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Gastrointestinal System
Jenna Stellato, Lauren Gomez, and Marissa LaLuna
Essentially,a long tube running through the body with specialized sections capable of digesting material...
Esophagus❖ Used to pass food to the stomach
❖ Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
❖ Secretes mucus
❖ Mucus glands help the passage of food
Stomach
Structure of Stomach
❖ J-shaped
❖ Two openings-➢ esophageal and duodenal
❖ Four regions
Function of Stomach
❖ Fundus➢ collects digestive gases
❖ Cardia➢ opening of the esophagus, into stomach
❖ Body➢ secretes acid with enzymes that digest food
❖ Pylorus➢ responsible for mucus, gastrin, and
pepsinogen
Gastric Secretions❖ Mucus
➢ coats & lubricates the gastric surface and protects epithelium from acidic substances
❖ Acid➢ important for activation pepsinogen and inactivation of
bacteria
❖ Protease ➢ type of protein that speed up the breakdown of others
❖ Hormones➢ a hormone called gastrin is secreted from the gastric
epithelium and it controls acid secretion
Mixing and Emptying Actions
❖ Chyme- a semifluid paste of food particles and gastric juice
❖ Peristaltic waves push the chyme toward the pyloric region
❖ The stomach’s contractions push the chyme to the small intestine
❖ Most food will pass through the stomach fast and easily, but some fatty foods may stay in the stomach longer
Pancreas
❖ Glandular organ
Structure of Pancreas
❖ Located below the stomach
❖ Three parts➢ head, body, and tail
Function of Pancreas
❖ Endocrine gland that produces several important hormones, like insulin and glucagon
❖ Contains digestive enzymes which help to break down carbs, proteins, and lipids
Pancreatic Juice
❖ A watery fluid secreted by the pancreas which contains enzymes that break down partially digested food in the small intestine.
Liver
❖ Detoxifies blood to get rid of harmful substances
Liver Structure
❖ A triangular organ which extends across abdominal cavity
❖ Made up of pinkish-brown tissue and connective tissue
❖ Contains bile ducts which are tubes that carry bile through the liver and the gallbladder
Liver Functions
❖ Stores vitamins and iron❖ Stores glucose❖ Converts stored sugar into usable sugar❖ Destroys old red blood cells
Gallbladder❖ Pear-shaped sac❖ composed of three parts:
➢ neck,body,fundus
❖ Stores and concentrates bile:➢ a liquid that the body uses to digest fat and
neutralize acidhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnzwbipJuAA&safe=active
Small Intestine
❖ Where most of the chemical and mechanical digestion is carried out
Structure of Small Intestine
❖ Smooth muscle wall
Function of Small Intestine
❖ Peristalsis- Rhythmic contraction to digest food➢ Duodenum: Neutralizes acidic gastric
materials to continue the digestive process➢ Jejunum: Handles absorption of
carbohydrates and proteins, vitamins, minerals, and iron
➢ Ileum: Coiled parts of the small intestine that absorbs nutrients from digested food
Large Intestine
❖ Far larger than small intestine❖ Digestion already took place in small intestine❖ Gets rid of wastes in the body
Structure of the Large Intestine
❖ Is 5ft. long❖ 6 regions:
cecum,ascending colon, and rectum, Transverse colon,descending colon, sigmoid colon
Function of the Large Intestine
❖ Salt and water absorption takes place here
❖ Maintaining fluid balance
❖ Some vitamins are absorbed here
Diseases of Gastrointestinal System
❖ Acid reflex- Symptoms-Heartburn,Regurgitation,Nausea
Treatment- Medications (antacids),Diet, surgery in extreme cases
Diseases of Gastrointestinal System❖ Gallstones-
➢ pieces of solid material that form in the gallbladder➢ develop because cholesterol and pigments in bile which sometimes
form into hard particles
❖ Cholesterol Stones- yellow-green (most common)
❖ Pigment Stones- small and darker color
❖ Symptoms not present in most cases
Diseases of Gastrointestinal System
Gastritis-➢ inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining➢ caused by alcohol use, bacterial or viral infections, or the use of
certain medications
❖ Symptoms- abdominal pain/bloating, vomiting, indigestion, loss of appetite
❖ Treatments- upper endoscopy, blood tests, stool tests, antacids (to reduce stomach acid)
❖ Crohn’s Disease-➢ inflammatory bowel disease which can cause inflammation of the
digestive tract
❖ Symptoms- abdominal pain, diarrhea and malnutrition
❖ Therapy can help the pain
❖ People with Crohn’s disease can still function and live a normal everyday life
