Gateway 2012 IBM i audit capabilities i audit... · Turn on journaling for FILE and IFS STMF sensitive ... DSPJRN JRN(QSYS/QAUDJRN) ... FROMTIME('08/18/2004' '08:00:00') JRNCDE((T))

© Copyright IBM Corporation 2012

IBM i Audit Capabilities

Jeffrey Uehling

IBM i security development

[email protected]

2 © Copyright IBM Corporation 2012

Content and Contributions

Some content in this presentation was contributed by:

Carol Woodbury, President and Co-FounderSkyView Partners, [email protected]

Dan RiehlIT Security and Compliance Group, [email protected]


Agenda

� Security basics

� Configuring i5/OS auditing

� Recommended settings

� Getting information out of the journal

� Practical applications

� Scenarios for protection


Three Parts of Security

� Confidentiality

- Keeping people from seeing things they shouldn’t

� Integrity

- Keeping people from changing things they shouldn’t

� Accountability

- Gathering and evaluating activity that occurred on the system


The Security PROCESS

� Repeat

- Repeat

� Repeat

- Repeat

� Repeat

1. Assess Vulnerabilities

2. Plan Countermeasures

3. Deploy Countermeasures

4. Repeat


Security Plan Foundation Questions

� What and where is the important data on the system?

� Who is using the system, what data are they accessing, and

for what purpose?

� Which access methods are available for which data?

� Which services or applications invoke other services?

� Which services or applications must operate with more than

user authority (e.g. adopt/swap)?

� What mechanisms can be used to transfer data from the

system?


Why Use Auditing

� Evaluate the completeness of a security plan

� Ensure security controls are working

� Ensure security plan is still valid

� Gather data for future system changes


To Make Auditing Meaningful …

� Physical Security

� Strong passwords

- QPWD* system values

- QMAXSIGN, QMAXSIGNACN

� No shared accounts

� *PUBLIC *EXCLUDE on all profiles

� Object level authorization control

- Minimal users with *ALLOBJ

- Secure sensitive objects (data)

- Prevent access to service tools (SST, DST, DMPxxx, TRCxxx, etc)


Features of Security Audit Journal

IBM i

Audit Journal, QAUDJRN *JRN

Current Receiver Previous Receiver Previous Receiver

Journal Receiver Chain, *JRNRCV


Types of Auditing

� System wide

- Object create and delete

- Security/System functions

- Login failures

- Job auditing

� Object specific auditing

- Object read and write

� User specific auditing

- Security/System functions performed by the audited user

- Command auditing

- Object read and write


Auditing Plan

� What are we trying to detect?

- Which system events?

- What/which objects?

- By which users?

� How often must we evaluate this action?

� What should be done when it is detected?

� What events do NOT need to be audited

- Signal to noise ratio

� How long should audit data be retained?


System level audit controls


i5/OS audit journal implementation overview

System ValueQAUDCTL

*AUDLVL*NOQTEMP*OBJAUD

System ValueQAUDLVL

QAUDLVL2

*SECCFG*AUTFAIL*DELETE…

i5/OS Object 1

OBJAUD(*NONE)

Audit Journal

Journal ReceiverJRNLIB/AUDRCV

1

3

4

i5/OS Object 2

OBJAUD(*ALL)

5

Audit Journal

Journal QSYS/QAUDJRN

2

i5/OS Object 3

OBJAUD(*USRPRF)

i5/OS User Profile

OBJAUD(*CHANGE)AUDLVL(*CMD

*CREATE)

5

6

AnalyzeAudit Journal

DSPJRNCPYAUDJRNE

*1 = V5R4

Initial setup steps

IBM and XYZ Company Confidential – Security Health Check


Auditing System Values


Is Audit running on your system?

� Display Security Auditing – DSPSECAUD


Configuring auditing for the first time

� Change Security Auditing – CHGSECAUD

Change Security Auditing – CHGSECAUD

1. Creates QSYS/QAUDJRN journal

2. Creates and attaches the journal receiver3. Changes QAUDCTL and QAUDLVL system values


Configuring Auditing - QAUDCTL (on/off switch)

QAUDCTL (On/Off switch)

*NONE – auditing is Off

*OBJAUD – reads or updates to

individual objects will be audited if auditing has been turned on for the

object by running CHGOBJAUD

*AUDLVL – audits system-wide actions specified in QAUDLVL and

individual actions when

CHGUSRAUD has been run

*NOQTEMP – eliminates audit entries for objects created in and

deleted from QTEMP


QAUDLVL and QAUDLVL2, system-wide action auditing

To determine what these values do, hit Help or look in

IBM i Security Reference, Chapter 9

Caution: Carefully consider what auditing is enabled.

