Garry Kasparov

Kasparov redirects here. For other uses, see Kasparov(disambiguation).

Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: , Russian pronunciation: [ar kimvt ks-parf]; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein,[2] 13 April1963) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) chess Grandmaster,former World Chess Champion, writer, and political ac-tivist, considered by many to be the greatest chess playerof all time.[3] From 1986 until his retirement in 2005,Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of 228months. His peak rating of 2851,[4] achieved in 1999,was the highest recorded until being passed by MagnusCarlsen in 2013. Kasparov also holds records for con-secutive professional tournament victories (15) and ChessOscars (11).Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed WorldChess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.[5] He held the official FIDEworld title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led himto set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess As-sociation. In 1997 he became the first world championto lose a match to a computer under standard time con-trols, when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Bluein a highly publicized match. He continued to hold theClassical World Chess Championship until his defeatby Vladimir Kramnik in 2000.Kasparov announced his retirement from professionalchess on 10 March 2005, so that he could devote his timeto politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Frontmovement, and joined as a member of The Other Rus-sia, a coalition opposing the administration and policiesof Vladimir Putin. In 2008, he announced an intention torun as a candidate in the 2008 Russian presidential race,but failure to find a sufficiently large rental space to as-semble the number of supporters that is legally requiredto endorse such a candidacy led him to withdraw. Kas-parov blamed official obstruction for the lack of avail-able space.[6] Although he is widely regarded in the Westas a symbol of opposition to Putin,[7] support for him as acandidate was very low.[6] The political climate in Russiareportedly makes it difficult for opposition candidates toorganize.[8][9] He is currently on the board of directors forthe Human Rights Foundation and chairs its InternationalCouncil.

Kasparov at age 11, Vilnius, 1974

1 Early career

Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Rus-sian: ) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (nowAzerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim MoiseyevichWeinstein, was Russian Jewish, and his mother, KlaraGasparian, was Armenian.[10][11][12][13] Kasparov has de-scribed himself as a self-appointed Christian, althoughvery indifferent.[14]

Kasparov first began the serious study of chess after hecame across a chess problem set up by his parents andproposed a solution.[15] His father died of leukemia whenGarry was seven years old.[16] At the age of twelve, Garryadopted his mothers Armenian surname, Gasparian,modifying it to a more Russified version, Kasparov.[17]

From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palacein Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik'schess school under noted coach Vladimir Makogonov.Makogonov helped develop Kasparovs positional skillsand taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and theTartakower System of the Queens Gambit Declined.[18]

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2 2 TOWARD THE TOP

Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisiin 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated thefeat the following year, winning with a score of 8 of 9.He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during thistime.In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memo-rial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an ex-ception but took first place and became a chess master.Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turningpoint in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chessas his career. I will remember the Sokolsky Memorialas long as I live, he wrote. He has also said that after thevictory, he thought he had a very good shot at the WorldChampionship.[19]

He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship atage 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. Hewon the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpilson tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the sole quali-fying place.Kasparov rose quickly through the World Chess Federa-tion rankings. Starting with an oversight by the RussianChess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tour-nament in Banja Luka, Bosnia andHerzegovina (then partof Yugoslavia), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a re-placement for Viktor Korchnoi who was originally in-vited but withdrew due to threat of boycott from the Sovi-ets). Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emergingwith a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult himto the top group of chess players (at the time, number15 in the world)[20]). The next year, 1980, he won theWorld Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, WestGermany. Later that year, he made his debut as secondreserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad atValletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster.

2 Toward the top

As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSRChess Championship in 198182. His first win in asuperclass-level international tournament was scored atBugojno, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1982. He earned aplace in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, whichhe won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament.[21] Atage 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby Fis-cher, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage,he was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trail-ing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on theJanuary 1983 list.Kasparovs first (quarter-final) Candidates match wasagainst Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 63 (fourwins, one loss).[22] Politics threatened Kasparovs semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled tobe played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had de-fected from the Soviet Union in 1976, and was at thattime the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various po-

Kasparov becomesWorld Junior Champion at Dortmund in 1980

litical maneuvers prevented Kasparov from playing Ko-rchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. This was re-solved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed inLondon, along with the previously scheduled match be-tween Vasily Smyslov and Zoltn Ribli. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice byRaymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but wonthe match 74 (four wins, one loss).In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 rankedplayer in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. Hebecame the youngest ever world No. 1, a record thatlasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnikin January 1996; the record is currently held by MagnusCarlsen, a former pupil of Kasparov.Later in 1984, he won the Candidates final 84 (fourwins, no losses) against the resurgent former world cham-pion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to playAnatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That yearhe joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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(CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Cen-tral Committee of Komsomol in 1987.

3 1984 World Championship

Main article: World Chess Championship 1984

The World Chess Championship 1984 match betweenAnatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups anddowns, and a very controversial finish. Karpov started invery good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down40 in a first to six wins match. Fellow players pre-dicted he would be whitewashed 60 within 18 games.[23]

In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a seriesof 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and othersdrawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27, thenfought back with another series of draws until game 32,his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the pre-vious record length for a world title match had been 34games, the match of Jos Ral Capablanca vs. AlexanderAlekhine in 1927.Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 53 in Karpovs favour. Then the match was ended with-out result by Florencio Campomanes, the President ofFdration Internationale des checs (FIDE), and a newmatch was announced to start a few months later. Thetermination was controversial, as both players stated thatthey preferred the match to continue. Announcing hisdecision at a press conference, Campomanes cited thehealth of the players, which had been strained by thelength of the match.The match became the first, and so far only, worldchampionship match to be abandoned without result.Kasparovs relations with Campomanes and FIDE weregreatly strained, and the feud between them finally cameto a head in 1993 with Kasparovs complete break-awayfrom FIDE.

4 World Champion

The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was orga-nized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the firstplayer to win 12 points would claim the World Cham-pion title. The scores from the terminated match wouldnot carry over. But in the event of a 1212 draw, the ti-tle would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985,Kasparov secured the title by a score of 1311, winningthe 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defense. Hewas 22 years old at the time, making him the youngestever World Champion,[24] and breaking the record heldby Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.[25] Kasparovs win asBlack in the 16th game has been recognized as one of theall-time masterpieces in chess history.

