Galatians 2 by Cornelio Lapide.pdf

8/13/2019 Galatians 2 by Cornelio Lapide.pdf

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Click down to CHAPTER II

SAINT PAUL'S EPISTLE TO

THE GALATIANS

CHAPTER I

6 He wondereth that they hae !o !oon le"t hi# and the

Go!$el% & and accr!eth tho!e that $reach any other (o!$el

than he did) ** He learned the (o!$el not o" #en% ,t o" God-

*. and !heweth what he wa! ,e"ore hi! callin(% */ and what

he did $re!ently a"ter it)

P

AUL% an a$o!tle% 0not o" #en% neither ,y #an% ,t ,y 1e!!

Chri!t% and God the 2ather% who rai!ed hi# "ro# the dead34

5 And all the ,rethren which are with #e% nto the chrche!

o" Galatia-

Grace ,e to yo and $eace "ro# God the 2ather% and "ro#or Lord 1e!! Chri!t%

. 7ho (ae hi#!el" "or or !in!% that he #i(ht delier ! "ro#

thi! $re!ent eil world% accordin( to the will o" God and or

2ather)

8 To who# ,e (lory "or eer and eer) A#en)

6 I #arel that ye are !o !oon re#oed "ro# hi# that called

yo into the (race o" Chri!t nto another (o!$el-

/ 7hich i! not another3 ,t there ,e !o#e that tro,le yo%

and wold $erert the (o!$el o" Chri!t)

& 9t tho(h we% or an an(el "ro# heaen% $reach any other

(o!$el nto yo than that which we hae $reached nto yo%

let hi# ,e accr!ed): A! we !aid ,e"ore% !o !ay I now a(ain% I" any #an $reach

any other (o!$el nto yo than that ye hae receied% let hi#

,e accr!ed)

*; 2or do I now $er!ade #en% or God< or do I !eek to $lea!e

#en< "or i" I yet $lea!ed #en% I !hold not ,e the !erant o"

Chri!t)

** 9t I certi"y yo% ,rethren% that the (o!$el which wa!

$reached o" #e i! not a"ter #an)

*5 2or I neither receied it o" #an% neither wa! I ta(ht it%

,t ,y the reelation o" 1e!! Chri!t)

* 2or ye hae heard o" #y coner!ation in ti#e $a!t in the

1ew!= reli(ion% how that ,eyond #ea!re I $er!ected the

chrch o" God% and wa!ted it-

*. And $ro"ited in the 1ew!= reli(ion a,oe #any #y e>al! in

#ine own nation% ,ein( #ore e?ceedin(ly @ealo! o" the

tradition! o" #y "ather!)

*8 9t when it $lea!ed God% who !e$arated #e "ro# #y

#other=! wo#,% and called #e ,y hi! (race%

*6 To reeal hi! Son in #e% that I #i(ht $reach hi# a#on( the

heathen3 i##ediately I con"erred not with "le!h and ,lood-

*/ Neither went I $ to 1er!ale# to the# which were

a$o!tle! ,e"ore #e3 ,t I went into Ara,ia% and retrned

a(ain nto a#a!c!)*& Then a"ter three year! I went $ to 1er!ale# to !ee Peter%

and a,ode with hi# "i"teen day!)

*: 9t other o" the a$o!tle! !aw I none% !ae 1a#e! the Lord=!

oay Rhei#! Fer!ion

He ,la#e! the Galatian! "or !""erin( the#!ele! to ,e

i#$o!ed $on ,y new teacher!) The a$o!tle'! callin()

P

AUL% an a$o!tle% not o" #en% neither ,y #an% ,t ,y 1e!!

Chri!t and God the 2ather% who rai!ed hi# "ro# the dead-

5) And all the ,rethren who are with #e- to the chrche! o"

Galatia)

) Grace ,e to yo% and $eace "ro# God the 2ather and "ro#

or Lord 1e!! Chri!t%.) 7ho (ae hi#!el" "or or !in!% that he #i(ht delier !

"ro# thi! $re!ent wicked world% accordin( to the will o" God

and or 2ather-

8) To who# i! (lory "or eer and eer) A#en)

6) I wonder that yo are !o !oon re#oed "ro# hi# that

called yo into the (race o" Chri!t% nto another (o!$el)

/) 7hich i! not another- only there are !o#e that tro,le yo

and wold $erert the (o!$el o" Chri!t)

&) 9t tho(h we% or an an(el "ro# heaen% $reach a (o!$el

to yo ,e!ide! that which we hae $reached to yo% let hi#

,e anathe#a)

:) A! we !aid ,e"ore% !o now I !ay a(ain- I" any one $reach toyo a (o!$el% ,e!ide! that which yo hae receied% let hi#

,e anathe#a)

*;) 2or do I now $er!ade #en% or God< Or do I !eek to

$lea!e #en< I" I yet $lea!ed #en% I !hold not ,e the !erant

o" Chri!t)

**) 2or I (ie yo to nder!tand% ,rethren% that the (o!$el

which wa! $reached ,y #e i! not accordin( to #an)

*5) 2or neither did I receie it o" #an- nor did I learn it ,t ,y

the reelation o" 1e!! Chri!t)

*) 2or yo hae heard o" #y coner!ation in ti#e $a!t in the

1ew!' reli(ion- how that% ,eyond #ea!re% I $er!ected the

chrch o" God and wa!ted it)

*.) And I #ade $ro(re!! in the 1ew'! reli(ion a,oe #any o"

#y e>al! in #y own nation% ,ein( #ore a,ndantly @ealo!

