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GATEWAY DEVELOPMENTGATEWAY DEVELOPMENTAND PORT RIVALRYAND PORT RIVALRY
IN THE YANGZI RIVER DELTAIN THE YANGZI RIVER DELTA
CLAUDE COMTOISCLAUDE COMTOIS
CHEVALIER VISITING PROFESSOR CHEVALIER VISITING PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIAUNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
KEY ISSUESKEY ISSUES
HOW ARE MARINE GATEWAYS BEING SHAPED?HOW ARE MARINE GATEWAYS BEING SHAPED? HOW ARE YANGZI CONTAINER SHIPPING SERVICES HOW ARE YANGZI CONTAINER SHIPPING SERVICES
RESTRUCTURED?RESTRUCTURED?
HOW ARE CHINA’S POLICIES AFFECTING SPATIAL HOW ARE CHINA’S POLICIES AFFECTING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF MARINE ACTIVITIES?PATTERNS OF MARINE ACTIVITIES?
HOW IS SHORT SEA SHIPPING BECOMING A FACTOR HOW IS SHORT SEA SHIPPING BECOMING A FACTOR OF CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT? OF CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT?
Island
IslandIsland Sea PortSea Port
C O N T I N E N TC O N T I N E N TC O N T I N E N TC O N T I N E N T
bridgebridge
Interior centerInterior center Load centerLoad center Regional gateway networkRegional gateway networkFreight corridorFreight corridor
Shortsea/feeder servicesShortsea/feeder servicesDeepsea liner servicesDeepsea liner services
O C E A NO C E A N
MARINE GATEWAY SYSTEMMARINE GATEWAY SYSTEM
TOP MARINE GATEWAYS, 2005TOP MARINE GATEWAYS, 2005
Containers HandlingsContainers Handlings(TEUs)(TEUs)
SINGAPORE STRAITSINGAPORE STRAIT27 518 78627 518 786
RHINE-SCHELDTRHINE-SCHELDT12 552 21512 552 215
KOREAN PENINSULAKOREAN PENINSULA11 958 28211 958 282
SAN PEDRO AREASAN PEDRO AREA11 923 20011 923 200
HELGOLAND BAYHELGOLAND BAY9 327 8539 327 853
TOKYO BAYTOKYO BAY5 895 1585 895 158
35 000 00035 000 000
25 000 00025 000 000
15 000 00015 000 000
5 000 0005 000 000
Singapore :Singapore : 18 100 00018 100 000Port Klang :Port Klang : 4 840 0004 840 000
Tanjung Pelapas :Tanjung Pelapas : 3 487 3203 487 320Pasir Gudang :Pasir Gudang : 750 466750 466
Jurong :Jurong : 341 000341 000
Los Angeles :Los Angeles : 7 178 9407 178 940Long Beach :Long Beach : 4 658 1244 658 124
San Diego :San Diego : 86 13686 136
Rotterdam :Antwerp :
7 106 779
5 445 436
Hamburg :Hamburg :
Bremen :Bremen :
6 138 0006 138 000
3 189 8533 189 853
TAIWAN STRAITTAIWAN STRAIT10 086 02710 086 027
Kaohsiung :Kaohsiung : 8 840 0008 840 000
Taichung :Taichung : 1 246 0271 246 027
Busan :Busan : 10 407 80910 407 809
Guangyang :Guangyang : 1 184 8421 184 842
Ulsan :Ulsan : 318 279318 279
Masan :Masan : 47 35247 352
Tokyo :Tokyo : 3 313 6473 313 647
Yokohama :Yokohama : 2 504 6282 504 628
Chiba :Chiba : 46 44046 440
Kawazaki :Kawazaki : 30 44330 443
28 104 00028 104 000
Shanghai :Shanghai : 11 280 00011 280 000
Ningbo :Ningbo : 2 772 0002 772 000
PEARL RIVER DELTAPEARL RIVER DELTA35 324 50035 324 500
Hong Kong :Hong Kong : 20 449 00020 449 000
Shenzhen :Shenzhen : 10 614 90010 614 900
Guangzhou :Guangzhou : 2 761 7002 761 700
Zhongshan :Zhongshan :
Jiangmen :Jiangmen : 744 200744 200
754 700754 700
YANGZIYANGZIRIVER DELTARIVER DELTA
CONTAINER TRAFFIC BETWEEN SHANGHAI AND YANGZI RIVER PORTS, 1990-1998CONTAINER TRAFFIC BETWEEN SHANGHAI AND YANGZI RIVER PORTS, 1990-1998
Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM
Yangzhou
Shanghai
Ningbo
HuilongzhenNantong
Zhangjiagang
Jiangyin
Zhenjiang
Hal’an
Wuhu
Yellow Sea
Hangzhou
Z H E J I A N G
J I A N G S U
A N H U I
SHANGHAI
East China Sea
Taihu
Lake
Luse
Liujia
Taizhou
Gaogang
Jingcheng
Nanjing
Changzhou
Wuxi
Changshu
Huzhou Jiaxing
TaicangKunshan
Suzhou
WujiangShuangqlao
Baiyangwan
Shaoxing
city
provincial limits
railway
Highway
Yangzi
Yixing
Haimen
Maanshan
J I A N G S U
10000
20000
40000
TEUs
0
90 95 98Years
no data< 1000 TEUs
import
export
30000
Yangzi
Wuhan
Changsha
ChongqingNanchang
Jiujiang
Shanghai
0 20 40 60
km
SELECTED LAND AND MARINE GATEWAYS IN ZHEJIANG, 2005SELECTED LAND AND MARINE GATEWAYS IN ZHEJIANG, 2005
Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM
0 50
Km
Lishui
H angzhou bay
Z H E J I A N G
East
C hina
Fuc
hun
river
Shanghai
Zhoushan
JiaxingH uzhou
H angzhou
ShaoxingN ingbo
Q uzhouJinhua
W enzhou
Xiao Yangshan I.
