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Gambling Behavior Among a Sample of Adolescents and
Adults in Alberta
David Casey, Ph.D.University of Calgary
AGRI Conference 2007
Investigators Involved in the Leisure, Lifestyle, Lifecycle Project
Nady el-Guebaly, MD David Hodgins, Ph.D. Garry Smith, Ph.D. Rob Williams, Ph.D. Don Schopflocher, Ph.D. Rob Wood, Ph.D. 1: Professor and Head, Addiction Psychiatry, University of Calgary. 2: Professor, University of Calgary 3: Professor Emeritus, University of Alberta 4: Professor, University of Lethbridge 5: Adjunct Associate Professor Epidemiology, University of Alberta 6: Associate Professor, University of Lethbridge Funding for this Project is from the Alberta Gaming Research Institute
Outline
Background information Design of the study Some preliminary results from the study What did we learn from the study Plans for future data collection
Background
Background
Gambling in Alberta 82% of adults gambled in previous year
Few studies of determinants of gambling & disordered gambling
Interested in better understanding: Factors that promote responsible gambling Factors that make some susceptible to problem gambling
Longitudinal study most optimal methodology for this investigation Examples
Barnes, 1999 Slutske, 2003 Vitaro, 1996 Winters, 1993 & 2002
Background (cont’d)
A prospective, multi cohort longitudinal study of gambling behavior Study Albertans over a 5-year period Testing a biopsychosocial model of gambling Data collection has been completed for Time 1 3 additional follow up interviews over the next 4 years Initial sample
Stratified by region of the province 5 age groups Divided into at-risk gamblers & general population
Biopsychosocial Model for Gambling
Methods
Methods – ParticipantsTime #1 1808 Participants
524, 100%897, 70%
387, 30%
General Population At-Risk Population
897, 50%
911, 50%
At-Risk Pop.
Non At-Risk Pop.
All Non-At-Risk Pop.
At-Risk
All At-Risk Pop.387 +524
Methods - Procedures
Recruited through Random Digit Dialing (RDD) at 4 locations: Calgary Edmonton Grande Prairie (and surrounding communities) Lethbridge (and surrounding communities)
Start and end for data collection was staggered between sites Start: Feb 8, 2006 to Mar 20, 2006 End: Aug 26, 2006 to Oct 21, 2006
Some of the at-risk were recruited using other techniques – will discuss later
Methods - Procedures
For all participants who met the criteria for age, residence, etc., there was: Telephone interview
Subcontracted the completion of these interviews Adult interviews (~ 45 minutes) Adolescent interviews (~ 30 minutes) Majority of demographic & gambling questions
Face-to-face interview Completed by Research Assistants Adult interviews (~ 3 hrs) Adolescent interviews (~ 2 hrs) Parent interviews (~ 40 minutes)
Methods - Procedures
Based on expenditure and frequency Based on cohort screener questions Cutoffs for the 70th percentile For each of the age cohorts and gender
Ages 18-20, 23-25, 43-45, and 63-65: Spending GREATER than $10.00 in a typical
month OR Gambling at least a couple of times a month
Ages 13-15: Spending GREATER than $0.00 in a typical
month Gambling at least less than once a month
Methods - Measures
Demographic questions Age, gender, education, etc.
Multiple areas of gambling were assessed: 1. Gambling Behavior: Canadian Problem
Gambling Index (CPGI) Frequency of gambling Amount of gambling Type of gambling
2. Attitudes Toward Gambling Questionnaire Canada West Foundation Alberta Gaming & Liquor Commission 3 Questions developed by Rob Williams
ResultsDemographics: All Non-At-Risk versus At-Risk
Age of Participants
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
13-15 18-20 23-25 43-45 63-65
Age of Participant
Per
cent
age
All Non At-Risk Pop.All At-Risk PopTotal Pop.
Gender of Adult Participants
50%56%
38%
50%44%
62%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
All Non At-Risk All At-Risk Total
Population Comparison
Pe
rce
nt
Male Female
Gender of Adolescent Participants
47%
60.5%54%53%
39.5%46%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
All Non At-Risk All At-Risk Total
Population Comparison
Pe
rce
nt
Male Female
Location of Participants
5
15
25
35
45
Calgary Edmonton GrandPrairie
Lethbridge
Location of Participant
Per
cent
age
All Non At-Risk Pop.All At-Risk Pop.Total Pop.