"or the tradition! o" #y "ather!)

*8) 9t when it $lea!ed hi# who !e$arated #e "ro# #y

#other'! wo#, and called #e ,y hi! (race%

*6) To reeal hi! Son in #e% that I #i(ht $reach hi# a#on(

the Gentile!- i##ediately I conde!cended not to "le!h and

,lood)

*/) Neither went I to 1er!ale#% to the a$o!tle! who were

,e"ore #e- ,t I went into Ara,ia% and a(ain I retrned to

a#a!c!)

*&) Then% a"ter three year!% I went to 1er!ale# to !ee Peter-

and I tarried with hi# "i"teen day!)

*:) 9t other o" the a$o!tle! I !aw none% !ain( 1a#e! the
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,rother)

5; Now the thin(! which I write nto yo% ,ehold% ,e"ore

God% I lie not)

5* A"terward! I ca#e into the re(ion! o" Syria and Cilicia)

55 And wa! nknown ,y "ace nto the chrche! o" 1da

which were in Chri!t-

5 9t they had heard only% That he which $er!ected ! in

ti#e! $a!t now $reacheth the "aith which once he de!troyed)

5. And they (lori"ied God in #e)

,rother o" the Lord)

5;) Now the thin(! which I write to yo% ,ehold% ,e"ore God%

I lie not)

5*) A"terward!% I ca#e into the re(ion! o" Syria and Cilicia)

55) And I wa! nknown ,y "ace to the chrche! o" 1dea%

which were in Chri!t-

5) 9t they had heard only- He% who $er!ected ! in ti#e!

$a!t doth now $reach the "aith which once he i#$(ned)

5.) And they (lori"ied God in #e)

CONTENTS

The Galatian! were Gentile! who e#i(rated "ro# Gal into Greece% and !o were called GalloGreek!) Sida!

think! that the!e Gal! were Sennonian!% who% nder the leader!hi$ o" 9renn!% inaded Ro#e% ,t ,ein(

re$l!ed ,y Ca#ill!% cro!!ed oer into Greece% and were there oerthrown ,y a !tor# o" rain and hail while

they were atte#$tin( to $lnder el$hithe "ew% he !ay!% who e!ca$ed were called GalloGreek! or

Galatian!) Howeer% 1!tin 0li,) 584% S) 1ero#e% and other! (ie a di""erent accont o" the#) The Galatian!

were ,onded ,y Ca$$adocia on the ea!t% 9ithynia on the we!t% Pa#$hylia on the !oth% and the 9lack Sea

on the north) Accordin( to Pliny 0li,) ) c) lt)4% their chie" citie! were Tani#% Pe!!innti!% and Ancyra) O"

their lan(a(e% S) 1ero#e% in hi! co##entary on the E$i!tle to the Galatian! 0Proe#) li,) 5% in "ine4% !ay!-

JA$art "ro# the Greek !ed ,y the whole o" the Ea!t% their $ro$er lan(a(e i! the !a#e a! that o" the

TreiriJthat i!% Ger#an) Since% then% the Galatian! deried their ton(e to(ether with their ori(in "ro# the

Gal!% !o#e think that Ger#an wa! the lan(a(e o" the!e latter% and they add that the 2rank! $roceeded

"ro# Ger#an 2ranconia and thence o,tained their na#e) Koreoer% Cloi!% the "ir!t Chri!tian kin( o" the

2ranki!h Gal!% i! !tyled Sica#,rian) So did S) Re#i(i! addre!! hi# when co#in( to ,e ,a$ti@ed- JKeekly

,ow thy neck% ; Sica#,rian3 adore what once tho did!t ,rn3 ,rn what tho once did!t adore 0Gre() Tr)

de Ge!ti! 2ranc) li,) *4) Now it i! certain that the Sica#,rian! were Ger#an!) In !hort% S) 1ero#e% 1o!e$h!%

and I!idore lay down that the Galatian! were de!cendant! o" Go#er% !$rn( "ro# the Go#ari or Ci#,ri% who

were either Ger#an!% or el!e clo!ely akin to the Ger#an!)