Kasparov after winning the FIDE World Championship title in1985

As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his de-feat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with eachcity hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kas-parov opened a three-point lead and looked well on hisway to a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought backby winning three consecutive games to level the score latein thematch. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of hisseconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing himof selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (asdescribed in Kasparovs autobiography Unlimited Chal-lenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored onemore win and kept his title by a final score of 1211.A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candi-dates Matches to again become the official challenger.This match was very close, with neither player holdingmore than a one-point lead at any time during the con-test. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of thefinal game, and needed a win to draw the match and re-tain his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpovblundered away a pawn just before the first time control,and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov re-tained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 12

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4 6 LOSING THE TITLE AND AFTERMATH

12. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov fourtimes in the period 198487, a statistic unprecedented inchess. Matches organized by FIDE had taken place everythree years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right toa rematch before Karpov.)A fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held inNew York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12games. Again, the result was a close one with Kasparovwinning by a margin of 1211. In their five worldchampionship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses,and 104 draws in 144 games.

5 Break with and ejection fromFIDE

Kasparov and Viswanathan Anand in a publicity photo on top ofthe World Trade Center in New York

With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov be-gan opposing FIDE. Beginning in 1986, he created theGrandmasters Association (GMA), an organization torepresent professional chess players and give them moresay in FIDEs activities. Kasparov assumed a leadershiprole. GMAs major achievement was in organizing a se-ries of six World Cup tournaments for the worlds topplayers. A somewhat uneasy relationship developed withFIDE, and a sort of truce was brokered by Bessel Kok, aDutch businessman.This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a newchallenger had qualified through the Candidates cyclefor Kasparovs next World Championship defense: NigelShort, a British grandmaster who had defeated AnatolyKarpov in a qualifying match, and then Jan Timman inthe finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and com-pressed bidding process produced lower financial esti-mates than expected,[26] the world champion and his chal-lenger decided to play outside FIDEs jurisdiction, un-der another organization created by Kasparov called theProfessional Chess Association (PCA). This is where agreat fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE ver-sion of the World Champions tradition.In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with

FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the gamein the long run.[27]

Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE, and playedtheir well-sponsored match in London. Kasparov wonconvincingly by a score of 127. The match consid-erably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an un-precedented level of coverage on Channel 4. Meanwhile,FIDE organized a World Championship match betweenJan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and formerWorld Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semifi-nalist), which Karpov won.FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rat-ing lists. Thus, till this was in effect, there was a parallelrating list presented by PCA which featured all world topplayers, regardless of their relation to FIDE.There were now two World Champions: PCA championKasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title re-mained split for 13 years.Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match againstViswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in NewYork City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one,with thirteen draws. It was the last World Championshipto be held under the auspices of the PCA, which collapsedwhen Intel, one of its major backers, withdrew its spon-sorship in retaliation for Kasparovs choice to play a 1996match against Deep Blue, which augmented the profile ofIBM, one of Intels chief rivals.[28]

Kasparov tried to organize another World Championshipmatch, under another organization, the World Chess As-sociation (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero.Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidatesmatch to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in asurprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that thefunds required and promised had never materialized, theWCA collapsed.This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organiza-tion stepped inBrainGames.com, headed by RaymondKeene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talkswith Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arrangedagainst Kramnik.During this period, Kasparov was approached byOakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time theonly school in the country with a full-time chess coach,[29]and developed an interest in the use of chess in education.In 1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme atthe school.[30] Kasparov also won theMarca Leyenda tro-phy that year.

6 Losing the title and aftermath

The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London dur-ing the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a studentof Kasparovs at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chessschool in Russia, and had served on Kasparovs team for

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Kasparov playing against Vladimir Kramnik in the BotvinnikMemorial match in Moscow, 2001

the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kas-parovs Grnfeld Defence and achieved winning positionsin Games 4 and 6. Kasparov made a critical error inGame 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kram-nik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparovcould not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in theRuy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his gamesas Black. Kramnik won the match 86. Kasparov be-came the first player to lose a world championship matchwithout winning a game since Emanuel Lasker lost to JosRal Capablanca in 1921.After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of ma-jor tournaments, and remained the top rated player inthe world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE WorldChampions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical ti-tle, claiming his results had earned him a rematch withKramnik.[31]

Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match withrapid time controls over two days in December 2002in New York City. Karpov surprised the experts andemerged victoriously, winning two games and drawingone.[32]

Due to Kasparovs continuing strong results, and status asworld No. 1 in much of the public eye, he was includedin the so-called Prague Agreement, masterminded byYasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two WorldChampionships. Kasparov was to play amatch against theFIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in Septem-ber 2003. But this match was called off after Ponomar-iov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation.In its place, there were plans for a match against RustamKasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Cham-pionship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the UnitedArab Emirates. These also fell through due to lack offunding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead cametoo late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he

was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and sohad decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Cham-pionship title.According to chess historian EdwardWinter: Increasingshifts of opinion against Kasparov were detectable from1985 onwards, but it was not until 1987, and the pub-lication of his autobiography Child of Change, a deeplyuntrustworthy shambles, that the real deterioration in hispublic standing began. In a Chess Notes feature articletitled Reflections on Garry Kasparov, Edward Winteroffers a summary of Kasparovs public perception in the1980s2000s.[33]

7 Retirement from chess

After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for theninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 thathe would retire from serious competitive chess. He citedas the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world(he commented when winning the Russian championshipin 2004 that it had been the last major title he had neverwon outright) and expressed frustration at the failure toreunify the world championship.Kasparov said he may play in some rapid chess events forfun, but intends to spend more time on his books, includ-ing both theMyGreat Predecessors series (see below) anda work on the links between decision-making in chess andin other areas of life, and will continue to involve himselfin Russian politics, which he views as headed down thewrong path.Kasparov has been married three times: to Masha, withwhom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, withwhom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and toDaria, with whom he also has a child.[34][35]

7.1 Post-retirement chess

On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games sincehis retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof ChessChampions Tournament, a blitz event played at the timecontrol of 5 minutes per side and 3 second incrementsper move. Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov,scoring 4/6.[36]

Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-gamematch from 2124 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain.It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in whichKasparov won 31, and eight blitz games, in which Kas-parov won 62, winning the match with total result 93.The event took place exactly 25 years after the two play-ers legendary encounter at World Chess Championship1984.[37]

Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approxi-mately one year beginning in February 2009. The collab-oration remained secret until September 2009.[38] Under

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6 9 POLITICS

Kasparovs tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became theyoungest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800,and rose from world number four to world number one.While the pair initially planned to work together through-out 2010,[39] in March of that year it was announced thatCarlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer beusing him as a trainer.[40] According to an interview withthe German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated thathe would remain in contact and that he would continueto attend training sessions with Kasparov,[41] but in factno further training sessions were held and the cooperationgradually fizzled over the course of the Spring.[42]

In May 2010 it was revealed that Kasparov had aidedViswanathan Anand in preparation for the World ChessChampionship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov.Anand won the match 65 to retain the title.[43]

Also in May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously,winning each one, against players at Tel-Aviv Universityin Israel.[44]

In January 2011, Kasparov began training the Americangrandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. The first of several train-ing sessions was held in New York just prior to Naka-muras participation in the Tata Steel Chess tournamentin Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.[45] In December 2011,it was announced that the cooperation had come to anend.[46]

Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in theautumn of 2011. The first, in September againstFrench grandmaster Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy(France), which Kasparov won 1. The second was alonger match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short. Kas-parov won again by a score of 43.OnApril 25 and 26, 2015, Kasparov played a mini-matchagainst Nigel Short. The match consisted of two rapidgames and eight blitz games. Kasparov won the matchdecisively with a score of 81, winning all five gameson the second day.[47]

7.1.1 Candidate for FIDE presidency

On 7 October 2013 Kasparov announced his candidacyfor World Chess Federation president during a receptionin Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress tookplace.[48] Kasparovs candidacy was supported by his for-mer student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen.[49]

8 Head-to-head record versus se-lected grandmasters

(Rapid, blitz and blindfold games not included; listed as+wins losses =draws as of 2 May 2014.)[50]

Players who have been undisputedWorld Champions in boldface

Michael Adams +10-0=8

Viswanathan Anand +155=31

Boris Gelfand +130=8

Boris Gulko +13=3

Vassily Ivanchuk +114=22

Anatoly Karpov +28-21=129

Victor Korchnoi +161=23

Vladimir Kramnik +45=40

Alexander Morozevich +30=4

Alexei Shirov +150=14

Nigel Short +282=26

Peter Svidler +62=4

Veselin Topalov +103=14

9 Politics

9.1 Central committee member of Komso-mol

Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the SovietUnion (CPSU) in 1984 and in 1987 was elected to theCentral Committee of Komsomol. But in 1990 he leftthe party and together with his family fled from Baku toMoscow on a chartered plane[51] when pogroms againstArmenians in Baku took place forcing thousands of eth-nic Armenians to flee Azerbaijan.[52]

9.2 Co-founder of Democratic Party ofRussia and Choice of Russia bloc

In May Kasparov took part in the creation of theDemocratic Party of Russia. Kasparov was in June 1993involved with the creation of the Choice of Russia blocof parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaignof Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for theRussian television channel NTV.[12]

9.3 Keeper of the Flame award

In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flameaward from the Center for Security Policy (a USthink tank) for his contributions to the defence ofthe United States and American values around theworld.[35][53][54][55][56]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Topalovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel-Aviv_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Nakamurahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Vachier-Lagravehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Adams_(chess_player)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Gelfandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Gulkohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassily_Ivanchukhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Korchnoihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Morozevichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Shirovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Svidlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Topalovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_of_Armenians_in_Bakuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_of_Armenians_in_Bakuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTV_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank

9.6 Saint Petersburg Dissenters March 7

9.3.1 Unwitting board member of award organiza-tion

In April 2007, it was asserted[57] that Kasparov was aboard member of the National Security Advisory Coun-cil of Center for Security Policy,[53] a non-profit, non-partisan national security organization [in Washington,DC] that specializes in identifying policies, actions, andresource needs that are vital to American security.[54]Kasparov confirmed this and added that he was removedshortly after he became aware of it. He noted that hedid not know about the membership and suggested hewas included in the board by accident because he re-ceived the 1991 Keeper of the Flame award from thisorganization.[55][56] But Kasparov maintained his associ-ation with the leadership by giving speeches at think tankssuch as the Hoover Institution.[35]

9.4 United Civil Front

After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turnedto politics and created the United Civil Front, a so-cial movement whose main goal is to work to preserveelectoral democracy in Russia.[58] He has vowed to re-store democracy to Russia by toppling the Presidentof Russia Vladimir Putin, of whom he is an outspokencritic.[59][60][61]

9.5 The Other Russia

Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Rus-sia, a coalition which opposes Putins government. TheOther Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Rus-sias mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Unionof Rightist Forces as they are concerned about its inclu-sion of radical nationalist and left-wing groups such asthe National Bolshevik Party and former members of theRodina party including Viktor Gerashchenko, a potentialpresidential candidate. But regional branches of Yablokoand the Union of Rightist Forces have opted to take partin the coalition. Kasparov says that leaders of these par-ties are controlled by the Kremlin,[62] despite the fact thatthey both publicly oppose the presidents policies.

9.5.1 Attacked

On 10 April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a pro-motional event when he was struck over the head witha chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was re-ported to have said I admired you as a chess player,but you gave that up for politics immediately before theattack.[63] Kasparov has been the subject of a number ofother episodes since.[64][65]

Kasparov at the third Dissenters March in Saint Petersburg on 9June 2007

9.6 Saint Petersburg Dissenters March

Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dis-senters March on 3 March 2007 and The March of theDissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving severalthousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Peters-burg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies.[66][67]

9.7 Arrest in Moscow and questioning byFSB

On 14 April 2007, he was briefly arrested by the Moscowpolice while heading for a demonstration, following warn-ings by the prosecution office on the eve of the march,stating that anyone participating risked being detained.He was held for some 10 hours and then fined andreleased.[68]

He was summoned by FSB for questioning, allegedly forviolations of Russian anti-extremism laws.[69]

9.8 KGB general says Kasparovs life indanger

Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB general OlegKalugin in 2007 remarked, I do not talk in detailspeople who knew them are all dead now because theywere vocal, they were open. I am quiet. There is onlyone man who is vocal and he may be in trouble: [former]world chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has beenvery outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe thathe is probably next on the list.[70]

9.9 2007 presidential bid

On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the RussianPresidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congressheld in Moscow by The Other Russia.[71]

In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention ofstanding for the Russian presidency as the candidate ofthe "Other Russia" coalition and vowed to fight for ademocratic and just Russia. Later that month he trav-eled to the United States, where he appeared on sev-

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8 9 POLITICS

eral popular television programs, which were hosted byStephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and ChrisMatthews.