Some categories generate significant amounts of audit

entries

Audit settings that apply to every user & job


Auditing System Values – iSeries Navigator

(QAUDCTL - *AUDLVL)

(QAUDCTL - *OBJAUD)

(QAUDCTL - *NOQTEMP)

(QAUDLVL)



(QAUDENDACN - *NOTIFY)

(QAUDFRCLVL)



(QCRTOBJAUD)


Object and user level audit settings


Auditing Sensitive Objects – All users

� QAUDCTL system value must include the value *OBJAUD

� Specify auditing of objects with the CHGOBJAUD, CHGDLOAUD, CHGAUD commands

� Entries are written to the system auditing journal QAUDJRN

� No auditing is done for this object under any circumstances

� Read and update operations to the object are audited.

� Update operations to the object are audited

CHGOBJAUD OBJ(libname/objname) OBJTYPE(objtype) OBJAUD(*ALL)

CHGOBJAUD OBJ(libname/objname) OBJTYPE(objtype) OBJAUD(*CHANGE)

CHGOBJAUD OBJ(libname/objname) OBJTYPE(objtype) OBJAUD(*NONE)


CHGAUD

To turn on object auditing for an object in the IFS, run

CHGAUD, specifying the pathname of the object.


Display of audit settings – QSYS objects

AuditValue

DSPOBJD OBJ(PAYLIB/PAYROLL) OBJTYPE(*FILE) DETAIL(*FULL)


Display of audit settings – IFS objects

Audit

Value


� Security Audit provides who accesses what object

� A combination of security audit and “data object” journaling provides the complete audit trail

� Turn on journaling for *FILE and IFS *STMF sensitive objects to

get the complete audit of modification of data

� CRTJRNRCV JRNRCV(MYLIB/MYRCV0001)

� CRTJRN JRN(MYLIB/MYJRN) JRNRCV(MYLIB/MYRCV0001)

� STRJRNPF FILE(MYLIB/MYFILE) JRN(MYLIB/MYJRN) IMAGES(*BOTH)

� QSYS/STRJRN OBJ(('/mydir/dir1/stmf1' *INCLUDE))

JRN('/qsys.lib/mylib.lib/myjrn.jrn')

Auditing continued – Data Objects


Auditing Sensitive Objects – Specific users

� Object Auditing based upon the user level audit setting

� Audit only if the user accessing the object has a value of *ALL or *CHANGE specified on their user

profile’s OBJAUD value.

CHGUSRAUD USRPRF(DAN) OBJAUD(*CHANGE)

CHGOBJAUD OBJ(libname/objname) OBJTYPE(objtype) OBJAUD(*USRPRF)


Auditing Users – Object and action audit

� Individual user profiles can be audited- Powerful profiles QSECOFR, ZSECOFR, MYADMIN- Troublesome users- Problems have occurred

� QAUDCTL system value must include the value *OBJAUD or *AUDLVL

� CHGUSRAUD command starts/stops auditing a User� Entries are written to the auditing journal QAUDJRN

� User’s AUDLVL can contain *CMD to record all commands run by the user

CHGUSRAUD USRPRF(QSECOFR) OBJAUD(*CHANGE) AUDLVL(*CREATE *CMD)

Complement of

QAUDLVL sysval

*NONE, *ALL,

*CHANGE


User action auditing – Security event audit

Note: To enable user auditing, must specify QAUDCTL(*AUDLVL)


User action auditing – Display of User setting

Objectand

User

audit

setting

DSPUSRPRF USRPRF(QSECOFR)


CHGUSRAUD – iSeries Navigator


Object Auditing – QAUDCTL(*OBJAUD)

Only updates are audited

Audits when profile accessing object has its object auditing value set to either *CHANGE or *ALL

QCRTOBJAUD system value sets the object auditing value for newly created objects. Default = *NONE

DSPLIBD - Create object auditing value. Default = *SYSVAL

See Security Reference, Appendix E to see what operations cause an audit entry

Both reads and updates are

audited


Using CHGOBJAUD OBJ(PATIENTFIL) OBJAUD(*NONE)