The!e Galatian! !o#e conerted 1ew! had indced to acce$t a 1dai!ed Go!$el% ,y >otin( the e?a#$le o"

Peter and other A$o!tle!% who o,!ered the Ko!aic Law) Accordin(ly% S) Pal !har$ly re,ke! the#% and call!

the# ,ack% $ointin( ot that Chri!tian! are "ree "ro# the Old Law% and cannot ,e !,Mected to it) Altho(h% he

!ay!% the 1ew! #i(ht kee$ it "or a ti#e% !o a! to (ie it an honora,le ,rial% yet Gentile!and !ch the

Galatian! werehad not thi! rea!on% or any other% "or e#,racin( the law o" Ko!e!) I"% there"ore% they had

e#,raced it% they #!t he !$$o!ed to hae done !o nder the ,elie" inclcated ,y the 1dai!in( Chri!tian!%

that the law a! well a! the Go!$el wa! nece!!ary to !alation) Thi! error the A$o!tle conde#n! ,y hi!

declaration% that the $ro"e!!ion o" 1dai!# i! the oerthrowin( o" Chri!tianity3 "or the Chri!tian reli(ion hold!

that 1dai!# ha! ,een done away% and that there i! roo# "or no reli(ion !ae that o" Chri!t% which alone i!

nece!!ary and !""icient "or !alation) Thi! i! the error that the A$o!tle !o !har$ly conde#n!)

The ar(#ent o" thi! E$i!tle% accordin(ly% i! the !a#e a! that o" the E$i!tle to the Ro#an!% o" which thi! #ay

,e con!idered an e$ito#e% and with which it ha! #any idea! and e?$re!!ion! in co##on% a! i! $ointed ot ,y

1ero#e% An!el#% Theo$hylact% and Chry!o!to#) There i!% howeer% thi! di""erence ,etween the two% that in

the E$i!tle to the Ro#an! he o$$o!e! ,oth 1ew! and Gentile!% here 1ew! only3 there he reMect! the work! o"

the law a! well a! the work! o" natre% here tho!e o" the law only% that he #ay e!ta,li!h the "aith o" Chri!t

and the work! o" "aith) Thi!% then% occ$ie! the "ir!t $art o" the E$i!tle% i@)% cha$) i) to ) *53 cha$) ) * to the

end i! concerned with #oral in!trction)

E$hre# Syr!% 1ero#e% Athana!i!% Theodoret% and other! think that the E$i!tle wa! written at Ro#e 3 ,t

Chry!o!to# and 9aroni! reMect thi! o$inion% on the (rond that #ention o" hi! i#$ri!on#ent% c!to#ary in

hi! other letter! "ro# Ro#e% i! wantin( in thi!) They think% there"ore% that it wa! written ,e"ore the E$i!tle tothe Ro#an!% and at E$he!!% or !o#e other city o" Greece) 9t the ti#e and $lace o" writin( can ,e

deter#ined neither "ro# the E$i!tle it!el" nor "ro# any e?ternal athority3 and in thi! re!$ect it i! the #o!t


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o,!cre o" all S) Pal=! E$i!tle!) S) 1ero#e and A(!tine wrote ela,orate co##entarie! on it% which are !till

e?tant)

SNOPSIS O2 THE CHAPTER

i) He chide! the Galatian! "or !""erin( the#!ele! to ,e !edced to 1dai!#% "ro# the Go!$el $reached ,y

hi#% ,y innoator! and "al!e teacher!% a(ain!t who# he $rononce! an anathe#a)

ii) He !how! 0er) **4 the certitde o" hi! Go!$el% "ro# the "act that he receied it directly "ro# Chri!t)

iii) He de!cri,e! 0er) *4 how% "ro# the 1dai!# which he wa! i(oro!ly de"endin(% he wa! conerted toChri!t% and !et a$art "or the $reachin( o" the Go!$el% and how he traer!ed Ara,ia% a#a!c!% Syria% and

Cilicia)

Fer) *)Pal% an a$o!tle% not o" #en) That i!% ,eca!e the other A$o!tle! were !ent ,y Chri!t

while !till #ortal% Pal ,y Chri!t when wholly dei"ied% and there"ore in eery way i##ortal) So

!ay! S) A(!tine) 9t the !i#$ler e?$lanation i! to take not o" #en to #ean% not o" #ere #en%

,t o" Chri!t% #an and God)

There i! a "or"old #i!!ion% !ay! S) 1ero#e) So#e are !ent ,y God alone% a! Pal3 !o#e ,y God

thro(h #an=! in!tr#entality% a! 1o!ha wa! thro(h Ko!e!3 !o#e ,y #an alone% a! tho!e who

are $ro#oted ,y their "riend! to ,e a,,ot% dean% or ,i!ho$3 !o#e ,y the#!ele!% a! heretic!) The$re$o!ition Jo" 0a,4 there"ore% !ed here% denote! the $rinci$al ca!e% while J,y 0$er4 denote!

