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UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
GALING POOK GOVERNANCE FAIR November 11, 2016
Novotel, Cubao, Quezon City
Dr. EDNA ESTIFANIA A. CO Dr. JOSE M. REGUNAY PRIMER PAGUNURAN
MICHAEL ERIC CASTILLO RUBEN JEFFREY ASUNCION
Engr. RAINIER JOHN TOLENTINO ALFRED MARX GARCIA
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
I. FEDERALIZATION FRAMEWORK
II. THE NATURAL REGION APPROACH
III. THE CASE OF EASTERN MINDANAO
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERALISM Definition Mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or “federal” government) with regional governments (provincial, state, land, canton, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. -Oxford
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERAL SET UP Advantages • Enables lawmaking that suits needs of the states • Avoids tyranny as decentralized power diffuses autonomy
concentrated in a strongly centralized government • Brings government closer to the people consistent with
the vision of the Local Government Code • Provides effective and efficient governance in a larger
scale (i.e. aggregation/amalgamation)
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERAL SET UP Disadvantages • State governments are susceptible to conflicts and the
country tends to split apart (i.e. right of secession)
• Sub-governments may lack resources that a central government has.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERALIZATION . • UP-CIDS takes the political and structural reform with much
caution, pragmatism, and reverence to democracy and social justice.
• We envision that growth and development provide access across population groups, that development across territories is equal or at least almost equally developed, and where resources are utilized in a sustainable manner.
We aim for a gradual, incremental approach to power sharing of what some compatriots call “Federalism” U.P. –CIDS would rather call for a “Federalization” process
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERALIZATION . • Federalization is an amalgamation of the towns and cities (big
and small) which other groups call the "state"
• The amalgamation is a graduation from the existing local government structure where the center is the small local govt. unit (municipality, city). In the UP-CIDS study, the amalgamated territory is the region .
• Amalgamation will also bring in both terrestrial and marine areas, a system of planning and development that have not been done before, because planning has always been land-based and marine or waters are set aside.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERALIZATION . • The proposed federalization, the Executive (thru the president)
can start up the amalgamated growth by Executive Order, concentration of investments, better NEDA planning and coordination in the region (Eastern Mindanao) in the "laboratory areas". this can be done asap - does not need to hurry up a constitutional change.
• Other regions can follow, gradually - hence the term "federalization" - a process that takes time. No "one size fits all" at the same time.
• Federalization is a continuing process of growing and amalgamation.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION? .
Argument 1 : We don’t want to kick out the Social Justice provisions of the Constitution which allow for the participation of citizens, non-government organizations, the marginalized and under-represented through their political representation in decision making.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION? .
Argument 2: We share the vision of progressive economists and industrialists that the economic provisions of the (Philippine) Constitution may have limitations.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION? .
Argument 3: A federalization is a gradual process that takes into account the clamor and demand of populations and peoples in certain territories of the country for greater autonomy and growth.
Thus, we embrace the view that “No one size fits all”.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION? .
Argument 4. The federalization process adopts the principle of responding to the public clamor for reform. Thus, the need to define the “laboratory” in areas that have long indicated the clamor of greater development, growth, and empowerment.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION? .
Argument 5. The power of taxation will largely depend on the sub-national government level taking into account the ability to generate wealth, and the right to establish taxes, tax scales, tax deductions, or in general the right to collect taxes.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION? .
Argument 6. The power arrangement will follow the Natural Regions formation whereby the amalgamated (i.e. merged) territories will have to be empowered with law and policy making powers and authorities pulled in as a state legislature.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION? .
Argument 7. Financial equalization should be reviewed regularly depending on capacities of the government units and their ability to generate wealth and revenues.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY FEDERALIZATION? .
Argument 8. Public service in its general form and level will be constituted under a new national Civil Service Commission (i.e. Public Service Commission of India). The objective is insulation of civil service from politics or reduction of politicisation of civil service to uphold professionalism with a degree of autonomy from strifes and politics. In the process, this allows for a rotation of human resources and experts in units and territories.