D a Yangshan I.
Xin anjiung R es.
Sea
Tai
H u
(Taizhou)
Linhai
Zhejiang province
C H IN A Shanghai
Y ang z i
H ighw ay
Province lim itR ailw ay
A) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container imports, 1999A) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container imports, 1999
B) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container exports, 1999B) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container exports, 1999
Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0 .25
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50 0.0
1
Z H E J I A N G
Xin anjiung R es.
Shanghai
JiaxingH uzhou
Q uzhou
Lishui
ZhoushanH angzhou
Shaoxing
Jinhua Linhai
(Ta izhou)
W enzhou
H angzhou
bay
East C hina
Sea
Tai
H u
N ingbo city
East C hina Xin anjiung
R es.Sea
Lishui
Zhoushan
Shaoxing
Q uzhou
Jinhua
W enzhou
Z H E J I A N G
H uzhouJiaxing
TaiH u
H angzhou
H angzhou bay
Shanghai
Linhai
(Ta izhou)
N ingbo city
0 50
Km
0.50-0.740.75-0.99
1.25-1.49
0.25-0.49
1.50-1.74> 1.75
1.00-1.24
Market quotient
< 0.25Port location< 0.01
0.50-0.991.00-1.49
2.00-2.49
0.01-0.49
2.50-2.99> 3.00
1.50-1.99
Market quotient
H ighw ay
Province lim itR ailw ay
A B
A) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container imports, 1999A) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container imports, 1999
B) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container exports, 1999B) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container exports, 1999
Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM
0 50
KmB
0.50-0.740.75-0.99
1.25-1.49
0.25-0.49
1.50-1.74> 1.75
1.00-1.24
Market quotient
< 0.25Port locationÎ
AA
Highway
Province limitRailway
HangzhouHangzhou
baybay
Z H E J I A N G
EastEast China China
SeaSea
Lishui
ZhoushanZhoushanHangzhou
Shaoxing
Jinhua
Wenzhou
Shanghai
JiaxingHuzhou
Quzhou
TaiTai
HuHu
Ningbo city
Linhai
(Taizhou)
Xin anjiung Res.