the in!tr#ental3 "or the #eanin( i! that he wa! not called ,y #an% nor ,y God ,y #ean! o" #an%

,t i##ediately ,y God Hi#!el")

Fer) .)7ho (ae Hi#!el")to ,e an e?$iatory icti# "or an atone#ent% and to the death o" the

Cro!!% that He #i(ht $ay the $rice o" or rede#$tion)

2or or !in!) JRi(hteo!ne!! Hi#!el"% !ay! S) 1ero#e% J(ae Hi#!el"% that He #i(ht de!troy the

nri(hteo!ne!! in !3 7i!do# (ae Hi#!el" to ndo or "ooli!hne!!3 Holine!! and 2ortitde

o""ered Hi#!el"% that He #i(ht ,lot ot or ncleanne!! and weakne!! )

2ro# thi! $re!ent eil world) 7hy doe! he call the world eil< The Kanichan! re$ly- 9eca!ethe world i! #aterial% it i! eil and the creation o" the deil) 9t thi! i! a "ooli!h re$ly) The eil

world i! worldly and carnal li"e and coner!ation% !ch a! thi! world lie!% and !ch a! it inite! !

to3 and worldly #en are !ch a! ,y hook or ,y crook hnt a"ter the (ood! o" thi! world

onlyriche!% honor!% and $lea!re!) The "i(re o" !$eech here i! a #etony#y3 the worldi! $t

"or tho!e who are in% or who are co#in( into the world) JThe whole world lieth in wickedne!!) Not

that the world it!el" i! eil% ,t that thin(! in the world ,eco#e eil thro(h #en) So !ay! the

A$o!tle hi#!el"- Redee#in( the ti#e% ,eca!e the day! are eil) Sylan (lade! ,eco#e o" eil

re$ort when they are "illed with !in!3 not that the !oil and the tree! !in% ,t ,eca!e the ery

$lace! (ain notoriety "or #rder) So the world 0!ecl#% i)e)% a $eriod o" ti#e% in it!el" neither(ood nor eil4 i! called (ood or eil thro(h the action! o" tho!e who are in it 0S) 1ero#e in *

1ohn ) *:4)

Note that the word here rendered eilin the Greek% OPQRSPUV% i! rendered ,y S) 1ero#e ,ad% ,yA(!tine (reat% ,y Era!#! cra"ty or #i!era,le or "ll o" toil!% ,y Fata,l! weari!o#e%

e!$ecially on accont o" !in! co##itted in thi! $re!ent li"e% which a""ord! !o #any occa!ion! o"

!in3 wherea! the "tre world% to which Chri!t i! leadin( !% i! "ree "ro# !in and i! alto(ether

$re) Falentin! eoled "ro# hi! own con!cio!ne!! hi! own on! or world!% declarin( the# to

,e ani#ated ,ein(!% and the $arent! ,y >adrad!% o(doad!% decad!% and dodecad!% o" a! #any

world! a! the !on o" Wnea! had $i(! 0S) 1ero#e4)Fer) 6)I #arel that ye are !o !oon re#oed"ro# Chri!tianity to 1dai!#% "ro# the li,erty o"

the Go!$el to the !laery o" le(al cere#onie!% "ro# the chrch to the !yna(o(e) JThe all!ion%


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!ay! S) 1ero#e% Ji! to the He,rew % Xto roll%= and hint! that% Jo Galatian! are a! ea!ily #oed a!

a (lo,e or a wheel% !ince yo !""er yor!ele! to ,e !o >ickly tran!"erred "ro# the Go!$el o"

Chri!t to the law o" Ko!e!) El!ewhere% howeer% S) 1ero#e !ee! an all!ion to YY[% J#ilk% and

!$$o!e! that the Galatian! were !o called "ro# the whitene!! o" their !kin)

2ro# Hi# that called yo) o are a$o!tate! "ro# the Go!$el% nay% "ro# God and Chri!t 1e!!%

and that to the (reate!t inMry and conte#$t o" God and Chri!t% who called yo% withot any#erit! o" yor own% nay% a(ain!t yor de#erit!% ot o" Hi! a,ondin( loe% into (race%

reconciliation% "riend!hi$ with God% and !alation) S) 1ero#e read!% ,y the (race o" Chri!t%

in!tead o"into the (race o" Chri!t% and !o (et! a #ore "orci,le renderin(- I #arel that ye are !o

!oon re#oed nto another Go!$el "ro# Chri!t% who called yo ,y Hi! (race% i)e)% ot o" $re

loe and n#erited (oodwill toward! yo3 I #arel that ye are !o readily ,eco#e a$o!tate! "ro#

God and "ro# Chri!t% who hath called yo !o (racio!ly and loin(ly3 that ye are !o n(rate"l% !o

heedle!! o" Hi! loe% that ye tra#$le on it)