“
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERALIZATION KEY PRINCIPLES .
A. A recognition of the bio-geographic character of the archipelago defined by mega-diversity and rich natural resources;
B. Territorial leaders as stewards of resources through development, conservation, protection, and reasonable utilization;
C. Principles of partnership, subsidiarity, and cooperation of government units;
D. Principle of sustainability through complementation of roles and functions, area potentials and limits;
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
FEDERALIZATION KEY PRINCIPLES . E. Principle of respect for culture, language, identity, and
history
F. Principle of the integration of the tripartite functions of governance namely, executive, legislative, and judicial
G. Principle of solidarity based on national-local complementarity, urban-rural, hub and spokes;
H. Principle of competency and professionalism in the case of civil service functions.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
- A flexible concept, continuous, localized and intermediate between national and urban levels (Glasson)
- A group of areas with geographic contiguity and
ethnic and linguistic similarities (Carino)
- A geographic area which possesses certain homogenous characteristics (social, economic, political, geographic) that distinguish it from other areas
REGION
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
- An area with resource endowments.
- Area encompassed by a special development authority
- Island regions
- Metropolitan region
REGION
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
A basic geographic unit which is distinguished by its common natural features of geography, geology, and climate.
May refer to either land or water, and can vary in size. The term “natural region” is often used interchangeably with the word “ecological region” or “ecoregion”.
An ecoregion is an ecologically and geographically defined area that cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species distinct from that of other ecoregions.
NATURAL REGION
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
WHY NATURAL REGION APPROACH? . • Recognizes the intrinsic biogeographical features and
their spatial distribution across the regional landscape.
• Recognizes the strong link between the biogeographical factors and the human community that “man and nature have become molded to one another over the years”.
• Physical boundaries delineation can be easily identified and demarcated, biological resources and associated ecological linkages can be clearly identified
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
DELINEATION OF NATURAL REGIONS . • Provides the framework for:
- resolving resource use conflicts and the efficient, equitable sharing, and sustainable management of resources
- new modes of governance can be structured and implemented
- Facilitate the identification of development and programming regions
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
DELINEATION OF NATURAL REGIONS . • Based on the recognition that the Philippines is an
archipelago, and a mega diversity territory, that natural endowments exist whilst the structure of poverty is deep and widespread across the country. In the end, the gap between developed and underdeveloped territories has to be reduced.
• Can provide the spatial framework to facilitate for urban-rural development linkages and operationalize the “hub and spokes” development strategy.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS . Biogeographic Regions
16 distinct regions each representing unique floral and faunal assemblages.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS . Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)
Sites of global significance for biodiversity conservation. They are identified using globally standard criteria and thresholds, based on the needs of biodiversity requiring safeguards at the site scale.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS . Major River Basins
• A river basin or drainage basin is a
hydrologic system which normally contains various ecosystems, and its topographic boundaries typically covering 3 or more provinces and 2 or more regions.
• DENR identified 18 major river basins in the country.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
DELINEATING NATURAL REGIONS . Water Resource Regions
• National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
mapped out the 12 designated water resources regions in the Philippines as part of its integrated water resources management (IWRM) strategy.
• The Department of Agriculture has adopted the IWRM strategy and associated water resources regions in the crafting of its own road map for the improvement of the performance, productivity, and competitiveness of the agriculture and fisheries sector.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
The NATURAL REGIONS . Northeast Luzon
Northwest Luzon Central Luzon
Southern Tagalog Bicol
Palawan East Visayas West Visayas
East Mindanao Central Mindanao West Mindanao
Total
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Resource Endowments .
Land Area: 3,757,584.38 ha 12.6% of entire country Ranks 3rd
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Resource Endowments .
Forest Area: 468,209.37 ha 10.4% of entire country Ranks 4th
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Resource Endowments .
