Gandhi Ji Dandi March12

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    One of the momentous events in the history of Indian struggle for independencewas the Dandi Salt March, launched under the unparalleled leadership of M K

    Gandhi. With this historic event, The Civil Disobedience Movement was formally

    introduced on a nation-wide basis. Within the context of the Indian freedom

    struggle, the Dandi Salt March holds a place of paramount importance. The entire

    nation coalesced under the call of a single man, internalizing the cherisheddoctrines of ahimsa or non violence, and satyagraha or passive resistance. With an

    awakened political consciousness, all segments of the Indian community plunged

    into a battle, which till date is an instance of the indefatigable power of civilian

    resistance.

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    The political and social milieu of India was in turmoil following the formation of the

    Simon Commission for drawing up a constitution for India and the subsequentrejection of the Nehru Report. Gandhi requested the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, to mellow

    his stance in dealing with the constitutional crisis. On March 2nd 1930, Gandhi

    wrote a letter to the Viceroy wherein he highlighted an 11 point Charter of

    Demands. This included a considerable reduction in the Pound-Sterling-Rupee

    exchange rate, curtailing of military budget, a fifty percent reduction in land

    revenue, preservation of indigenous textile machinery, abolition of Salt Tax and

    releasing political prisoners. The British government did not react favorably to any

    of the propositions made by the Congress. The political segment of the country took

    no time to realize that the British government would not relent to any kind of persuasions. Anti British sentiments flared up as never before and the launch of a

    civil disobedience movement became inevitable. On February 15th, the Congress

    Working committee gave the authority to Gandhi and his followers to initiate the

    civil disobedience. The first step in this direction was the Dandi March.

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    Violation of British laws constituted an integral part of civil disobedience. The

    British salt tax law captured the attention of Gandhi and soon became the center

    of his anti British agendas. According to the British salt tax law, the sale or

    manufacture of salt by any other source barring the British government would be

    adjudged as a criminal offense, liable for punishment by law. Salt was extremely

    essential for the people of India, particularly for its temperate climate. The low-lying coastal regions of the country had extensive reserves of the mineral that were

    easily available to the laborers. The new salt tax law, however, impelled them to

    purchase the mineral that could be collected free of cost. In Gandhi's words; "There

    is no article like salt, outside water, by taxing which the sate can reach even the

    starving millions, the sick, the maimed and the utterly helpless.

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    The tax constitutes, therefore, the most in human poll tax, the ingenuity of man can

    devise." Moreover, the issue of salt cut across class, caste, regional and ethnic

    distinctions and Gandhi could unite the entire country bound by a single cause. This

    oppressive salt tax law thus became the pivot around which the program of civil disobedience was designed. The British salt tax law provided the apt background

    against which a massive satyagraha struggle could be launched, throughout the

    country.

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    When the Viceroy turned a deaf ear to the pleas of Gandhi, a

    disheartened Mahatma said; "On bended knees I asked for brea

    and I have received stone instead". In the letter to Lord Irwin,

    Gandhi had mentioned; "If my letter makes no appeal to your

    heart, on the eleventh day of his month I shall proceed with

    such co-workers of the Ashram as I can take, to disregard theprovision of the Salt Laws." To give effect to this promise made

    by Gandhi in his letter to Lord Irwin, on the historic day o

    March 12th, he embarked on his Dandi March. Gandhi's

    entourage consisted of seventy nine members of his Sabarmati

    Ashram, who were well trained in the principles of satyagraha.

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    As part of the preparation of this massive satyagraha campaign, Gandhi addressed amass meeting on 10th March attended by the inmates of the Sabarmati ashram. At

    the prayer meeting on 11th March at Sabarmati Ashram, Gandhi invoked the inner

    strength of the satyagrahis and resolved to continue their non violent means of

    passive resistance until swaraj could be achieved in India. Finally, on 12th March at

    6.30 a.m., Gandhi set out on his two hundred miles long journey, from SabarmatiAshram to Dandi in the company of his few chosen followers. In this journey to

    Dandi, Gandhi's trail increased in size as thousands of inspired followers joined him

    in his march.

