Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Dongzi ZhuDesert Research Institute

Dirty Diesel engine Non-road Diesel engine (contrary to Onroad)DPM higher than onroad diesel engines (HDDTs)contributes 44% DPM, 12% of NOx from all mobile sources nationwide (EPA)exempt from fuel formulation (e.g. sulfur content) requirement, exhaust gas aftertreatment Non-road Diesel Mobile/stationary sources:construction, agriculture, locomotives, and marine vessels back-up generators, pumps, etc.

NAAQS Criteria pollutants: PM(2.5,10), NOx, SO2, CO, O3,Pb

Diesel generators large emitter of PM most < 1mm, toxic air pollutantsNOx, precursor of O3Hydrocarbon(HC), PAH carcinogens, precursor of SOA, O3CO, SO2

Nationwide, 626,000 installed units of diesel BUGs in 1996, estimated 1.7% annual increase rate (740,941 units 2006)11,000 diesel BUGs in California in 2000Evidence indicates human health hazards with exposure of diesel exhaust. BUGs are close to school, hospitals, municipal buildings, where human exposure is high. EPA regulated emission factors: NOx, PM, CO, NMHC (and fuel sulfur content)Tier 1 (1996-2000) (EPA,1994)Tier 2 (2001-2006)Tire 3 (2006-2008) (EPA,1998)Tire 4 (2008-2015): PM, NOx reduced by 90% (EPA, 2004)EPA AP 42 diesel generator ( 10000

Tested 13 diesel generators (10KW-100KW) at Camp Pendleton, CA, using DRIs In-Plume Emissions Testing System Fuel analysis showed the jerrycan fuel had different properties than the fuels in the generator tanks. 60KW and 100KW tanks has JP-8 fuel. Communications indicated that the base was temporarily unable to obtain JP-8 fuel for the generators and that were using California #2 Diesel to refuel the generators when needed.

In-Plume Emissions Testing System (IPETS) diagram

Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometerBeer-Lambert law: exponential attenuationI1/I0 transmission spectrum T, fraction of radiation reaching detector on y-axis with wavenumbers (equivalent to freq.) (1/cm) on the x-axis log10(1/T) = A absorbance a is absorption coefficientC is concentrationL is the distance that the radiation travel through the sample iI1=I0 exp(-al)SourceradiationDetector

Transmission spectrum and absorbance spectrumThe (sample) region to represent a NO2 concentration of 39 ppm. This is consistent with the reference spectrum concentration of 30 ppm.

An example of a transmission spectrum CO2 2500 ppm

% radiation reaching detectorWavenumber (1/cm)AbsorbanceSampleReferenceWavenumber (1/cm)

H2O and CO2 FTIR SpectraLi-Cor LI-840 CO2/H2O Gas Analyzer

Fuel-based Emission Factors (g pollutant/kg fuel)

Particle measurementDustrak: optical measurement intensity of light scattered from aerosols, aerosol concentration < 2.5 mm, or 10 mm ELPIElectrical Low Pressure Impactormeasure of the number concentration of the particles and their aerodynamic size between 7 nm and 10 mm.GRIMM aerosol spectrometer measures light intensity scattered from the aerosol, the size of the particles, number concentration of the aerosol. Photoacoustic Instrumentmeasures the magnitude of the shock wave when a laser beam heats up a light absorbing particle, correlated with aerosol black carbon mass Filter: Gravimetric & Chemical analysis

Table 1. In-Plume Sampling Test Matrix in Camp Pendleton, CA from Nov 14 to 16, 2005.

a. Unit tested five distinct loads onlyb. Unit tested cold start only.