Unto another (o!$el) Unto another doctrine a,ot !alation% and yor Saior Chri!t% a! tho(h

#ine and Chri!t=! were not !""icient% a! tho(h Ko!e! #!t ,e taken into $artner!hi$ withChri!t% and the cere#onial law wedded to the Go!$el) 2or een i" the!e 1dai!er! $reach that the

Go!$el i! to ,e e#,raced to(ether with the Ko!aic law% yet they% there,y $reach another Go!$el%

and de!troy the tre Go!$el $reached ,y Pal) 2or% accordin( to hi#% the tre Go!$el o" Chri!t i!

thi!- The law o" Chri!t i! nece!!ary and !""icient to !alation% nor can any other ,e ad#itted)

7hoeer introdce! or allow! to ,e introdced any other% i! inMrio! to Chri!t and Hi! law% a!

i#$lyin( that it i! in!""icient% and he% there"ore% ro,! Chri!t% hi! only Redee#er% o" Hi! (lory% and

,rin(! in another Saior) Thi! i! what the 1dai!er! did) They declared the in!""iciency o" the

law o" Chri!t ,y addin( to it the law o" Ko!e! a! re>i!ite "or !alation and ,li!!) Hence they

oertrned the Go!$el ,y introdcin( another% nay% a contrary Go!$el) There"ore the A$o!tle$roceed!%

Fer) /)7hich i! not another) S) 1ero#e and E$hre# o#it another% and inter$ret the cla!e-

Jo tran!"er yor!ele! to another Go!$el% which indeed i! no Go!$el) The #eanin( o" the

receied te?t i! Jo tran!"er yor!ele! to another Go!$el% which !till i! not another3 "or there i!

no other tre Go!$el !ae that which I hae $reached nto yo) To which E$hre# add!- J9t a!

they are% !o i! it) A! their teacher! are a$o!tate!% 1dai!er!% deceit"l liar!% !o i! their Go!$el

heretical% 1dai!in(% deceit"l% and "al!e) I" the 1dai!er!% who le"t the Go!$el and teachin( o" Pal

and the Chrch intact% oertrned the Go!$el and the Chrch o" Chri!t% #ch #ore do the

Prote!tant! oertrn it ,y introdcin( new do(#a! contrary to the Catholic Chrch)Unle!! there are !o#e) Thi! de$end! on I #arel) I #arel that ye !o !oon "all away "ro# the

Go!$el% nle!! it ,e that there are !o#e who are tro,lin( yo) And when I think thi! I $artly

cea!e to #arel% and I i#$te yor de"ection to the# rather than to yo3 "or yo wold not hae

"allen away% i" yo had not ,een enticed and deceied)

That tro,le yo% and wold $erert the (o!$el o" Chri!t) To $erert i! to !,ert% accordin( to

Chry!o!to#) Pro$erly% howeer% it i! to inert% or to trn% a! when the ot!ide o" a (ar#ent i!

trned in!ide ,eca!e it i! worn% and the le!! worn in!ide ,eco#e! the ot!ide) Or% a! 1ero#e

!ay!% when what i! in "ront i! $t ,ehind% and ice er!\) So the Chrch i! like a (ar#ent o"

which the $art in "ront or ot!ide% and now !o#ewhat worn thread,are% wa! the old Chrch orthe !yna(o(e% with it! Ko!aic law% while the a"ter $art% or inner and !onder% i! the new Chrch

with Chri!t=! Go!$el) Thi! Chri!t !o chan(ed rond that He !,!titted the inward "or the worn


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otward !ide% !o #akin( the a"ter or the inner $art% i@)% the Go!$el% the "ront or the oter% and

$ttin( it ,e"ore all% to ,e known and ado$ted a! the ro,e o" ri(hteo!ne!! and !alation) The!e

!el"a$$ointed teacher! wi!hed to trn a(ain thi! (ar#ent in!ide ot% and to $t the law "ir!t% and

to !,ordinate to it the Go!$elin !hort% to e?chan(e the !$irit o" $iety ,reathed "orth ,y the

Go!$el "or 1ewi!h cere#onie!) So the 1dai!er! $ererted% i)e)% inerted the Go!$el o" Chri!t ,y

!,!tittin( "or it the law o" Ko!e!% and !ettin( that ,e"ore the Go!$el 0S) 1ero#e4)Fer) &)9t tho(h we% or an an(el "ro# heaen% $reach any other (o!$el nto yo than that

which we hae $reached nto yo% let hi# ,e accr!ed) Under!tand) I" that can ,e done3 "or% a! a

#atter o" "act% it i! i#$o!!i,le% "or the an(el! are e!ta,li!hed a! in ,li!! !o in all trth) It i! an

hy$er,ole% like that in * Cor) ?iii) i)- JTho(h I !$eak with the ton(e! o" #en and o" an(el!) S)