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    On 13th March Gandhi delivered a speech at Bareja, where he invited thevillagers among whom there was a considerable number of Christians and

    Muslims, to join hands in supporting the cause of India's freedom. In his 14th

    March speech at Vasana, Gandhi asked the amassed audience whether they

    would believe him, if he made a prediction that a day would dawn when the

    British would apologize to the Indians. Gandhi addressed to the people ofDabhan on March 15th. In this speech he appealed to the people that if they have

    the armor of inner strength, they should boycott Government jobs, endorse khadi,

    reject foreign made goods and abandon alcohol. Armed with an innate

    commitment to the eternal spirit of truth and self righteousness, they should join

    the army of salt satyagrahis.

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    On 17th March Gandhi delivered a speech at Anand, wherein he urgedthe students to withdraw from their academic pursuits, until the salt

    satyagraha campaign achieved its goal. On 23rd March, he challenged

    the British government's capability to arrest him although he had

    embarked on a mission to disobey British laws. In the speech delivered on

    25th March, Gandhi declared that he had decided to stay at the

    residence of a Muslim friend, from where he would undertake his

    satyagraha struggle. In his way Gandhi sought to garner the support of

    the Muslim community as well in his satyagraha campaign against the

    unjust British salt tax law.

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    On 26th March, 28th March and 29th March, Gandhi delivered speeches at

    Ankleshwar, the bank of River Keem and Bhatgam respectively. In Bhatgam,

    Gandhi condemned indulgence and extravagance and said that there is no placefor these in a satyagraha campaign. Addressing the cloth merchants of Bombay

    who attended his speech at Sandihiyer on March 30th, Gandhi said that the

    involvement of the merchant class in the satyagraha struggle signifies their

    commitment to the cause of Indian's struggle for freedom.

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    On April 5th, Gandhi addressed the associated press at Dandi. He appreciated the

    government for resorting to absolute non interference, while he was on his march to

    Dandi. With the blessings of God, he communicated his noble intention to initiate civil

    disobedience in the company of his followers on 6th April. Since the incident of

    Jallianwallah Bagh massacre, 6th April had come to symbolize a day of self abasementand purging of the soul. The day, declared Gandhi would begin with fasting and prayer.

    On 6th March, Gandhi, on the Dandi beach, breached the British salt laws. He picked up

    a fistful of salt and mud and manufactured salt by boiling it in sea water. He urged his

    followers to violate the British Salt Tax law by manufacturing salt all along the sea coast.

    It was decided that the crusade against the salt tax would be carried on till April 13th

    that mark the National Week.

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    The non-cooperation movement was a significant phase of the Indian struggle forfreedomfromBritish rulewhich lasted for years. This movement, which lasted from

    September 1920 to February 1922 and was led byMohandas Gandhi, and supported

    by the Indian National Congress. It aimed to resist British occupation of Indiathroughnon-violentmeans. Protestors would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the

    use of local handicrafts, picket liquor shops, and try to uphold the Indian values of

    honor and integrity.

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    TheGandhianideals ofahimsaornon-violence, and his ability to rally hundreds of

    thousands of common citizens towards the cause of Indian independence, were first

    seen on a large scale in this movement.

    Among the significant causes of this movement were colonial oppression, exemplified

    by the Rowlatt Act andJallianwala Bagh massacre, economic hardships to thecommon man due to a large chunk of Indian wealth being exported to Britain, ruin

    of Indian artisans due to British factory-made goods replacing handmade goods, and

    popular resentment with the British over Indian soldiers dying in World War

    Iwhile fighting as part of theBritish Army, in battles that otherwise had nothing to

    do with India.

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    The calls of early political leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah (who later became

    communal and hardened his stand), Annie Besant, Gopal Krishna GokhaleandBal

    Gangadhar Tilakforhome rulewere accompanied only by petitions and major public

    meetings. They never resulted in disorder or obstruction of government services.