PATIENT FILE

OBJAUD(*NONE)

OPEN READ

OPEN UPDATE

OPEN UPDATE

OPEN READ


Using CHGOBJAUD OBJ(PATIENTFIL) OBJAUD(*ALL)

PATIENT FILE

OBJAUD(*ALL)

OPEN READ

OPEN UPDATE

OPEN UPDATE

OPEN READ


Using CHGOBJAUD OBJ(PATIENTFIL) OBJAUD(*CHANGE)

PATIENT FILE

OBJAUD(*CHANGE)

OPEN READ

OPEN UPDATE

OPEN UPDATE

OPEN READ

OBJAUD(*USRPRF) we’ll see


Using CHGOBJAUD OBJ(PATIENTFIL) OBJAUD(*USRPRF)

The User Profile’s OBJAUD value is ONLY evaluated

if the Object’s OBJAUD value is set to *USRPRF

PATIENT FILE

OBJAUD(*USRPRF)

OPEN READ

OPEN UPDATE

OPEN READ

OPEN UPDATE

OBJAUD(*ALL)

OBJAUD(*ALL)

OBJAUD(*CHANGE) OBJAUD(*NONE)


Recommended Audit Settings

� QAUDCTL

- *OBJAUD

- *AUDLVL

- *NOQTEMP

� QAUDLVL

- *AUTFAIL

- *SECURITY

- *CREATE

- *DELETE

- *SAVRST

- *SERVICE

- *PGMFAIL

Note: May need additional values if running HA software

Note: Each customer must evaluate the appropriate settings for their company


Subsetted Auditing Values

� QAUDLVL- *SECURITY is subsetted into

� *SECCFG – user profile, system value changes, network attributes, etc� *SECDIRSRV – directory services� *SECIPC – interprocess communications� *SECNAS – network authentication ticket verification (Kerberos)� *SECRUN – runtime changes of object ownership, authorization list, etc� *SECSCKD – secure socket descriptors� *SECVFY – verification of profile handles and tokens� *SECVLDL - usage of validation list entries

- *NETCMN is subsetted into� *NETBAS - basic network events – SSL connections, APPN “firewall”

activities� *NETCLU – cluster resource groups� *NETFAIL – security-related network failures – e.g., secure socket port

not available� *NETSCK - mail filtered, mail rejected, give and take socket

descriptors- *AUDLVL2 (must be specified or QAUDLVL2 is ignored)

� QAUDLVL2 (overflow for QAUDLVL)


New Auditing Values in 6.1

6.1

� QAUDLVL

- *JOBDTA is subsetted into

� *JOBBAS – starting, stopping, holding, releasing, canceling or changing a job

� *JOBCHGUSR – changes to a thread’s user or group profiles

� Subsetted values added to the CHGUSRAUD command

- Only available at the system value level prior to 6.1

� *ATNEVT – more events monitored, easier configuration

- Search for “ATNEVT” in IBM Information Center for steps to configure


“Harvesting” or Retrieving information out of the audit journal


Display Journal command (DSPJRN)

DSPJRN JRN(QAUDJRN) FROMTIME('03/24/07') JRNCDE((T)) ENTTYP(AF)


Display Audit Journal Entries (DSPAUDJRNE)

DSPAUDJRNE is an old interface that IBM no longer updates. IBM Partner

products are available to harvest audit journal data.


Output from DSPAUDJRNE

Indicates an IFS object named with a pathname


Audit entries

� *N in the Object Name field of an audit entry indicates the

object is a pathname

� Pathname is a 5002 character field at the end of the audit

journal entry

� Must use DSPJRN (Display Journal) command to display –

easiest to send to an outfile and run a query

- See Security Reference manual, Appendix F for outfile layout


DSPJRN to an outfile

� i/OS has a model outfile in QSYS for each audit journal entry type- QASYxxJy where

� xx = the two-letter audit journal entry type

� y = the file format

� CRTDUPOBJ OBJ(QASYAFJ5) FROMLIB(QSYS) OBJTYPE(*FILE) + TOLIB(QTEMP)

� DSPJRN JRN(QSYS/QAUDJRN) RCVRNG(*CURCHAIN) + FROMTIME('08/18/2004' '08:00:00') JRNCDE((T)) ENTTYP(AF) + OUTPUT(*OUTFILE) OUTFILFMT(*TYPE5) + OUTFILE(QTEMP/QASYAFJ5)