9.9.1 Detention at rally

On 24 November 2007, Kasparov and other protesterswere detained by police at an Other Russia rally inMoscow. This followed an attempt by about 100protesters to break through police lines and march onthe electoral commission, which had barred Other Rus-sia candidates from parliamentary elections.[72] He wassubsequently charged with resisting arrest and organiz-ing an unauthorized protest and given a jail sentence offive days. He was released from jail on 29 November.[73]Putin spoke briefly about the incident in an interviewwith Time magazine later that year, saying: Why didMr. Kasparov, when arrested, speak out in English ratherthan Russian? When a politician works the crowd ofother nations rather than the Russian nation, it tells yousomething.[74]

9.9.2 Forced to quit campaign

On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he hadto withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability torent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporterscould assemble to endorse his candidacy, as is legallyrequired. With the deadline expiring on that date, heexplained it was impossible for him to run. Kasparovsspokeswoman accused the government of using pressureto deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering andsaid that the electoral commission had rejected a proposalthat separate smaller gatherings be held at the same timeinstead of one large gathering at a meeting hall.[75]

9.10 Putin must go

Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a keyorganizer of the online anti-Putin campaign "Putin mustgo", started on 10 March 2010.

9.11 Human Rights Foundation

Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human RightsFoundation in 2011, succeeding the recently deceasedauthor, activist, and former Czech president VclavHavel.[76] On 31 January 2012 Kasparov hosted a meet-ing of opposition leaders planning a mass march on 4February 2012, the third major opposition rally held sincethe disputed State Duma elections of December 2011.Among other opposition leaders attending were AlexeyNavalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.[77]

9.12 Arrest and beating at Pussy Riot trial

On 17 August 2012 Kasparov was arrested and beatenoutside of the Moscow court while attending the verdictreading in the case involving the all-female punk bandPussy Riot.[78] On 24 August he was cleared of chargesthat he took part in an unauthorized protest against theconviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge Yeka-terina Veklich said there were no grounds to believe thetestimony of the police. He could still face criminalcharges over a police officers claims that the oppositionleader bit his finger while he was being detained.[79] Helater thanked all the bloggers and reporters who providedvideo evidence that contradicted the testimony of the po-lice.

9.13 Miscellaneous

Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that fascism has cometo Russia....Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler,is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fas-cist rule was never the result of the free will of the peo-ple. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the rulingelites!"[80]

In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemna-tion of KanyeWest for having performed for the leader ofKazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, say-ing that West has entertained a brutal killer and his en-tourage and that his fee came from the loot stolen fromthe Kazakhstan treasury.[81]

Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he plannedto leave Russia for good. I found these rumors to bedeeply saddening and, moreover, surprising, he wrote.I was unable to respond immediately because I was insuch a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccuratestatement, the likes of which is constantly distributed bythe Kremlins propagandists, came this time from IlyaYashin, a fellow member of the Opposition CoordinationCouncil (KSO) and my former colleague from the Soli-darity movement.[82]

In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused promi-nent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing tostand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Sovietleaders.[83]

Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Hu-man Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rightsprize, in 2013. The organization praised him as notonly one of the worlds smartest men but also amongits bravest.[84]

At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kas-parov told the Daily Beast's Michael Moynihan thatdemocracy no longer existed in what he called Russiasdictatorship.[85]

Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that ifhe returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed

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9.15 On the Navalny trial 9

to leave again, given Putins ongoing crackdown againstdissenters. So for the time being, he said, I refrainfrom returning to Russia. He explained shortly thereafterin an article for the Daily Beast that this had not beenintended as a declaration of leaving my home country,permanently or otherwise, but merely an expression ofthe dark reality of the situation in Russia today, wherenearly half the members of the oppositions Coordinat-ing Council are under criminal investigation on concoctedcharges. He noted that the Moscow prosecutors officewas opening an investigation that would limit my abil-ity to travel, making it impossible for him to fulfill pro-fessional speaking engagements and hindering his workfor the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which hascenters in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg topromote chess in education.[85]

Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast ar-ticle that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlieragainst fraudulent Russian elections had been a proudmoment for me. He recalled that after joining the op-position movement in March 2005, he had been criti-cized for seeking to unite every anti-Putin element inthe country to march together regardless of ideology.Therefore the sight of hundreds of flags representing ev-ery group from liberals to nationalists all marching to-gether for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment ofa dream. Yet most Russians, he lamented, had contin-ued to slumber even as Putin had taken off the flimsymask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been.[86]

Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter post-ings to a September 2013 New York Times op-ed byPutin. I hope Putin has taken adequate protections,he tweeted. Now that he is a Russian journalist his lifemay be in grave danger!" Also: Now we can expect NYTimes op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on freespeech, & Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis ofHypocrisy.[87]

9.14 Allegation of FSB non-disclosure ofBoston marathon bombing suspects

In a 12 May 2013, op-ed for theWall Street Journal, Kas-parov questioned reports that the Russian security agency,the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matterof the Boston bombers. He noted that the elder bomber,Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia withtwo known jihadists who were killed in Dagestan by theRussian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia forthe U.S. Kasparov argued, If no intelligence was sentfrom Moscow to Washington about this meeting, allthis talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.He further observed, This would not be the first timeRussian security forces seemed strangely impotent in theface of an impending terror attack, pointing out that inboth the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan

school attack, there were FSB informants in both terrorgroupsyet the attacks went ahead unimpeded. Giventhis history, he wrote, it is impossible to overlook thatthe Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S.Magnitsky List was published, creating the first seriousexternal threat to the Putin power structure by penaliz-ing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.In sum, Putins dubious record on counterterrorism andits continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syriamean only one thing: common ground zero.[88]