Quzhou
HangzhouHangzhou
baybay
JiaxingHuzhou
Lishui
ZhoushanZhoushan
HangzhouHangzhou
Shaoxing
Jinhua Linhai
Wenzhou
Z H E J I A N G
China China
(Taizhou)
EastEast
SeaSea
TaiTai
HuHu
Ningbo city
ShanghaiShanghai
STAGES IN CHINA’S PORT REFORM STAGES IN CHINA’S PORT REFORM PROCESS SINCE 1978PROCESS SINCE 1978
DOMESTIC RESPONSIBILITYDOMESTIC RESPONSIBILITY
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT FIVE-YEAR PLANSCENTRAL GOVERNMENT FIVE-YEAR PLANS LOCAL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT INVESTMENTS BY DOMESTIC COMPANIESINVESTMENTS BY DOMESTIC COMPANIES
OVERSEAS PARTICIPATIONOVERSEAS PARTICIPATION
FOREIGN OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENTFOREIGN OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SEPARATION OF GOVERNMENT FROM ENTERPRISESEPARATION OF GOVERNMENT FROM ENTERPRISE CORPORATE RESTRUCTURINGCORPORATE RESTRUCTURING
FOREIGN OWNERSHIP INFOREIGN OWNERSHIP INSELECTED YANGZI RIVER DELTA PORT SYSTEM, 2005SELECTED YANGZI RIVER DELTA PORT SYSTEM, 2005
YangziRiver
Shaoxing
Jinshanwei
Haiyan
Jiangyin
Xiaoshan
Jiaxing
YangshanYangshan
Hangzhou
Ningbo
Shanghai
Zhangjiagang
Suzhou
Zhenjiang
Nantong
Luyang bridgeLuyang bridge
HangzhouHangzhoubridgebridge
Zhapu
Taihu
Lake
EastEast
SHANGHAISHANGHAI
NINGBONINGBO
SUZHOUSUZHOUZHENJIANGZHENJIANG
JIANGYINJIANGYIN
ZHANGJIAGANGZHANGJIAGANG
Yellow SeaYellow Sea
ChinaChina
SeaSea
0 20 40 60
km
HPH
CMHI
HPH/COSCO
APM
COSCO
PSA
COSCO
COSCOMTL
NWS
COSCO
DinghaiDinghai
Source : Drewry Shipping Consultants, 2004Source : Drewry Shipping Consultants, 2004 Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM
COMPETITIVE FACTORS INCOMPETITIVE FACTORS INTHE DEVELOPMENT OF GATEWAYSTHE DEVELOPMENT OF GATEWAYS
GOVERNMENT POLICY AND PLANNING GOVERNMENT POLICY AND PLANNING
CORPORATE PLAYERS AND STRATEGIESCORPORATE PLAYERS AND STRATEGIES
EXTENSIVE NETWORKINGEXTENSIVE NETWORKING
UNIMPEDED ACCESSIBILITYUNIMPEDED ACCESSIBILITY
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICESSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES
EMERGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTEMERGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
EMERGING CONSENSUS ON EMERGING CONSENSUS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTS
DEVELOPMENT OF «GREEN PORTS»DEVELOPMENT OF «GREEN PORTS»
COMPETITION BETWEEN LOGISTICS CHAINSCOMPETITION BETWEEN LOGISTICS CHAINS
GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGESGATEWAY DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
GROWTH IN SHORT SEA SHIPPINGGROWTH IN SHORT SEA SHIPPING
GOVERNMENT PROMOTION OF SHORT SEA GOVERNMENT PROMOTION OF SHORT SEA MOTORWAYSMOTORWAYS
OCEAN GOING SHIPPING LINES INROADS INTO OCEAN GOING SHIPPING LINES INROADS INTO SHORT SEA SHIPPING DISTRIBUTIONSHORT SEA SHIPPING DISTRIBUTION
TERMINAL OPERATORS INVESTING IN SHORT SEA TERMINAL OPERATORS INVESTING IN SHORT SEA SHIPPING LINESSHIPPING LINES
DEVELOPMENT OF «WATERWAY BRANCHES»DEVELOPMENT OF «WATERWAY BRANCHES»
ALLIANCES BETWEEN SHORT SEA SHIPPING LINESALLIANCES BETWEEN SHORT SEA SHIPPING LINES
FROM WHOLESALER OF PORT-TO-PORT SERVICES FROM WHOLESALER OF PORT-TO-PORT SERVICES TO RETAILER OF DOOR-TO-DOOR SERVICESTO RETAILER OF DOOR-TO-DOOR SERVICES
COST TRANSIT COMPETITIVENESS OF MULTIMODAL COST TRANSIT COMPETITIVENESS OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT IN THE YANGZI RIVER, 2006TRANSPORT IN THE YANGZI RIVER, 2006
ORIGINORIGIN MODEMODE DISTANCE TO DISTANCE TO SHANGHAI SHANGHAI
(KM)(KM)
TRANSIT TIME TRANSIT TIME (DAYS)(DAYS)
COST (US $)COST (US $)
WUHANWUHAN RAILRAIL 10631063 55 365365
TRUCKTRUCK 11001100 22 12801280
BARGEBARGE 10431043 44 183183
CHONGQINGCHONGQING RAILRAIL 24252425 88 525525
TRUCKTRUCK 27562756 33 25602560
BARGEBARGE 23352335 88 390390
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
INCREASING COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT INCREASING COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT
INTERLOCKING PORT DEVELOPMENT OF INTERLOCKING PORT DEVELOPMENT OF SHANGHAI AND NINGBOSHANGHAI AND NINGBO
YANGZI GATEWAY STATUS AND SHORT SEA YANGZI GATEWAY STATUS AND SHORT SEA SHIPPING STRATEGYSHIPPING STRATEGY