Important Watershed Area: 468,209.37 ha 10.4% of entire country Ranks 4th
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Resource Endowments .
Protected Area: 526,312.33 ha 7.3% of entire country Ranks 6th
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Resource Endowments .
Key Biodiversity Area: Terrestial : 1,235,634.85 ha 22.4% of entire country Ranks 1st Marine : 218,300.99 ha 9% of entire country Ranks 5th
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Resource Endowments .
Mining Area: 128,962.90 ha 26.3% of entire country Ranks 1st
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
.
Flood Susceptible Area: 704,669.50 ha 15.8% of entire country Ranks 1st
Disaster Vulnerabilities
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
.
Landslide Susceptible Area: 3,133,032.63 ha 13.3% of entire country Ranks 3rd
Disaster Vulnerabilities
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Socio-demographic .
Population 7,490,027 5th largest Income Gap 24.1 2nd lowest Poverty Gap 7.3 6th lowest Severity of Poverty 2.9 6th lowest
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Socio-demographic .
Mandaya Mansaka Monobo Mamanwa Mangguangan Dibbawon Banwa-on Higa-onon Ata-manobo Obu-Manuvu Bagobo-Tagabawa B'laan-Tagakaulo
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Socio-demographic Characteristics .
Health Education
Social Services Protective Services
42
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Economy .
Labor force
3,176M
Employment rate 95.0%
No. of financial institutions 21,405
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Economy .
Primary Sector (Agri, fisheries, forestry) Performance
Secondary Sectory (Manufacturing, Mining) Tertiary Sector (Wholesale, Retail, and Tourism)
44
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Infrastructure .
Insert /matrix/data:
Roads Ports
Airports
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Institutions .
Insert /matrix/data:
Inter-LGU collaborations Major development initiatives
Financial performance
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Regional Center
Inter-mediate
City
Inter-mediate
City
Inter-mediate
City
Inter-mediate
City
Inter-mediate
City
Rural Service Center
Rural Service Center
Rural Service Center
Rural Service Center
Rural Service Center
Rural Service Center
Rural Service Center
Rural Service Center
Hub and Spokes Framework
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Hub and Spokes Framework
.
Davao City
Digos City
Butuan City
Tagum City
Mati City
Surigao City
Bislig
Hinatuan
Dinagat Island
Davao del Sur Municipalities
Agusan Municipalities
Davao Oriental Municipalities
Surigao Municipalities
Compostela Municipalities
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
Hub and Spokes Framework
.
Davao City
Surigao City
Butuan City
Mati City
Tagum City
Digos City
Bislig
Hinatuan
Surigao Municipalities
Dinagat Island
Compostela Municipalities
Davao Oriental Municipalities
Agusan Municipalities
Davao del Sur Municipalities
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
CONCLUSION . • The UP-CIDS Federalization proposal is aimed at
contributing to the articulation of a vision of the future organization of the Philippine Archipelagic state under a federal set up.
• UP-CIDS believes that a clear picture and
understanding of the envisioned state organization and its spatial structure are critical to the success of any initiative of transforming the Philippines and transitioning into a federal form of government.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
CONCLUSION . • As shown in the East Mindanao test case, the
delineation of territories of the future federal units can be framed within the natural region (NR) approach that recognizes the intrinsic biophysical features and their spatial distribution across the regional landscape. The NR framework provides the base for overlaying and analyzing the various components of the development sectors and their inter-relationships and potentials for operationalizing the “hub and spokes” strategy.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
CONCLUSION .
• Within the context of the federalization principles and consistent with gradual, incremental, pragmatic process to federalization, the identification of Eastern Mindanao as the ‘pilot farm’ for first formation of a federal region, can be justified.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Center for Integrative and Development Studies
CONCLUSION .
• Lastly, the natural regions approach offers a scientific option and informed strategy on the matter of federal state formation. The NR framework as a pathway to federalization has the ability to incorporate the biogeographic factors with the other development sectors and provides the better basis for development planning, programming, and governance.