9.15 On the Navalny trial

Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov offellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had beenconvicted on concocted embezzlement charges, only tosee the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release thenext day pending appeal. The judicial process and thedemocratic process in Russia, wrote Kasparov, are bothelaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry athome and to help Western leaders avoid confronting theawkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state.Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirovprosecutors about-face, my optimism tells me it was apositive sign. After more than 13 years of predictablerepression under Putin, anything different is good.[89]

9.16 On the Syrian civil war

Kasparov wrote in TimeMagazine on 18 September 2013that he considered the chess metaphors thrown aroundduring the worlds response to the civil war in Syria to betrite and rejected what he called all the nonsense about'Putin is playing chess and Obama is playing checkers,' ortic-tac-toe or whatever. Putin, arguedKasparov, did nothave to outplay or outthink anyone. He and Bashar Assadwon by forfeit when President Obama, Prime MinisterCameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the freeworld walked away from the table. There is, he lamented,a new game at the negotiating table where Putin and As-sad set the rules and will run the show under the protec-tion of the U.N.[90] Kasparov said in September 2013that Russia was now a dictatorship.[91] In the same monthhe told an interviewer that Obama going to Russia nowis dead wrong, morally and politically, because Putinsregime is behind Assad.[92]

9.17 Croatia connections

Kasparov maintains a summer home in the Croatian cityof Makarska. In early February 2014, Kasparov appliedfor citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, adding thathe was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia.According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov iswidely perceived as having been a vocal supporter ofCroatian independence during the early 1990s. On 28

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10 12 OLYMPIADS AND OTHER MAJOR TEAM EVENTS

February 2014, his application for naturalisation was ap-proved, and he is now a Croatian passport holder.[93]

9.18 Sochi Olympics

Kasparov spoke out several times about Putins antigaylaws and the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott. He ex-plained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russias bidfrom the outset, since hosting the Olympics would allowVladimir Putins cronies to embezzle hundreds of mil-lions of dollars and lend prestige to Putins authoritar-ian regime. Kasparov added that Putins anti-gay lawwasonly the most recent encroachment on the freedom ofspeech and association of Russias citizens, which theinternational community had largely ignored. Instead ofsupporting a games boycott, which would unfairly pun-ish athletes, Kasparov called for athletes and others totransform Putins self-congratulatory pet project into aspotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule for the entireworld to see.[94] In September, Kasparov expanded onhis remarks, saying that forcing athletes to play a polit-ical role against their will is not fair and that politiciansshould not hide behind athletes. Instead of boycottingSochi, he suggested, politicians should refuse to attend thegames and the public should put pressure on the sponsorsand the media. Coca-Cola, for example, could put arainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can and NBC could dointerviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian po-litical activists. Kasparov also emphasized that althoughhe was still a Russian citizen, he had good reason to beconcerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returnedto Moscow.[95]

9.19 Access to website blocked

Related to the Crimean crises the Russian federative reg-ulator, Roskomnadzor, blocked access to the web pagekasparov.ru at the demand of the public prosecutor.[96]

10 Chess ratings achievements Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as theNo. 1 rated player in the worldfrom 1986 to 2005(Vladimir Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking withhim once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).[97]He was also briefly ejected from the list followinghis split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time heheaded the rating list of the rival PCA. At the timeof his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in theworld, with a rating of 2812. His rating has falleninactive since the January 2006 rating list.[98]

In January 1990 Kasparov achieved the (then) high-est FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breakingBobby Fischer's old record of 2785. On the July1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists Kasparov

reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highestrating ever achieved.[99] He held that record for thehighest rating ever achieved until his former studentMagnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of2861 in January, 2013.

There was a time in the early 1990s when Kasparovwas over 2800 and the only person in the 2700s wasAnatoly Karpov.

According to the unofficial Chessmetrics calcula-tions, Kasparov was the highest rated player in theworld continuously from February 1985 until Oc-tober 2004.[100] He also holds the highest all-timeaverage rating over a 2 (2877) to 20 (2856) year pe-riod and is second to only Bobby Fischer's (2881 vs2879) over a one-year period.

11 Playing style

Kasparovs style of play has been compared by many toAlekhines.[101][102] Kasparov himself has described hisstyle as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal andFischer.[103] Kramnik has opined that "[Kasparovs] ca-pacity for study is second to none, and said There isnothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.[104]Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010,said of Kasparov, I've never seen someone with sucha feel for dynamics in complex positions.[105] Kasparovwas known for his extensive opening preparation and ag-gressive play in the opening.[106][107]

12 Olympiads and other majorteam events

Kasparov at Valletta in 1980

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11

Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. Herepresented the Soviet Union four times and Russia fourtimes, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, theyoungest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia atthat level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kram-nik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored (+50 3 =29),for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including teamgold medals all eight times he competed. For the 1994Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizationalrole, in helping to put together the event on short no-tice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a fewweeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparovs detailedOlympiad record, from,[108] follows.

Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9/12 (+8 1=3), team gold, board bronze;

Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8/11 (+6 0 =5),team gold, board bronze;

Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8/11 (+7 1 =3),team gold, board gold, performance gold;

Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8/10 (+7 0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;

Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8/10 (+7 0 =3),team gold, board gold, performance silver;

Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6/10 (+4 1 =5),team gold;

Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5 0 =4), teamgold, board gold, performance silver;

Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+6 0 =3), teamgold, board gold.

Kasparov made his international teams debut for theUSSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Champi-onship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of thatchampionship. He won a total of five medals. His de-tailed Euroteams record, from,[109] follows.

Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5/6 (+5 0 =1),team gold, board gold;

Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4 0 =4),team gold, board gold, performance silver.

Kasparov also represented the USSR once in YouthOlympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimp-base is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparovplayer file has his individual score from that event.

Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8 0 =2), teamgold.

13 Other records

Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive profes-sional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. The streakwas broken by Vasily Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, whereKasparov placed 2nd, half a point behind him. The de-tails of this record winning streak follow:[21]

Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12/17, tie for1st;

Bugojno 1982, 9/13, 1st;

Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st;

Niki 1983, 11/14, 1st;

Brussels OHRA 1986, 7/10, 1st;

Dubai 27th Olympiad

Brussels 1987, 8/11, tie for 1st;

Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st;

Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11/15, 1st;

Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11/17, tiefor 1st;

Reykjavk (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st;

Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st;

Skellefte (World Cup) 1989, 9/15, tie for 1st;

Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st;

Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9/11, 1st;

Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.

Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.

14 Books and other writings

14.1 Early writings

Kasparov has written books on chess. He published acontroversial[110] autobiography when still in his early20s, originally titledChild of Change, later retitledUnlim-ited Challenge. This book was subsequently updated sev-eral times after he became World Champion. Its contentis mainly literary, with a small chess component of keyunannotated games. He published an annotated gamescollection in 1985: Fighting Chess: My Games and Ca-reer[111] and this book has also been updated several timesin further editions. He also wrote a book annotating thegames from his World Chess Championship 1985 vic-tory,World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonikihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrecenhttp://www.olimpbase.org/1981k/1981in.htmlhttp://www.olimpbase.org/1981k/1981in.htmlhttp://www.chessmetrics.com/http://www.chessmetrics.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Ivanchukhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares_chess_tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frunzehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugojnohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belforthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares,_Ja%C3%A9nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Oscarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985

12 15 CHESS AGAINST COMPUTERS

He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yu-goslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publi-cations. In 1982, he co-authored Batsford Chess Open-ings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene and thisbook was an enormous seller. It was updated into a sec-ond edition in 1989. He also co-authored two openingbooks with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s forBritish publisher Batsfordon the Classical Variation ofthe Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Vari-ation of the Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also con-tributed extensively to the five-volume openings seriesEncyclopedia of Chess Openings.In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against theWorld: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge[112]

with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book an-alyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, andholds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a sin-gle chess game.[113]

Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology(Fomenko), although with some reservations.[114]

14.2 My Great Predecessors series

Main article: My Great Predecessors

In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work GarryKasparov on My Great Predecessors was published. Thisvolume, which deals with the world chess championsWilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, Jos Ral Capa-blanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strongcontemporaries, has received lavish praise from some re-viewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criti-cism from others for historical inaccuracies and analy-sis of games directly copied from unattributed sources.Through suggestions on the books website, most of theseshortcomings were corrected in following editions andtranslations. Despite this, the first volume won the BritishChess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Vol-ume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, VasilySmyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Vol-ume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spasskyappeared in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparovreleased volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky,Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these threewere World Champions), but focuses primarily on BobbyFischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers ofWorld Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger ViktorKorchnoi, was published in March 2006.

14.3 Modern Chess series

Main article: My Great Predecessors Modern Chess

His book Revolution in the 70s (published inMarch 2007)covers the openings revolution of the 1970s1980s and

is the first book in a new series called Modern Chess Se-ries, which intends to cover his matches with Karpov andselected games. The book Revolution in the 70s con-cerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessedin that decade. Such systems as the controversial (at thetime) Hedgehog opening plan of passively developingthe pieces no further than the first three ranks are exam-ined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of themost notable games played in that period. In a sectionat the end of the book, top opening theoreticians providetheir own take on the progress made in opening theoryin the 1980s.

14.4 Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov se-ries

Main article: My Great Predecessors Garry Kasparovon Garry Kasparov

Kasparov is publishing three volumes of his games.

14.5 Other post-retirement writing

In 2007 he wroteHow Life Imitates Chess, an examinationof the parallels between decision-making in chess and inthe business world.In 2008 Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary forBobby Fischer, writing: I am often asked if I ever metor played Bobby Fischer. The answer is no, I never hadthat opportunity. But even though he sawme as amemberof the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed andcheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank himpersonally for what he did for our sport.[115]

He is the chief advisor for the book publisher EverymanChess.Kasparov works closely withMigGreengard and his com-ments can often be found onGreengards blog (apparentlyno longer active).Kasparov is currently collaborating with Max Levchinand Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a re-vival of world innovation, due out in March 2013 fromW. W. Norton & Company.

15 Chess against computers

15.1 32 simultaneous computers, 1985

Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess com-puters in Hamburg, winning all games, but with somedifficulty.[116]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Informanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Keenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro-Kann_Defence#Classical_/_Capablanca_Variationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro-Kann_Defence#Classical_/_Capablanca_Variationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Kinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov_versus_the_Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Great_Predecessorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Laskerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablancahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablancahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chess_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chess_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Talhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reshevskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Larsenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors#Modern_Chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors#Garry_Kasparov_on_Garry_Kasparovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors#Garry_Kasparov_on_Garry_Kasparovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mig_Greengardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Levchinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel

15.6 X3D Fritz, 2003 13

15.2 Deep Thought, 1989

Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought inboth games of a two-game match in 1989.[117]

15.3 Deep Blue, 1996

In February 1996, IBMs chess computer Deep Blue de-feated Kasparov in one game using normal time con-trols, in Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1. Kasparovgained three wins and two draws and won the match 42.

15.4 Deep Blue, 1997

Main article: Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov

In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeatedKasparov 32 in a highly publicized six-game match.The match was even after five games but Kasparov lostquickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computerhad ever defeated a world champion in match play. Adocumentary film was made about this famous matchupentitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine.Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed againsthim in this match. In particular, he was denied access toDeep Blues recent games, in contrast to the computersteam, which could study hundreds of Kasparovs.After the loss Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deepintelligence and creativity in the machines moves, sug-gesting that during the second game, human chess play-ers, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM deniedthat it cheated, saying the only human intervention oc-curred between games. The rules provided for the devel-opers to modify the program between games, an oppor-tunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in thecomputers play revealed during the course of the match.Kasparov requested printouts of the machines log filesbut IBM refused, although the company later publishedthe logs on the Internet.[118] Although Kasparov wantedanother rematch, IBM declined and ended their DeepBlue program.Kasparovs loss to Deep Blue inspired the creation of thegame Arimaa.[119]

15.5 Deep Junior, 2003

In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical timecontrol match with a $1 million prize fund which wasbilled as the FIDE Man vs. Machine World Cham-pionship, against Deep Junior.[120] The engine evaluatedthree million positions per second.[121] After one wineach and three draws, it was all up to the final game. Af-ter reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw,whichwas soon accepted by theDeep Junior team. Asked