� New command – CPYAUDJRNE (V5R4)- Performs CRTDUPOBJ QSYS/QASYxxJ5 model outfile and subsequent

DSPJRN to outfile in one, simplified step


Copy Audit Journal Entries (CPYAUDJRNE)

New command – CPYAUDJRNE (V5R4)

- Performs CRTDUPOBJ QSYS/QASYxxJ5 model outfile and subsequent

DSPJRN to outfile in one, simplified step


View Audit Journal Data in an OUTFILE

Quick View of the Audit Data

• RUNQRY QRY(*NONE) QRYFILE(QTEMP/QAUDITCO)

Detailed Analysis of the Audit Data

• SQL or STRQRY


View Audit Journal Data – RUNQRY output


Defining a query – STRQRY Command

Once the outfile has been generated, define a query to get the information you want, e.g., Path name


Results of query

Pathname


Display Journal command (DSPJRN)

DSPJRN JRN(QAUDJRN) FROMTIME('03/24/08') JRNCDE((T)) ENTTYP(AF)

F10


DSPJRN – more details

Results of taking F10=Display only entry details


DSPJRN – more details

Page down to see additional information


� Numerous IBM i partners provide additional tools

- Reporting & Monitoring

- Security Configuration

- Encryption

- Network Security

- Authentication/Biometrics

- IBM i Security website, a link to business partners:� http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/software/i/security/partner_showcase.html

IBM Business Partners – Products to “mine” audit journal data


Chapter 9 – iSeries Security Reference

Look for the auditing value, then for the 2-letter Journal Entry Types

to see what information is available


Layout of AF – QASYAFJ5 - outfile

Appendix F, iSeries Security Reference


Practical uses of the audit journal


Audit Journal Recommendations

� Activate Audit on the Server- Activate both user level audit and system wide audit features

� Monitor the audit journal for suspicious activity.

- Business Partner products available to monitor the journal

�Archive the audit data so it is available for use at a later date if necessary!


Suggested Super User Auditing

� Focus on misconduct and proving misconduct

� Focus on real people and all their profiles

� Use CHGUSRAUD to set at least

- *SAVRST

- *SECURITY

- *OBJMGT

- *SERVICE

- *SYSMGT


Debugging using the audit journal

� Turn on *PGMADP using CHGUSRAUD, then look for PA – A or PA - J entries to find “inappropriate” uses of adopted authority

� Use the DO entries to determine how an object was deleted

� Use the CO entries to determine if objects are being created into a directory (so it can be secured)

� Use AF entries to determine whether an “authority failure” really is an authority failure - Especially useful when reworking the security scheme of an entire

application and the security changes are blamed for EVERY failure!

� Object update (ZC) and object read (ZR) entries can help you determine what processes are accessing files you are about to secure

� Before making changes, look at the current entries to see what is “normal”


Managing Journal Receivers

� Use the CRTJRN QSYS/QAUDJRN MNGRCV(*SYSTEM) parameter

when creating the security audit journal

� Saving and deleting a receiver in order to preserve audit data

- CHGJRN QSYS/QAUDJRN JRNRCV(*GEN)

- SAVOBJ

- DLTJRNRCV


For More Information

� iSeries Security Reference, SC41-5302

- For a PDF, go to

http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/iseries/v7r1m0/index.jsp

� Chapter 9 – auditing

� Appendix F – auditing model outfiles

� Appendix G – by object type, what actions cause a ZR or ZC audit

journal entry

� Experts’ Guide to OS/400 and i5/OS Security by Carol

Woodbury and Patrick Botz, ISBN 1-58304-096-X, 29th

Street Press 2004.


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Special notices (cont.)

Documents

Gateway 2012 IBM i audit capabilities i audit... · Turn on journaling for *FILE and IFS *STMF sensitive ... DSPJRN JRN(QSYS/QAUDJRN) ... FROMTIME('08/18/2004' '08:00:00') JRNCDE((T))

Gateway 2012 IBM i audit capabilities i audit... · Turn on journaling for FILE and IFS STMF sensitive ... DSPJRN JRN(QSYS/QAUDJRN) ... FROMTIME('08/18/2004' '08:00:00') JRNCDE((T))