerobic training / continuous / fartlek training / altitude Explanation 2. This type of training is by definition for a longer period of time / requires the CVR system to deliver blood / O2 for an extended period of time. 3. Consequently the heart has to work harder / becomes bigger / stronger / cardiac muscle hypertrophy 4. more efficient / better able to work / deliver the same amount of blood with fewer beats. 5. Increase force of contraction

Identify the three skeletal muscle fibre types and a method of training suited to each. For each training method identified explain one structural adaptation. (9) Type 1 Continuous training / long duration and low-intensity type activity Encourages high levels of vascularisation / myoglobin etc. Type IIa Fartlek / Interval / Circuit / Weight training Encourages type IIb and type I fibres to take on type IIa characteristics. Type IIb Interval / Weight training Encourages increased levels of ATP / muscle glycogen / fibre hypertrophy

Stretching is considered an effective way of improving muscle elasticity. Name and describe ways of stretching. (6)


MUST KNOW FOR ALL

2 marks for stretch and definition • Static – take a muscle to its limit and hold • Ballistic – use momentum to forcibly stretch a muscle • Dynamic – taking a joint in a controlled manner through the full range of movement • PNF – stretch, contract, relaxNote: Active or passive / partner assisted are ways of performing the types of stretches above and will only score marks if they are accompanied by another type of stretch.

Fartlek and Interval training are used by athletes to improve performance. i. Identify the main characteristics of both types of training. (4) 2 marks for each type Interval • Work:Rest ratio (W:R ratio) and repeat • Can be used to develop anaerobic or aerobic benefits / flexible • Can be very specific to an athletes needs, i.e. adaptability of W:R Fartlek • Training intensity varies during the duration • Can be very sport specific • Avoids the monotony of continuous training

Selecting either Fartlek or Continuous training describe a suitable training session for a named athlete and identify the specific objective of the session. (3) Max of 2 marks for correct mode of training/ 1 mark for training matching objective Interval training for a sprinter • Maximal sprints of 60m lasting 10 secs with 60 secs recovery (W:R = 1:6) • Repeat 3 times per set with 3 sets performed • Objective: being able to improve anaerobic capacity

Describe an interval training session for a sprinter and identify the specific objective of the session (3)

Athletes may use a variety of different training methods. Identify a sport of your choice and then list the methods of training that you would use, explaining the physiological benefits that you would hope to get from each method.

Identify and explain the principles that should be applied in order to ensure that the athlete makes progress while using these different methods of training.(4 marks)



Rationale of assessment:

Maximal v sub-maximal tests, reasons for testing/use of tests for assessment of fitness, limitations, validity and reliability, using Technology to assess fitness.

Protocols of recognised fitness tests:

Application, understanding, Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire.

(PARQ), tests for different components of fitness, eg strength, power, speed, flexibility, endurance, body composition.

Work on definitions – develop glossary.


Exemplar PARQ – student book pp 90.


Protocol of key fitness tests — http://www.topendsports.com/

3i) Identify two contrasting sporting events and name the most appropriate fitness test for each event. (4) Long jump – standing Sargent jump Marathon – NCF Multistage Shuttle test

ii) Define the terms validity and reliability within the context of fitness testing. (2) 2 marks, one for each term Validity applies to a fitness test that actually measures what it sets out to measure Reliability applies to a fitness test that can be repeated and excludes all variables other than the fitness of the athletes taking the test

iii)Using the terms validity and reliability explain why the fitness tests in your answer to (3i) are the most appropriate tests for these events. (4) 2 marks for each test Standing Sargent jump is valid because it measures the explosive power in the legs which is directly appropriate to long jump. It is reliable because the protocol enables the test to be performed in a clinical environment, or similar NCF Multistage Shuttle test is valid because it measures the VO2 max with specific reference to a runner. It is reliable because the protocol enables the test to be performed in a clinical environment, or similar.

iv)Identify the main component of fitness for one of the events chosen in your answer to (3i). Select a fitness test that would be suitable for that component but not for that athlete and explain why. (3) 3 marks for event, test, explanation • Long jump • Requires power, the for which is the hand grip dynometer test • Not appropriate because of validity, that is it measures the power in the hand / forearm as against that of the legs which is required by a long jumper.

Name a recognised fitness test forthree component of fitness and give a brief description of the protocol of each test. (9) (SAM)


EXAM TIPS

Read question carefully – highlight in PE key points

Split Question into the section in which the marks will be awarded

Apply the +2 rule – this means always aim for 2 extra points beyond marks awarded as unsure what is accepted on the mark scheme

Re read question and your answer to check makes sense

1 mark for correctly identified fitness test and then a maximum of 2 marks forexplanation of protocol.This is for each of the 3 components identifiedEg Fitness test example:Test - NCF multistage shuttle testProtocol20 metre spaceAthletes run in time with bleeps from a cassetteThey must reach each marker cone as the bleep occursFailure to meet 3 consecutive bleeps signals the end of the testThe bleeps occur more frequently as the test progresses.

Explain the role of fitness testing in an athlete’s training programme (4 marks)

Identify reasons why the 100m sprint race on the track might not be a suitable test for speed - 4 marks

(iv) Fitness tests measure a specific component of fitness. Explain why a named fitness test my not be appropriate for an athlete even though it measures the correct component? (3)

3 (a) (i) Identify one fitness test that would be suitable for an aerobic athlete and one that would be suitable for an anaerobic athlete. State the component of fitness specifically measured by each test (2) (ii) Describe the protocol for each test (6)

A standing sergeant jump is a frequently used fitness test.(i) Identify an athlete for whom this test would be valid. Describe the

protocol of this test and name the component of fitness it measures. You should explain the reason behind each choice - 4 marks

Explain why fartlek training is considered a suitable training method for a games player (3)

Outline a suitable fartlek session for a games player of your choice (3)




Documents

Gce PE Unit 1 - PENNOCK Qs