Kasparov wore 3D glasses in his match against the program X3DFritz.

why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared makinga blunder.[122] Originally planned as an annual event, thematch was not repeated.Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov withblack and at a standard time control.[123]

15.6 X3D Fritz, 2003

In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game matchagainst the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtualboard, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. Aftertwo draws and one win apiece, the X3D ManMachinematch ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 forthe result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparovcontinued to criticize the blunder in the second gamethat cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had out-played the machine overall and played well. I only madeone mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost thegame.[124]

16 Books

Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984-85, Sport in theUSSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books)

The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, PergamonPr)

World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985(1986, Everyman Chess)

Child of Change: AnAutobiography (1987, Hutchin-son)

LondonLeningrad Championship Games (1987,Everyman Chess)

Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr)

The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Machineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Deep_Bluehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_-_Kasparov,_1996,_Game_1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_versus_Garry_Kasparovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Deep_Bluehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_-_Kasparov,_1997,_Game_6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Over:_Kasparov_and_the_Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arimaahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Juniorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X3D_Fritzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X3D_Fritzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X3D_Fritzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy#3D_viewershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition

14 18 NOTES

The Queens Indian Defence: Kasparov System(1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)

Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, EverymanChess)

Kasparov on the Kings Indian (1993, B.T. BatsfordLtd)

Garry Kasparovs Chess Challenge (1996, EverymanChess)

Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess)

Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Great-est Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online)

My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, EverymanChess)

My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, EverymanChess)

Checkmate!: My First Chess Book (2004, EverymanMindsports)

My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, EverymanChess)

My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, EverymanChess)

My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, EverymanChess)

How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William HeinemannLtd.)

Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolutionin the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparovvs Karpov 19751985 (2008, Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov onModern Chess, Part III: Kasparovvs Karpov 19861987 (2009, Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kas-parov vs Karpov 19882009 (2010, EverymanChess)

Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011,Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013,Everyman Chess)

Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014,Everyman Chess)

The Blueprint: Reviving Innovation, RediscoveringRisk, and Rescuing the Free Market (2013, W. W.Norton & Co)

17 See also Kasparov versus the World

List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik

Committee 2008

Putinism

18 Notes[1] Gotova stvar: Gari Kasparov je dobio hrvatsko dravl-

janstvo! - 24sata. 24sata.hr. 27 February 2014. Re-trieved 17 March 2014.

[2] Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I, 2011, ISBN978-1-85744-672-2, pp. 1617

[3] Most experts place [Bobby Fischer] the second orthird best ever, behind Kasparov but probably ahead ofKarpov. Obituary of Bobby Fischer, Leonard Barden,The Guardian, 19 January 2008

[4] Who is the Strongest Chess Player?". Bill Wall.Chess.com. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2009.

[5] Ruslan Ponomariov won the disputed FIDE title, at theage of 18, when the world title was split

[6] Conor Sweeney, Chris Baldwin, Putin heir on course towin Russia election: poll

[7] Eli Lake (17 June 2012). Chessmaster Garry KasparovIs Determined to Checkmate Vladimir Putin. The DailyBeast.

[8] Gessen, Masha (2012). The Man Without a Face: TheUnlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin. New York: RiverheadBooks. pp. 196197. ISBN 978-1-59448-842-9. Gessendescribes some of the obstacles Kasparov encounteredduring the attempt to build his campaign: his charteredplane was refused airport access; hotels were advised notto house him; event attendees and organizers were threat-ened; secret police were a constant presence; a total tele-vision blackout was enforced. These measures, Gessenconcludes, kept the Kasparov movement from growing.

[9] Demirjian, Karoun (2014-09-13). Moscow city elec-tions leave little room for Russian opposition. Wash-ington Post. Retrieved 2014-09-28."Independent oppo-sition candidates faced many obstacles. In February,Putin signed a law requiring all independent candidatesto collect signatures from 3 percent of their constituents.The city didnt finalize the boundaries of the districts which expanded from 35 to 45 until April. Then inMay, two of the original 'For Moscow' members wereslapped with fraud charges, effectively ending their cam-paigns.[paragraph break] The remaining would-be candi-dates had a few weeks in the summer to collect approxi-mately 5,000 signatures. It proved an elusive goal for mostcoalition members.

[10] Chess Champion Garry Kasparov is Russias Great RedHope

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov_versus_the_Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_games_between_Kasparov_and_Kramnikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_2008https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putinismhttp://www.24sata.hr/sport/gotova-stvar-gari-kasparov-je-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo-355576http://www.24sata.hr/sport/gotova-stvar-gari-kasparov-je-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo-355576https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857446722https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857446722https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpovhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,2243266,00.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-playerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDEhttp://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1364229620071213http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1364229620071213http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/06/17/chessmaster-garry-kasparov-is-determined-to-checkmate-vladimir-putin.htmlhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/06/17/chessmaster-garry-kasparov-is-determined-to-checkmate-vladimir-putin.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-842-9http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070c-4ef8-8592-bc1f8d674e46_story.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070c-4ef8-8592-bc1f8d674e46_story.htmlhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/06/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-is-russia-s-great-red-hope.htmlhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/06/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-is-russia-s-great-red-hope.html

15

[11] Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov: I am absolutely surethat the Garry Kasparov, who became leader of the chessworld, professed the same values as GarikWeinstein, whoonce, following the example of his father, became fasci-nated by chess...

[12] Biography on Kasparov.ru site (Russian)

[13] White King and Red Queen by Daniel Johnson, ISBN 1-84354-609-4

[14] Transcript: Kasparov to Start Campaign Promoting 'Val-ues of Democracy'". Fox News. Retrieved 20 October2013.

[15] Unlimited Challenge, an autobiography byGarry Kasparovwith Donald Trelford, ISBN 0-00-637358-5

[16] Kasparov: The Worlds Chess Champion, by AnneKressler, From Azerbaijan International (3.3) Autumn1995. (Retrieved 31 March 2008)

[17] Hooper, David & Whyld, Kenneth (1996). Oxford Com-panion To Chess. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280049-3. OCLC 34618196.

[18] Ham, Stephen (2005). The Young King (PDF). Chess-cafe. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[19] ICC Help: interview. Internet Chess Club. Retrieved11 August 2007.

