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GAPS Network Update -Making Inferences from Long-Term
Trends in POPs measurements for air
Tom Harner
Atmospheric Science & Technology Directorate,
Environment Canada
Workshop “Focusing on Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Arctic”
of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP)
1-3 April 2009, St. Petersburg, Russia
GAPS Team…
Environment Canada
Sum Chi Lee Karla Pozo
Jianmin Ma Yi-Fan Li
Ed Sverko Sunling Gong
Derek Muir
International University of Toronto
Kevin Jones (Lancaster University) Frank Wania
More than 100 participants/volunteers Chuba Shunthirasingham
assisting with sample deployment
Ivan Holoubek / Jana Klanova – RECETOX
Colleagues at Harbin Institute of Technology
UNEP – Stockholm Convention Secretariat
C.A.R.E. - Egbert
Thomson Labs, Toronto
POPs Research in the Air Quality Research Division
updated Dec/06Antarctica
updated Dec/06Antarctica
Source & Receptor
New Chemicals
Air Sampling Advances
Process Research
National / International Programs & Treaties
AQRD
Photo
court
esy o
f R
odrigo M
eire,
Centr
o d
e C
iencia
s d
a S
aude -
UF
RJ
simple to use
inexpensive
no electricity
2009 sampling sites
Bukasa Island,
UgandaMt. Kenya,Kenya
• As regional atmospheric passive sampling networks and other POPs
monitoring efforts are starting up, GAPS will be scaled down in some
regions
GAPS’ fifth consecutive sampling year began in January 2009
IJRC-PTS,
China
MONET
(RECETOX,
Czech Rep.)
Spain
Outputs from GAPS…
1st quarter results (2005) – POPs (December
2004–March 2005). Pozo et al., ES&T, 2007
PCNs - 1st quarter (2005). Lee et al., ES&T, 2007
First full year – POPs. Pozo et al., ES&T, 2009
Stockholm Convention on POPs - GMP (2009)
Preliminary data available for 2006
GAPS Network - 2005
Background-Polar
Rural
urban
Agricultural
Background-Polar
Rural
urban
AgriculturalAgricultural
Pozo et al., ES&T, 2009
Concentration in air (pg/m3)
pp-DDE
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
Dieldrin
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
a-HCH
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
AG BA-PO RU UR g-HCH
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
AG BA-PO RU UR
HEPT
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
Chlordanes
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
Endosulfans
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
PCBs
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Degre
es
La
titu
de
Concentration in air (pg/m3)
pp-DDE
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
Dieldrin
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
a-HCH
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
AG BA-PO RU UR g-HCH
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
AG BA-PO RU UR
HEPT
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
Chlordanes
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000
Endosulfans
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
PCBs
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Degre
es
La
titu
de
GAPS
2005
Latitud.
Trends
Pozo et al., ES&T, 2009
GAPS Network – PCBs vs Emissions
*PCB emission data courtesy of Sabine Eckhardt and Knut Breivik, NILU
Pozo et al., ES&T, 2009
Spatial distribution and seasonal variationTwo Years Results from PUF Disk Air Sampling – 2005, 2006
BDL = below detection limit
Range: BDL to 275 pg/m3
(excluding data for India sites)
Anarctica
100 pg/m3Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
BDL
α-HCH
Period 1: December – March
Period 2: March – June
Period 3: June – September
Period 4: September - December
1000 pg/m3Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
BDL
East Arjun Nagar, Delhi
Bawana, Delhi
Surkanda Devi, Kaddu Khal
Laksar
Patna
Mudhol
BDL = below detection limit
Range: BDL to 1420 pg/m3
for India sites only
India
α-HCH
BDL = below detection limit
Range: BDL to 650 pg/m3
(excluding data for India sites)
Anarctica
BDL
100 pg/m3
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
Period 1: December – March
Period 2: March – June
Period 3: June – September
Period 4: September - December
400
640
490440
γ-HCH
BDL = below detection limit
Range: 50 to 4510 pg/m3
India sites only
BDL
East Arjun Nagar, Delhi
Bawana, Delhi
Surkanda Devi, Kaddu Khal
Laksar
Patna
Mudhol
4000 pg/m3Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
India
γ-HCH
∑Endosulfans
∑Endosulfans = Endosulfan I + Endosulfan II + Endosulfan sulfateBDL = below detection limit
Range: 0.2 to 25940 pg/m3
BDL
Anarctica
800 pg/m3Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
5400458018740
45203760
5200
3700
4430
3160
4050
64705995
5810
PCBs Range: BDL to 4700 pg/m3
BDL Anarctica
400 pg/m3Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
2400
4700
46404050
2290
2840
2730
40603630
2920
2820
Assessing POPs Transport and Trends
Article 16 – Effectiveness Evaluation – Stockholm Convention on POPs
- temporal trend information i.e. “are things improving?”
- information on regional and global transport
?
??
Time
Air C
oncentr
ation
Statistical approach to trends…‟the old way‟
ÊÚ
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ÊÚÊÚÊÚ
ÊÚ
ÊÚ
ÊÚ
ÊÚ
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A-hch.dbf
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Winter/04
Spring/04
April
May
June
a-HCH
Assessing Transport and Trends – 2. Global Transport Models
(emissions estimates + GAPS data)
g-HCH (lindane)
MEDIA model (revised)* courtesy of Jianmin Ma
Model computed ratios of model scenarios 2-5 and scenario 1 for annual
total deposition (Wet + dry) over North America highlighting the impact of different
emission source on North America.
a: S2/S1 b: S3/S1, c: S4/S1, d: S5/S1; S1: All source in NH, S2: sources in China, S3: Sources in India, S4: sources in
Europe, S5: sources in Russia.
Modelled inputs of g-HCH from different sources
China India
Europe Russia
* courtesy of Jianmin Ma
Wrap-up and the way forward…
GAPS is in it‟s 5th sampling year and delivers globally resolved air
concentrations of POPs for model development.
„Effectiveness evaluation‟ requires integration of measurements, models
and emissions information. Statistics is not enough to understand trends!
The GAPS Network is evolving…
collaborating with modellers (transport, meteorology, climate variability)
making way for RAPS (Regional Atmospheric Passive Sampling networks)
assisting in capacity building / technology transfer
investigating „new POPs‟ using SIP disks
Sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disks
• PUF disk is coated with ~0.5 g of ground XAD-4
200 µm50×
magnification
PUF Disk SIP Disk
Shoeib et al., Anal. Chem. 2008
WE-01
WE-02
WE-25
WE-13
WE-06WE-33
WE-05
WE-32
WE-34
WE-12
WE-09
WE-37WE-36
WE-23
WE-14
WE-16
EE-03
Arviat, NU
Resolute, NU
Storrs, CT
Tlahuac,
Mexico
WE-35
Delhi/Patna, India
MAP OF POTENTIAL GAPS SITES FOR CMP SIP DISK PILOT STUDY
Coral Harbour, NU
2009 sampling sites
Modified: January 29, 2009
Existing GAPS site -- conventional PUF-disk sampler only
Existing GAPS site -- collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)
Potential new/returning GAP site -- collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)
Existing GAPS site – alternative site for collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)
2009 sampling sites
Modified: January 29, 2009
Existing GAPS site -- conventional PUF-disk sampler only
Existing GAPS site -- collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)
Potential new/returning GAP site -- collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)
Existing GAPS site – alternative site for collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)