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GAPS Network Update - Making Inferences from Long-Term Trends in POPs measurements for air Tom Harner Atmospheric Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada Workshop “Focusing on Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Arctic” of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) 1-3 April 2009, St. Petersburg, Russia

GAPS Network Update - HTAP 2/12 Harner... · GAPS Network Update - ... PCB emission data courtesy of Sabine Eckhardt and Knut Breivik, NILU Pozo et al., ES&T, 2009. Spatial distribution

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GAPS Network Update -Making Inferences from Long-Term

Trends in POPs measurements for air

Tom Harner

Atmospheric Science & Technology Directorate,

Environment Canada

Workshop “Focusing on Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Arctic”

of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP)

1-3 April 2009, St. Petersburg, Russia

GAPS Team…

Environment Canada

Sum Chi Lee Karla Pozo

Jianmin Ma Yi-Fan Li

Ed Sverko Sunling Gong

Derek Muir

International University of Toronto

Kevin Jones (Lancaster University) Frank Wania

More than 100 participants/volunteers Chuba Shunthirasingham

assisting with sample deployment

Ivan Holoubek / Jana Klanova – RECETOX

Colleagues at Harbin Institute of Technology

UNEP – Stockholm Convention Secretariat

C.A.R.E. - Egbert

Thomson Labs, Toronto

POPs Research in the Air Quality Research Division

updated Dec/06Antarctica

updated Dec/06Antarctica

Source & Receptor

New Chemicals

Air Sampling Advances

Process Research

National / International Programs & Treaties

AQRD

Program overview

Photo

court

esy o

f R

odrigo M

eire,

Centr

o d

e C

iencia

s d

a S

aude -

UF

RJ

simple to use

inexpensive

no electricity

True Background / Remote Sampling

5200 masl – Bolivian Andes

Alert, Nunavut

2009 sampling sites

Bukasa Island,

UgandaMt. Kenya,Kenya

• As regional atmospheric passive sampling networks and other POPs

monitoring efforts are starting up, GAPS will be scaled down in some

regions

GAPS’ fifth consecutive sampling year began in January 2009

IJRC-PTS,

China

MONET

(RECETOX,

Czech Rep.)

Spain

Outputs from GAPS…

1st quarter results (2005) – POPs (December

2004–March 2005). Pozo et al., ES&T, 2007

PCNs - 1st quarter (2005). Lee et al., ES&T, 2007

First full year – POPs. Pozo et al., ES&T, 2009

Stockholm Convention on POPs - GMP (2009)

Preliminary data available for 2006

Spatial distribution of POPsPUF Disk Air Sampling – 2005

GAPS Network - 2005

Background-Polar

Rural

urban

Agricultural

Background-Polar

Rural

urban

AgriculturalAgricultural

Pozo et al., ES&T, 2009

Concentration in air (pg/m3)

pp-DDE

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

Dieldrin

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

a-HCH

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

AG BA-PO RU UR g-HCH

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000

AG BA-PO RU UR

HEPT

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

Chlordanes

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

Endosulfans

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000

PCBs

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Degre

es

La

titu

de

Concentration in air (pg/m3)

pp-DDE

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

Dieldrin

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

a-HCH

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

AG BA-PO RU UR g-HCH

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000

AG BA-PO RU UR

HEPT

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

Chlordanes

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000

Endosulfans

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000

PCBs

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Degre

es

La

titu

de

GAPS

2005

Latitud.

Trends

Pozo et al., ES&T, 2009

GAPS Network – PCBs vs Emissions

*PCB emission data courtesy of Sabine Eckhardt and Knut Breivik, NILU

Pozo et al., ES&T, 2009

Spatial distribution and seasonal variationTwo Years Results from PUF Disk Air Sampling – 2005, 2006

BDL = below detection limit

Range: BDL to 275 pg/m3

(excluding data for India sites)

Anarctica

100 pg/m3Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Period 4

BDL

α-HCH

Period 1: December – March

Period 2: March – June

Period 3: June – September

Period 4: September - December

1000 pg/m3Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Period 4

BDL

East Arjun Nagar, Delhi

Bawana, Delhi

Surkanda Devi, Kaddu Khal

Laksar

Patna

Mudhol

BDL = below detection limit

Range: BDL to 1420 pg/m3

for India sites only

India

α-HCH

BDL = below detection limit

Range: BDL to 650 pg/m3

(excluding data for India sites)