Education Level of Adult Participants
0
5
10
15
20
25
Education
Per
cen
tag
e
All NonAt-RiskPop.
All At-Risk
TotalPop.
Current Employment Status of Adult Participants
15
25
35
45
55
No Job EmployedP.T
EmployedF.T Job Status
Per
cen
tag
e
All NonAt-RiskPop.
All At-Risk
TotalPop.
ResultsGambling Questions:
Frequency, Amount, & Attitudes
Spent Money on Gambling Activities: Past Year for Adults
0
25
50
Lotto
Tick
ets
Raffle
Insta
nt W
inVLT
Privat
e/ S
ocial
Gam
es
Sport
Bets
Bingo
Casino
Horse
Rac
e
High R
isk S
tock
Out o
f Pro
vince
Money Spent on Gambling Activities
All NonAt-RiskPop.
All At-RiskPop
TotalPop.
Spent Money on Gambling Activities: Past Year for Adolescents
0
10
20
30
40
Gambling Activities
Per
cent
age
All NonAt-RiskPop.
All At-RiskPop
TotalPop.
Frequency of Gambling: Adults
0
5
10
15
20
25
Never 1-10 11-50 51-100 101-500
501-1000
> 1000 Frequency of Gambling
All NonAt-RiskPop.
All At-RiskPop
TotalPop.
Frequency of Gambling: A Typical Month for Adults (Screener)
0
25
50
75
Frequency
All NonAt-RiskPop.
All At-RiskPop
TotalPop.
Frequency of Gambling: A Typical Month for Adolescents (Screener)
05
10152025303540
Never <
1
1/ M
onth
Couple
s tim
es/ M
onth
1/W
eek
Few tim
es/ W
eek
Sever
al Tim
es/ W
eek
Almos
t Dai
lyDail
y
Frequency
All NonAt-RiskPop.
All At-RiskPop
TotalPop.
Risk Assessment for Gambling Problem: Adults
0.1%2%
9%
50%
38%
3%
11%
25%
56%
6% 6%
1%
53%
23%
17%
0
25
50
NoGambling
Non-ProblemGamber
Low Risk ModerateRisk
ProblemGambler
Level of Gambling Risk
All NonAt-RiskPop.
All At-RiskPop.
TotalPop.
Largest Amount Lost in Single Year: Adults
$274.10
$ 410.40
$126.50100
200
300
400
All Non At-Risk All At-Risk Total
Amount Lost
Am
ou
nt
in $
Gambling Attitude Questionnaire: Adults
**** *
*
2
3
4
5
6
7
Gambling Attitude Questions
Raw
Sco
re
All NonAt-RiskPop.
All At-RiskPop
TotalPop.
Gambling Attitude Questionnaire: Adolescents
** *
2
3
4
5
6
Raise
$
Check
with
Pub
lic
Adequ
ate
Servic
e
Lim
it Neg
. Sid
e Effe
ct
Video
Lot
to B
an
Regar
dles
s of C
onse
q.
O.k.
Acti
vity
Illega
l but
ava
ilabl
e
Probl
ems
have
Incr
ease
d
> Crim
e
Gambling Attitude Questions
Raw
Sco
re
All Non At-Risk Pop.All At-RiskPopTotal Pop.
What did we Learn?
and Plans for Future Direction
What did We Learn?
Difficult to recruit using Random Digit Dialing Call display Blocking Do not call lists Saturation of the market Time of year
Interviews occurred in July & August More difficult to get a hold of people & to participate
What did We Learn? (cont’d)
Difficult to recruit at-risk or high-risk gamblers More difficult than expected Tried using supplemental recruitment techniques:
Media release Posters in gambling establishments Ads in local papers A “snowball” e-mail Only provided us with additional 30 participants
What did We Learn? (cont’d)
Telephone to face-to-face interview retention: Lost more between the telephone interview &
face-to-face than was anticipated Some did not feel $75 was enough incentive Booming economy
More difficult to get participants
Face-to-face interviews Participants enjoyed the personal interaction with
Research Assistants
Plans for Future Data Collection
3 more data collection Spread over the next 4 years Currently in the process of organizing for Time 2 Data collection for Time 2 will begin in Sept., 2007 Gambling behavior will be tracked over these 4 years Constructs associated with biological, psychological,
and social factors Last 3 data collections, participants will complete the
surveys using a web-based system Genetic study
Have received funding Examine the relationship between pathological
gambling and genetic markers