1ero#e >ote! here a ha$$y re#ark o" Tertllian directed a(ain!t A$elle! and hi! ir(in

Phil#ena% which latter wa! "illed ,y !o#e $erer!e an(el with an eil !$irit% to the e""ect that

thi! wa! an an(el who% lon( ,e"ore A$elle! wa! ,orn% wa! de!cri,ed a! accr!ed ,y the Holy

S$irit% !$eakin( thro(h% the A$o!tle) Sch wa! the an(el who ta(ht Lther% and in!trcted

]win(li on the Echari!t% and a,ot who# the latter write!% that he did not know whether it wa!,lack or white) 9t it i! certain that it wa! a ,lack an(el% and that a(ain!t it wa! directed the

A$o!tle=! anathe#a% a! a(ain!t one introdcin( a new Go!$el% a new "aith% and new do(#a!%

contrary to the acce$ted creed)

O,!ere how (reat i! the certainty o" the "aith $reached ,y the A$o!tle!% con"ir#ed ,y God ,y !o

#any !i(n! and #iracle!% and tran!#itted to ! ,y the contino! tradition o" !o #any centrie!%

and re"lect how "ir# and con!tant in it we !hold ,e) So #ch !o that we #ay ,etter deny the

eidence o" or !en!e!% o" or rea!on% o" the athority o" all #en and an(el!een i" they !hold

work #iracle! a! $roo"%i#$o!!i,le tho(h thi! really i!then deny the teachin( o" "aith) 2or

"aith re!t! on the ori(inal reelation o" God% who i! the 2ir!t and Inco##ta,le Trth3 all el!e#ay deceie and he deceied) Nay% to !tate an i#$o!!i,ility% i" God were to reeal a "aith contrary

to that which we hae receied% and which He ori(inally reealed Hi#!el"% we !hold ,e ,ond to

,eliee the "ir!t% and not the !econd) 2or i" He !hold reeal one contrary% He wold ,e chan(ed

and wold cea!e to ,e God% and the 2ir!t and In"alli,le Trth3 ,t !ince thi! i! i#$o!!i,le% it

"ollow! that God cannot (ie a contrary reelation% and hence that tho!e who teach contrary

doctrine (et it not "ro# God ,t "ro# their own head!% or el!e ,y reelation "ro# deil!)

7e hae here% then% a canon o" "aith (ien ! ,y the A$o!tle% to thi! e""ect) I" a new do(#a ari!e

anywhere% let it ,e e?a#ined to !ee whether it a(ree with the ancient% receied "aith o" the

Catholic Chrch% "ir!t $reached ,y Pal and the A$o!tle!3 i" it ,e "ond di!cordant% let it ,ere(arded a! heretical and accr!ed) Thi! i! a canon "ollowed ,y all the 2ather!)

JI" any di!$te ari!e% !ay! Iren!% Ja,ot any% een a !#all >e!tion% will it not ,e or dty to

hae recor!e to the olde!t chrche!% and to (ather "ro# the# what i! clear and certain with

re"erence to the >e!tion in di!$te


6/26

conted a heretic who% while $ro"e!!in( to ,eliee in Chri!t% ,eliee! in a #atter o" "aith otherwi!e

than the traditional de"inition o" the Chrch declare!) 0Ho#) in S) Katt) *:4

Thi! !a#e rle i! !$$orted ,y Fincent o" Lerin! in hi! (olden treati!e on Pr!cri$tion% a(ain!t

the i#$io! noeltie! o" heretic!) JAnti>ity i! to ,e "ollowed% noelty !$rned) 7hen certain

innoator! were (oin( thro(hot $roince! and citie!% o""erin( their error! "or !ale% and had

arried a#on( the Galatian!3 and when the Galatian! had (ien the# a hearin(% and were takenwith a di!ta!te "or the trth% !o #ch !o that they% a! it were% o#ited the #anna o" a$o!tolic and

Catholic teachin(% and were deli(hted with the "ilth o" heretical noelty% then the athority o" the

a$o!tolic $ower #ade it!el" heard in the!e !tern word!) XTho(h we or an an(el "ro# heaen

$reach any other Go!$el nto yo than that which we hae $reached nto yo% let hi# ,e

accr!ed)= 7hat i! thi! that he !aith- XTho(h we


7/26

$oint% !ay the Inocation o" Saint!% the Chrch were to leae the track o" the tre "aith% !he #!t

,eco#e heretical% and the Chrch% not o" God ,t o" Satan3 M!t a! any indiidal who #aintain! a

!in(le here!y% een tho(h he ,e otherwi!e orthodo?% i! a heretic) I re$eat there"ore% when Calin

aro!e% either the Chrch ca#e to an end or !he did not3 i" !he did% and had not e?i!ted !ince the

ti#e o" Gre(ory the Great% a! the Prote!tant! !ay% then the Chrch had ,een e?tinct "or :;;

year!% that i! to !ay% the world "or :;; year! wa! withot tre "aith% tre reli(ion% !acra#ent!%Chrch% and !alation3 there"ore "or :;; year! Chri!t de!erted Hi! 9ride3 there"ore the Eternal

