GallicoGama THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 5S6

sponsum No. B4 belongs to him. Hayyim Benvenisti

quotes Gallico's responsa in his "Keneset ba

Gedolah." Gallico wrote homiletic-allegorical com-mentaries on Ecclesiastes (published during the au-

thor's lifetime, Venice, 1577), on Esther (Venice,

1583), and on Soul'' of .Songs (Venice, L587).

Bibliography : Michael. <>r ha-Hamrim, p. 223, No. 474 ; Azu-lai. Shem ha-Gedolim, >. 28, No. 208; Stelnscl ider, Cat.BodJ. col. 968; Fuenn, Kenesei 1'ism.l. p. 186.

K. M. Nil.

GALLICO, SAMUEL: Italian Talmudist andcabalist; lived in the sixteenth and seventeenth een-

• turies. lie was a pupil of Moses Cordovero and the

teacher oi Menahem Azariah di Fano. Gallico wasthe compiler of "''Asis Rimmonim," consisting id'

extracts from Cordovero's "Pardes Rimmonim,"with notes by Mordecai Dato (Venice, 1601). Thiswork was afterward revised by Fano. who added a

commentary entitled "Pelah ha-Rimmon," and byMordecai b. Jacob, whose commentary is entitled" Pa'amon we-Rimmon."

Bibliography: Furst, Bibl.Jud.i. ait; Steinscl Ider, Cat.Iln.ll. ml. 2225.

K. M. Si i

GALLIPOLI (the ancient Callipolis) : Seaport

town in European Turkey, at the northeast end of

the Dardanelles and about 135 miles from Constan-tinople. It has a population of about 20,000, of

whom 1,200 are Jews. The latter probably lived in

Gallipoli from the first centuries of Byzantine rule.

About 1162 Benjamin of Tudela found in the town200 Jews, who had a yeshibah under the care of R.Elia Kapid and R. Shabbethai Zutra. The OttomanTurks, wdio acquired Gallipoli in 1365, protected

the community, according to their custom. In 146!)

there lived at Gallipoli a. rabbi named Daniel barHananiah, whose manuscript of the Bible commen-tary of Levi bin Gershoni has been preserved. In

1 1112 a great number of Spanish exiles found refugein Gallipoli, and several families bearing the name of' Saragoss " still celebrate a " Purim of Saragossa " in

the month of Heshwan. The Ben Habib family

of Portugal is said to have furnished Gallipoli witheighteen chief rabbis, the most prominent of thembeing Jacob ibn Habib, the author of the "'En Ya'akob." In 1853 Hadji Hasdai Varon representedFrance, Italy, Austria, Portugal, Denmark, and lie

1'nited Stales as consular agent. Gallipoli has twosynagogues, one built in 1721 and rebuilt in 1852;the other is quite recent. It has also a Jewishschool containing 250 boys, as well as six benevolent

societies. The c imunity is administered by a

council of ten; its revenue comes mostly from laves

on kasher meat, w ines, and heads of families. Hayvim Franco, a native of Melas, has been chief rabbisince Januarj . 1903

Several of the Jews of Gallipoli arc governmentemployees. The Spanish vice consul and nearly all

the dragomans are Jews, who are also representedin Dearly every commercial and mechanical pursuit.The oative costume is dow giving way to the Euro-pean Among the antiquities of the city are the old

cemetery, a marble basin set up in 1670 by a certain

Johanan Halio, the above-mentioned copy of thecommentary on the Bible by Levi ben Gershom, the

Megillab of Saragossa, ami many old manuscripts.

There are many Jewish families in the neighborhoodof Gallipoli, especially at Lampsacus, on the oppo-site Asiatic shore, at Charkeui, ami elsewhere.

BlBl ioi.k u-uv : Benjamin of Tudela, Masna'ot : Dezobry, Die-tioniHiiri d'Histoire <t di Gtugraphie.d. M. Pk.

GALLOWS: A framework ((insisting of one ormore upright posls supporting a cross beam, andused for executing those sentenced to death by hang-

ing [n the Hebrew Bible J»JJ(= " tree "i is the word

used for " gallows " (Gen. xl. 19; Dent. sxi. 22 ; Josh.

viii. 29, x. 26; Esth. ii. 23, v. 14, vi. 4>. The "tree "orgallows erected by Hainan, and upon which he him-

self died, is described as fifty cubits high (Esth. vii.

'.I. Kb;probably it was a stake on which the culprit

was impaled (see Haley, "Esther," pp. 122 et seq.),

corresponding to the " zekifa " of the later Hebrew(comp. Meg. Kib; B. M. 83b), which was certainly asimple slake. In Ihe Mishuah (Sanh. vi. :!) the gallows

is described as in two parts : mip, 'he upright, whichwas firmly fixed in the ground; and VJ?, the trans-

verse beam (irv J'OO in the commentaries), from

which the condemned was suspended by the hands.

This contrivance was not employed to kill by stran-

gulation. According to R. Jose, the post must not

be fixed in the ground, but must be rested obliquely

against a wall, and be buried immediately with the

body of tike- executed. The consensus of authorities

does not favor .lose's interpretation of the law, but

holds that the gallows may rest in the ground,

though it must not be permanently fixed, a new post

being creeled on each occasion (see CRUCIFIXION).

E. G. II.

GALLUS, CAIUS CESTIUS : Consul "suffect-

us"in42c.K. Pliny ("Historia Naturalis," wxiv.

48) calls him "consularis," i.e., "retired consul." Ac-

cording loa dubious passage in Tacitus ("Annates,"

xv. 25), he was appointed successor to Corbulo as

legate of Syria (63); but his coins elate only from

the years 65 and 66 (Mionnet, v. 169, No. 189; Sup-

plement, Nos. 100. 191). When the Jewish warbroke out in the twelfth yearof Emperor Nero (Oct.,

65-66 ; see Josephus, "Ant." xx. 11. ^ 1 I, Gallus was

already governor ("B. J." Preface, §7; ib. ii. 14,

Ss' 3, 4). Gallus appears to have been favorably in-

clined toward the Jews ("B. J." ii. 14. § 3).

When Florus left Jerusalem and his troops were

defeated, Gallus (Josephus, "Vita," s' 5), the officer

holding the highest military commandActions in that region, had to take action

During the Opposing ambassadors from Florus

War. and from the Jews had already ap-

peared before him. Gallus, however,

did not at once intervene with arms, but sent

his tribune Neapolitanus to Jerusalem, who. to

gether with Agrippa II . vainly tried to quiet the

people ("B .l.'ii 16, j t). When hostilities actu-

ally commcnei d Gallus advanced from Antioch uponPalestine. Along theseacoast heexecuted a hi ly

vengeance on the Jews, burning the city Chabulonio the ground, killing 8,000 Jews in Jaffa, and ar-

riving during the Feast of Tabernacles al I.vlda.

which was almost forsaken by iis inhabitants, lb'

pitched his camp in Gabao (Gibcon); but even here

he was violently attacked by the.lews from Jerusa-

lem and came very near being completely defeated