    Partly due to that, the British did not take them very seriously. The non-cooperation

    movement aimed to ensure that the colonial economic and power structure would be

    seriously challenged, and British authorities would be forced to take notice of the

    people's demands.

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    Gandhi employed non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance as his

    "weapons" in the struggle against theBritish Raj. InPunjab, theJallianwala Baghmassacreof civilians by British troops (also known as theAmritsar Massacre) causeddeep trauma to the nation, leading to increased public anger and acts of violence.Gandhi criticised both the actions of the British Raj and the retaliatory violence ofIndians. He authored the resolution offering condolences to British civilian victims

    and condemning the riots which, after initial opposition in the party, was acceptedfollowing Gandhi's emotional speech advocating his principle that all violence wasevil and could not be justified.[35] After the massacre and subsequent violence,Gandhi began to focus on winning complete self-government and control of all Indian government institutions, maturing soon intoSwarajor complete individual,

    spiritual, political independence.

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    In December 1921, Gandhi was invested with executive authority on behalf of

    theIndian National Congress. Under his leadership, the Congress was reorganised

    with a new constitution, with the goal of Swaraj. Membership in the party was

    opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee. A hierarchy of committees was set upto improve discipline, transforming the party from an elite organisation to one of

    mass national appeal. Gandhi expanded his non-violence platform to include

    the swadeshi policy the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods.

    Linked to this was his advocacy thatkhadi(homespun cloth) be worn by all Indians

    instead of British-made textiles..

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    Gandhi exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day

    spinning khadi in support of the independence movement.[36] Gandhi even

    invented a small, portable spinning wheel that could be folded into the size of a

    small typewriter.[37] This was a strategy to inculcate discipline and dedication to

    weeding out the unwilling and ambitious and to include women in the movementat a time when many thought that such activities were not respectable activities

    for women. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people

    to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, to resign from

    government employment, and to forsakeBritish titles and honours

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    An example demonstrates popularity of Gandhi, importance of participation ofpeople in the freedom movement and Gandhi's words on worth of sacrifice. While he

    was popularising Khadi in ruralOrissa, an aged poor woman who was listening to a

    speech by Gandhi fought her way to where he was, touched his feet and put a one-

    paise copper coin in front of him. Gandhi accepted the coin and thanked her. He said

    toJamnalal Bajajabout it as[38]:

    "This coin was perhaps all that the poor woman possessed. She gave me all she had.

    That was very generous of her. What a great sacrifice she made. That is why I value

    this copper coin more than a crore of rupees."

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    "Non-cooperation" enjoyed widespread appeal and

    success, increasing excitement and participation from

    all strata of Indian society. Yet, just as the movement

    reached its apex, it ended abruptly as a result of a

    violent clash in the town of Chauri Chaura, Uttar

    Pradesh, in February 1922. Fearing that the

    movement was about to take a turn towards violence,

    and convinced that this would be the undoing of all

    his work, Gandhi called off the campaign of mass civildisobedience.[39] According toAndrew Roberts, this

    was the third time that Gandhi had called off a major

    campaign, "leaving in the lurch more than 15,000

    supporters who were jailed for the cause".[40] Gandhi

    was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition,and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. He began his

    sentence on 18 March 1922. He was released in

    February 1924 for an appendicitis operation, having

    served only 2 years.

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    Without Gandhi's unifying personality, the Indian National Congress began to

    splinter during his years in prison, splitting into two factions, one led by Chitta

    Ranjan Das andMotilal Nehru favouring party participation in the legislatures,

    and the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari andSardar Vallabhbhai Patel ,

    opposing this move. Furthermore, cooperation among Hindus and Muslims, whichhad been strong at the height of the non-violence campaign, was breaking down.

    Gandhi attempted to bridge these differences through many means, including a three-

    week fast in the autumn of 1924, but with limited success.[41] This may have been

    due to Gandhi's "uncanny ability to irritate and frustrate" India's Muslim

    leadership.[40]

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    MRS. MUKTA KOHLI

    NEEHA RAGHAV

    10thA