_in(do# o" Chri!t had "allen% "or Chri!t rei(n! in Hi! Chrch3 there"ore the (ate! o" hell had

$reailed a(ain!t Hi! Chrch3 there"ore Calin wa! ,orn ot!ide the Chrch% wa! no #e#,er o"

the Chrch% ,t an n,elieer% a heretic% or a $a(an3 there"ore he had not clai# to ,e receied ,y

the $eo$le% ,y the world% and li!tened to a! one o" the "aith"l% ,t he !hold hae ,een de!$i!ed

and reMected a! an n,elieer not ,elon(in(% to the Chrch) I"% howeer% the Chrch had not

co#e to an end% and Calin wa! ,orn% ,a$ti@ed% edcated% and ,ro(ht $ in the tre

Chrchthen% !ince he wa! ,orn% ,a$ti@ed% edcated% and ,ro(ht $ in the Catholic% A$o!tolic%

Ro#an Chrch% that Chrch wa! clearly a tre Chrch% holdin( the tre "aith) There"ore% when hewithdrew "ro# her% and !ht hi#!el" $ in hi! new do(#a!% he !e$arated hi#!el" "ro# the tre

"aith and "ro# the Chrch% and ,eca#e an a$o!tate) There"ore% when he e!ta,li!hed another and

a re"or#ed Chrch% it wa! not a tre% a$o!tolic% ,t an a$o!tate% !chi!#atical% heretical Chrch

that he "ondeda #i!tre!! and !chool% not o" the "aith% ,t o" new doctrine! and here!ie!) Let a

"air#inded reader% who !incerely !eek! in i(norance the tre "aith% ot!ide which no one can ,e

!aed% con!ider and wei(h the "orce o" thi! dile##a% and a!k hi#!el" whether there i! any e!ca$e

"ro# it! concl!ion!% whether the rle here (ien i! not a toch!tone o" what i! tre in doctrine

and in "aith)

Any other (o!$el than that which we hae $reached nto yo% let hi# ,e accr!ed) TheProte!tant! hence conclde- There"ore the decree! o" concil! and the canon! o" $onti""! are

accr!ed% ,eca!e they contain #any thin(! not in the Go!$el% and are con!e>ently a Go!$el

other than that $reached)

I re$ly- Other 0$rter>a#4 i! here what i! contrary to the acce$ted "aith% !ch a! are the

doctrine! o" heretic!)

*) Thi! a$$ear!% "ir!tly% ,eca!e Pal i! writin( a(ain!t the 1dai!er!% who were tryin( to introdce

1dai!# ,e!ide 0$rter4% that i!% a(ain!t the Go!$el) It wa! M!t a! i" any one were to try to add

Calini!# or Koha##edani!# to Chri!tianity) He wold ,e introdcin( a new law and !ociety

,e!ide% i)e)% a(ain!t Chri!tianity) Accordin(ly% in er) 6% he call! thi! another Go!$el% and in er) /he !ay! that the $reacher! o" it $erert% or% a! Chry!o!to# !tyle! it oertrn the Go!$el o" Chri!t)

5) It i! clear and certain that not only an an(el ,t Pal hi#!el" knew #ore% and con!e>ently

#i(ht hae $reached #ore trth! than he did 05 Cor) ?ii) * and 64)

) Pal con!tantly order!% a! Chri!t did% the co##and! o" A$o!tle! and !$erior! to ,e o,eyed

0Act! ?i) .3 He,) ?iii) I/4)

.) Koreoer% 1ero#e% A(!tine% A#,ro!e% Chry!o!to#% `c#eni! e?$lain the $hra!e a! I hae

done) In * Cor) ii) the A$o!tle !e! OSb 0$rter4 in the !en!e o" a(ain!t% when he write!-JOther "ondation can no #an lay than that i! laid% which i! 1e!! Chri!t3 "or he wold !et $

another Chri!t% M!t a! one who #ake! another Po$e !et! $ an% antiPo$e% or he who inite!another kin( into a kin(do# !et! $ an ene#y o" the tre kin( and a tyrant) Si#ilarly% in Ro# ?i)

5.- JI" tho wert (ra"ted contrary to natre into a (ood olietreecontrary to natre i! OSb


8/26

fQ 0$rter natra#4)Een in Latin we o"ten !e the !a#e #eio!i!) 2or e?a#$le% Terence0Andria4 !ay!% JPrter cii# #ore# at>e le(e#% i)e)% a(ain!t law and c!to#) So% too% in

