CARL JUNG’S ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHE – the total personality General entity that operates according to the principle of opposites Construct that represent the interacting systems within the human personality that are needed to account for

the mental life and behavior of a personPSYCHIC ENERGY – An abstraction representing something real that cannot be touched that we know exists through its effects (Just as physical energy manifests itself in the heating and the lighting of rooms, so psychic energy manifests itself in our various feelings, thoughts and behaviors.)PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE – For a given quantity of energy expended or consumed in bringing about a certain condition, an equal quantity of the same or another form of energy will appear elsewhereAn increase in concern with occupational success might mean an equivalent loss of concern with one’s spiritual lifePRINCIPLE OF ENTROPY – Process within the psyche whereby elements of unequal strength seek psychological equilibrium. Any one-sided development of the personality creates conflict, tension, and strain, whereas a more even distribution produces a more fully mature person.

CONSCIOUS – images are those sensed by the ego. EGO – force in the personality responsible for feelings of identity and continuity. ( Jung saw the ego as the center of

the consciousness, but not the core of personality.) PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS – forgotten, repressed or subliminally perceived experiences that have lost their intensity COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS – depository of instincts and archetypes that go beyond personal experience. These

transpersonal experiences are the residue of human evolutionary development and can be activated under proper conditions. (For example, a young mother may unexpectedly react with love and tenderness to her newborn infant, even though she previously had negative neutral feelings toward the fetus.)

ARCHETYPES – universal themes or symbols that can be activated by forces operating in the psyche, thereby generating visions that are projected onto current experiences.

1. PERSONA – consists of roles human beings play to meet the demands of others; the side of personality that people show to the world

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Collective Unconscious

(To become psychologically healthy, we must strike a balance between the demands of the society and what we truly are. To be oblivious of one’s persona is to underestimate the importance of the society, but to be unaware of one’s deep individuality is to become society’s puppet.)2. SHADOW – inferior, evil, and repulsive side of human nature3. ANIMA – feminine archetype; involves a sense of warmth and understanding, mooding and irritability4. ANIMUS – masculine archetype; involves an ability to reason and use logic to solve problems, uncritical and

dogmatic adherence to certain ideas and an irrationality in solving problems5. GREAT MOTHER – archetype of fertility and destruction6. WISE OLD MAN – intelligent but deceptive voice of accumulated experience7. HERO – unconscious image of a person who conquers an evil foe but who also has a tragic flaw8. SELF – archetype that leads people to search for ways of maximizing the development of their potential;

archetype of completeness, wholeness and perfection.

(To actualize or fully experience the self, people must overcome their fear of the unconscious; prevent their persona from dominating their personality; recognize the dark side of themselves (their shadow); and then muster even greater courage to face their anima or animus.)

DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

CausalityPresent events have

their origin in previous experiences

VS.

Teleology

Present events are motivated by goals

and aspirations for the future that direct a

person’s destiny

Progression

Adaptation to the outside world involves

the forward flow of psychic energy

Regression

Adaptation to the inner world relies on

backward flow of psychic energy

THE THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

Two Fundamental Attitudes1. EXTRAVERSION – outgoing, candid, and accommodating nature that adapts easily to given situations

turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective; more influenced by the surroundings than by the inner world

2. INTROVERSION – hesitant, reflective, retiring nature that keeps itself to itself, prefers to hide behind mistrustful scrutiny

turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation towards the subjective(Jung points out that people are not purely introverted or extraverted; rather each person has both introverted and extraverted aspects.)

Four Functions – ways in which people relate to the world1. RATIONAL FUNCTIONS – making judgments or evaluations of events in the world

a. Thinking – recognizing truth or falsityb. Feeling – degree to which we like or dislike something; telling the value or worth

2. IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS – modes of apprehending the world without evaluating ita. Sensing – tells people that something exists

initial, concrete experiencing of phenomena without use of reasonb. Intuition – relying on hunches whenever we have to deal with situations where we have no

established facts

FUNCTIONS ATTITUDESIntroversion Extraversion

Thinking Philosophers, theoretical scientists Research scientists, accountants, mathematiciansFeeling Subjective movie critics, art appraisers Real estate appraisers, objective movie criticsSensation Artists, classical musicians Wine tasters, proofreaders, house paintersIntuition Prophets, mystics, religious fanatics Inventors, religious reformers

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY/STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

1. CHILDHOODa. Anarchic – chaotic and sporadic consciousnessb. Monarchic – development of the ego; beginning of logical and verbal thinking

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c. Dualistic – ego is divided into subjective and objective2. YOUTH – puberty to middle life

Period of increased activity, maturing sexually, growing consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era of childhood is gone forever

Major difficulty: CONSERVATIVE PRINCIPLE – desire to live in the past3. MIDDLE AGE – begins at approximately age 35 to 40

May fight desperately to maintain their youthful appearance and lifestyle(We cannot live in the afternoon of life according to the programme of life’s morning; for what was great in the morning will be little at evening, and what in the morning was true will at evening have become a lie.)

4. OLD AGE – diminution of consciousness; fear of death

SELF-REALIZATION – process of becoming an individual or whole person Realization of the self, minimized their persona, recognized their anima/animus, acquired balance

between introversion and extraversion, elevated all functions to a superior position

Brought about by TRANSCENDENCE – conflict is resolved by bringing opposing forces into balance with each other with understanding

Self-realization is an ideal state and not something to be attained. It is the process that is important, not the achievement of the goal. By undergoing this painful struggle to reconcile the conflicting sides of their nature, patients become integrated, whole personalities. They do not become perfect human beings; they become, instead, what they were destined to become—individuals with unique set of strengths and limitations.

JUNG’S ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES or METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

1. Dream Analysis are spontaneous and involuntary eruption of repressed materials Attempts at resolving current problems and conflicts (If the dream helps in the resolution of the problem,

it should not occur again.) compensatory in nature (attempts at rectifying deficiencies in personality (feelings and attitudes not

expressed during waking life will find its outlet through the dream process)2. Word Association Test

presented patients with stimulus words and each verbal response, time taken to make a response, rate of

breathing and galvanic skin response are recorded Areas of conflict were assumed to be present if the patient (a) repeated the stimulus word several times

as though the it had not been heard (b) gave a response of more than one word (c) gave a meaningless

reaction (d) failed to respond3. Active Imagination

requires a person to begin with any impression – a dream, an image, vision, or fantasy – and to concentrate until the impression begins to move

4. PsychotherapyStages:

1. Confession – acknowledging his/her limitations to another2. Elucidation – the patient bring to surface certain contents of the unconscious which the therapist

clarifies; learning the origins of the problems3. Education – incorporation of insights into one’s personality in order to adapt to social environment4. Transformation – interplay between therapist and patient leads to change that move beyond adaptation

to environment and towards self-realization5. Painting Therapy

a means of encouraging them to express their unconscious feelings or thoughts

CRITIQUES of JUNG

Nearly impossible to either falsify or verify (The collective unconscious remains a difficult concept to test empirically

Many of its concepts are highly ambiguous (Regression and introverted are so closely-related that they can be said to describe the same process)

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