Generator Test dateGenerator ModelHours usedEngine year Engine ModelRated power (KW)111/14/05Fremont MEP803A26181999ONAN CORP10211/14/05Libby MEP803A31031995ONAN CORP10311/14/05Libby MEP803A21541994ONAN CORP104a11/15/05Libby MEP805A19431995John Deer 4039TF00230511/15/05Libby MEP805A33741995John Deer 4039TF00230611/15/05Libby MEP805A16411995John Deer 4039TF00330711/15/05MCIIOFNW8 MEP805B6362002John Deer 4045TF15130811/15/05MCIIOFNW8 MEP805B852002John Deer 4045TF15130911/15/05MCIIOFNW8 MEP806B10172002John Deer 6068TF151601011/15/05MCIIOFNW8 MEP806B10842001John Deer 6068TF151601111/15/05Libby MEP806A9471995John Deer 1876F601211/15/05MCIIOFNW8 MEP806B3662001John Deer 6068TF151601311/16/05Libby MEP007B1874n/an/a10014b11/16/05MCIIOFNW8 MEP805B292002John Deer 4045TF15130

Time series of background corrected CO2, CO, Ethylene, and NO from Camp Pendleton 2005/11/15.

Results 1): Gaseous Emission FactorsEFs of CO, Ethylene, and NO2 all decrease with increasing engine loadcold start emissions are higher than the hot stabilized, except NO COEthyleneNO

Continued: Gaseous Emission factors NO2Propane+HexaneNH3 HC EFs generally small (< 20 g/kg fuel) and increase moderately with engine load, NH3 below detection limits.

Particle measurement Instrument Intercomparison: DustTrak PM2.5 and PM10the engine exhaust is composed of small particles less than 2.5 mm and well-mixed

DustTrak vs GRIMMMass of particles measured by GRIMM less sensitive to changes in the size distribution, the Grimm calculates PM2.5 mass based on an integrated measure of the particle size distribution.

DustTrak vs Photoacoustic. The relative fraction of black carbon to total aerosol mass can change as a function of engine, operating load, and air fuel mixture, weak correlation is expected.

ELPI0.263 (5 stages) vs DustTrak PM2.5 DustTrak laser light wavelength of 780 nm, less sensitive to particles < 300 nm. These two measuring independent portions of particle size distribution Moderate correlation indicates larger particles (300 nm to 1000 nm) measured by the DustTrak are generally coincident with the smaller nano particles measured by the ELPI.

. Composite size distribution of engine exhaust PM measured by ELPI and GRIMMsize distributions overlap indicating that both measurements are physically consistent ELPI is known to have a large bias for particles greater than 500 nm when sampling high concentration (>1 mg/m3). For PM EF calculation, ELPI PM less than 0.263 is added to DustTrak PM2.5 mass

Time series of real time PM instrument measurements from Camp Pendleton Generator Match test: concentration peaks shows well synchronized, No need to subtract background since source is 2 orders higher.

PM fuel based emission factors for 10 kW, 30 kW generators EFs for the 10 kW generators were highest at the 100% load.

PM fuel based emission factors for 60 kW, 100 kW generatorsAll but the 100 kW generator showed an increase in PM EF as load increased to 75% 100 kW unit had the highest emissions and showed a steady decrease in EF as increased load

Average PM EFs based on generator rated load.No substantial increases in emissions were seen for the cold start tests.

Average black carbon EFs based on generator rated load BC EF Patterns are consistent with the total PM EFs. BC emissions were highest for the 10 kW generators operating at 100% load. The 100 kW generator had constant BC emissions for 10%-75% loads, but increased by a factor of 3 at the 100% load.

EF Comparison with CE-CERT MEL generator test (1)

EF Comparison with CE-CERT MEL generator test (2)

PM emission factors for 13 tested generators

NOx emission factors for 13 tested generators

ConclusionsGaseous EFs show a strong consistency across engine types. EFs of CO, Ethylene, and NO2 all decrease with increasing engine load, cold start emissions of these species higher than the hot stabilized.Emissions of NO increase only slightly (

Conclusions (2)

Fleet average PM EF was 4.498 g/kg fuel, 25% less than the AP 42 estimates With exception of the 100 kW generator, all engines showed an increase in PM EF as load increased to 75%. The 100 kW unit had the highest PM emissions and showed a steady decrease in EF as load increased. No substantial increases in PM emissions for the cold start tests. compared with MEL of CE-CERT for similar engine sizes, while gaseous EF is comparable, the PM EF has a 3 times difference might due to different measurement methodologies.

AcknowledgementHampden Kuhns, Nicholas Nussbaum, Oliver Chang, David Sodeman, Sebastian Uppupalli, Hans Mussmuller, John WatsonStrategic Environmental Research and Development Program project funding

Q & A ?

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