[20] FIDE Rating List: January 1980. OlimpBase. Re-trieved 2 April 2011.

[21] Chessmetrics Player Profile: Garry Kasparov

[22] World Chess Championship 198284 CandidatesMatches. Mark Weeks Chess Pages. Retrieved 11August 2007.

[23] 1984 Karpov Kasparov Title Match Highlights MarkWeeks Chess Pages

[24] Dylan Loeb McClain (24 December 2010). Record Setfor Worlds Youngest Chess Champion. The New YorkTimes.

[25] Mikhail Tal. World Chess Hall of Fame. Retrieved 22June 2012.

[26] Nigel Short: Quest for the Crown, by Cathy Forbes

[27] 'My decision to break away from fidewas amistake',DNA,10 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.

[28] Intel: The Grudge Inside?". google.com.au. Retrieved 2May 2015.

[29] Tradition with an eye on the future. Telegraph.co.uk. 6November 2001. Retrieved 2 May 2015.

[30] Kasparovs master class to launch chess scholarship inBritain

[31] BGN/Dortmund Event (Press release). This Week inChess. 6 September 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2001.

[32] Anatoly KarpovwinsX3DRapidMatch, ChessBase News,21 December 2002

[33] Edward Winter. "Reflections on Garry Kasparov", ChessNotes, Chess History Center

[34] Emma Cowing, "Kasparov makes his first political moveon Putin", The Scotsman, 13 July 2006.

[35] David Remnick (1 October 2007). The Tsars Oppo-nent: Garry Kasparov takes aim at the power of VladimirPutin. New Yorker. Retrieved 22 October 2007.

[36] The Credit Suisse Blitz in pictures. Chessbase. 27August 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[37] Kasparov and Karpov to play 12 games match in Valen-cia. Chessdom. Retrieved 8 July 2009.

[38] Breaking news: Carlsen and Kasparov join forces.Chessbase. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September2009.

[39] Magnus Carlsen: My job is to improve my chess,ChessVibes, 7 September 2009

[40] Barden, Leonard (13 March 2010). World No1 Mag-nus Carlsen parts company with mentor Garry Kasparov.The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 14 March 2010.

[41] "Magnus Carlsen on his chess career", ChessBase News,15 March 2010.

[42] NICs Cafe: Last Call, New in Chess Magazine,2011/07, p. 6.

[43] Chess News Anand in Playchess the helpers in Sofia.Chessbase. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.

[44] Kasparov beats 30 challengers in simultaneous play atTAU. The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. Retrieved 2 May2015.

[45] Peterson, Macauley. The Spirit of Saint Louis New inChess Magazine, 2001/07, p. 12.

[46] Now its official: Kasparov no longer training Naka-mura. Chessbase Publishing. Chessbase. Retrieved 16December 2011.

[47] Battle of the Legends (2/2)". Chess News. Retrieved 2May 2015.

[48] Kasparov Announces Candidacy for FIDE President.Chess.com. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.

[49] ": FIDE (in Russian). Championat.com. 4June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.

[50] chess games. chessgames.com. 1 January 2012. Re-trieved 5 February 2014.

[51] Gorbachev Is at Fault, Chess Champion Says. Reuters.Retrieved 13 November 2012. 'In any democratic coun-try Gorbachev would have resigned by now... Mr. Kas-parov, who fled from Baku last Thursday, told the Frenchtelevision. He is unable to resolve the nationality problem,and should assume responsibility for what has happened,he said. Mr. Kasparov fled from Baku to Moscow on achartered plane.

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16 18 NOTES

[52] Garry Kasparov : 'A game designed for me'. Al Jazeera.24 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.

[53] Center for Security Policy Annual Report 2006 (PDF).p. 23. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[54] The Centers Role in National Security Policy. Archivedfrom the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 11 August2007.

[55] 1991: Keeper of the Flame Award. Center for SecurityPolicy. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 17September 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[56] (in Russian). 18 April 2007. Re-trieved 11 August 2007.

[57] Political Death of Kasparov (in Russian). Front Line. 5April 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[58] Russian Chess Legend Kasparov to Establish UnitedCivil Front. MOSNEWS.com. 18 May 2005.

[59] Kasparov leads demonstration against Putins rule. TheIndependent on Sunday. 10 June 2007. Retrieved 17November 2010.

[60] Chess champ Kasparovs new gambit: politics. ChicagoSun-Times. 12 March 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[61] Applebaum, Anne (21 April 2007). Why Putin will stopat nothing to smash the new Russian revolution. TheSpectator (UK). Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[62] Non-partying system.

[63] Pictures of the Moscow assault. The Federal Post.Chessbase. 22 April 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[64] Kasparovmanhandled by police atMoscow protest. TheMoscow Times. Chessbase. 16 May 2005. Retrieved 11August 2007.

[65] Breaking news: Kasparov assaulted again.Mosnewsm.com. Chessbase. 30 June 2005. Retrieved 11August 2007.

[66] Anti-Kremlin protesters beaten by police. CNN. 3March 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[67] Russian opposition demo quashed. London: BBCNews. 25 March 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[68] Kasparov arrested at Moscow rally. London: BBCNews. 17 April 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[69] Buckley, neil (18 April 2007). Russian intelligenceto quiz Kasparov over inciting extremism"". FinancialTimes. Retrieved 11 August 2007.

[70] Rivkin, Amanda (July 2007). Seven Questions: A LittleKGB Training Goes a Long Way. Foreign Policy. Re-trieved 11 August 2007.

[71] Kasparov Joins Russian Presidential Race. AssociatedPress. 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 September2007.

[72] Kasparov seized by Russian Police. London: BBCNews. 24 November 2007. Retrieved 24 November2007.

[73] Misha Japaridze (28 November 2007). Kasparov re-leased from Moscow jail. Associated Press. Retrieved28 November 2007.

[74] A Bible, But No E-mail Time magazine

[75] Andrew E. Kramer, Kasparov Says He Was Forced toEnd Bid for Presidency, The New York Times, 13 De-cember 2007.

[76] HRF Elects Garry Kasparov as New Chairman. HumanRights Foundation. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 31 October2013.

[77] Protest Organizers Meet to Settle on Demands. TheMoscow Times. 1 February 2012. pp.