Anarctica

BDL

100 pg/m3

Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Period 4

Period 1: December – March

Period 2: March – June

Period 3: June – September

Period 4: September - December

400

640

490440

γ-HCH

BDL = below detection limit

Range: 50 to 4510 pg/m3

India sites only

BDL

East Arjun Nagar, Delhi

Bawana, Delhi

Surkanda Devi, Kaddu Khal

Laksar

Patna

Mudhol

4000 pg/m3Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Period 4

India

γ-HCH

∑Endosulfans

∑Endosulfans = Endosulfan I + Endosulfan II + Endosulfan sulfateBDL = below detection limit

Range: 0.2 to 25940 pg/m3

BDL

Anarctica

800 pg/m3Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Period 4

5400458018740

45203760

5200

3700

4430

3160

4050

64705995

5810

PCBs Range: BDL to 4700 pg/m3

BDL Anarctica

400 pg/m3Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Period 4

2400

4700

46404050

2290

2840

2730

40603630

2920

2820

Temporal Trends Analysis‘beyond statistics’

Assessing POPs Transport and Trends

Article 16 – Effectiveness Evaluation – Stockholm Convention on POPs

- temporal trend information i.e. “are things improving?”

- information on regional and global transport

?

??

Time

Air C

oncentr

ation

Statistical approach to trends…‟the old way‟

Emissions

Models

Measurements

Assessing POPs Transport and Trends

..the new way

Assessing Transport and Trends – 1. Airshed Maps

- forward/backward air parcel trajectories -

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ÊÚ

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ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ

A-hch.dbf

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Winter/04

Spring/04

April

May

June

a-HCH

Assessing Transport and Trends – 2. Global Transport Models

(emissions estimates + GAPS data)

g-HCH (lindane)

MEDIA model (revised)* courtesy of Jianmin Ma

Model computed ratios of model scenarios 2-5 and scenario 1 for annual

total deposition (Wet + dry) over North America highlighting the impact of different

emission source on North America.

a: S2/S1 b: S3/S1, c: S4/S1, d: S5/S1; S1: All source in NH, S2: sources in China, S3: Sources in India, S4: sources in

Europe, S5: sources in Russia.

Modelled inputs of g-HCH from different sources

China India

Europe Russia

* courtesy of Jianmin Ma

Wrap-up and the way forward…

GAPS is in it‟s 5th sampling year and delivers globally resolved air

concentrations of POPs for model development.

„Effectiveness evaluation‟ requires integration of measurements, models

and emissions information. Statistics is not enough to understand trends!

The GAPS Network is evolving…

collaborating with modellers (transport, meteorology, climate variability)

making way for RAPS (Regional Atmospheric Passive Sampling networks)

assisting in capacity building / technology transfer

investigating „new POPs‟ using SIP disks

Sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disks

• PUF disk is coated with ~0.5 g of ground XAD-4

200 µm50×

magnification

PUF Disk SIP Disk

Shoeib et al., Anal. Chem. 2008

WE-01

WE-02

WE-25

WE-13

WE-06WE-33

WE-05

WE-32

WE-34

WE-12

WE-09

WE-37WE-36

WE-23

WE-14

WE-16

EE-03

Arviat, NU

Resolute, NU

Storrs, CT

Tlahuac,

Mexico

WE-35

Delhi/Patna, India

MAP OF POTENTIAL GAPS SITES FOR CMP SIP DISK PILOT STUDY

Coral Harbour, NU

2009 sampling sites

Modified: January 29, 2009

Existing GAPS site -- conventional PUF-disk sampler only

Existing GAPS site -- collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)

Potential new/returning GAP site -- collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)

Existing GAPS site – alternative site for collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)

2009 sampling sites

Modified: January 29, 2009

Existing GAPS site -- conventional PUF-disk sampler only

Existing GAPS site -- collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)

Potential new/returning GAP site -- collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)

Existing GAPS site – alternative site for collocation of conventional PUF-disk sampler with SIP-disk sampler (Tentative)

www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/gaps/