Greek% a!% e)()% Ari!totle 0de Clo% li,) i) c) i4 !ay! OSb PfQ% ,e!ide% i)e)% a(ain!t natre3 OSbQgPQ% ,e!ide% i)e)% a(ain!t law)7ith thi! co#$are et) i) Je !hall not add nto the word which I co##and yo% neither !hall

ye di#ini!h a(ht "ro# it) e !hall not add to the $rece$t! which I !hall (ie yo anythin(contradictory o" the#% e!$ecially% ye !hall not add the wor!hi$ o" !o#e new deity% "or thi! the

whole cha$ter% and indeed the whole 9ook o" eterono#y% intend! to "or,id) Nor !hall ye add%

in the !en!e o" !ayin( that yor word! are #ine3 "or to no one i! it allowed to $t "orth hi! own

writin(! or co##and!% a! the co##and! o" God or a! the Holy Scri$tre!)

There i! a !i#ilar $hra!e in Re) ??ii) *&- JI te!ti"y nto eery #an that heareth the word! o" the

$ro$hecy o" thi! ,ook% I" any #an !hall add nto the!e thin(!% God !hall add nto hi# the $la(e!

that are written in thi! ,ook) A! a #atter o" "act% $ro$het! and A$o!tle! hae added #any thin(!

to thi! Scri$tre) Nay% Ko!e!% in et) i) 5% wold contradict hi#!el" in et) ?ii) *5% where he

order! the word! o" the $rie!t to ,e o,eyed) Accordin(ly S) A(!tine e?cellently e?$lain! thi!$a!!a(e- JThe A$o!tle doe! not !ay% XKore than yo hae receied%= ,t% X9e!ide that which yo

hae receied)= 2or i" he had !ed the "or#er $hra!e% he wold conde#n hi#!el" "or !ayin( that he

wi!hed to co#e to the The!!alonian! to !$$ly what wa! wantin( to their "aith) 9t he who

!$$lie! what i! lackin( #erely add!% he doe! not take away what i! already there) He% howeer%

who oer!te$! the rle o" "aith doe! not a$$roach the (oal in the road% ,t de$art! "ro# the

road 0Tract) in 1oan) ::4)

o will !ay $erha$!- J7hy% then% did the A$o!tle not !ay a(ain!t in!tead o" ,e!ide


9/26

ad#it!% "ollowed ,y an acc!atie o" the $er!on) Per!ade i! then here !ed in the !en!e o" an

inchoate act% JI try to $er!ade% accordin( to #y canon 5)

That thi! !en!e i! the #ore a$t a$$ear!- 0*)4 9eca!e to $er!ade God and #en i! a $hra!e

re"errin( rather to the #en $er!aded than to the !,Mect#atterthi! la!t inter$retation wold

#ake the !entence o,!cre and inoled) 05)4 9eca!e the ne?t cla!e ill!trate! thi! when it

!ay!% JOr do I !eek to $lea!e #en


10/26

the trth wa! he @ealo! "or the Go!$el% !o e?$iatin( hi! "or#er eil @eal) 2ro# thi! it !ee#! that

Pal=! ea(er @eal wa! (reater than that o" hi! conte#$orarie!% and acted a! a hand#aid and

whet!tone o" irte to hi#) 2or an ea(er natre doe! not cree$ alon( the (rond% ,t% like a "ire%

lea$! $ward! and atte#$t! to oerco#e all di""icltie!) On thi!% S) A(!tine ha! !o#e e?cellent

re#ark!- JSol! that are ca$a,le o" irte and e?$an!ie o"ten (ie ,irth to ice! "ir!t% ,y which

they !how the irte they are #o!t ada$ted to $rodce% when they hae ,een care"llydi!ci$lined) 2or in!tance% the ha!ty "eelin( which $ro#$ted Ko!e! to reen(e the wron( done to

hi! ,rother in E(y$t ,y a crel E(y$tian wa! indeed icio!% ina!#ch a! it oer!te$$ed the

,ond! o" athority% ,t yet it (ae (reat $ro#i!e "or the "tre) So in the ca!e o" Sal% when he

wa! $er!ectin( the Chrch% when God called to hi# ot o" heaen% !#ote hi# to the (rond%

li"ted hi# $% drew hi# into the Chrch% he wa! a! it were ct down% $rned% !own in the (rond%

and "ertili!ed% "or hi! ery "iercene!! in $er!ectin( the Go!$el ot o" Mealo!y "or the tradition! o"

hi! "ather!% there,y thinkin( that he wa! doin( God !erice% wa!% like a icio! woodland (rowth%

,t a !i(n o" (reater $ower 0contra 2a!t#% li,) ??ii) c /;4)

Fer) *8)9t when it $lea!ed God) Fata,l! ha!% J7hen it !ee#ed (ood to God% which i! tooweak a renderin( o" UmgRQ a word that denote! the "ree call o" God=! loe to (race and!alation)

7ho !e$arated #e "ro# #y #other=! wo#,) O" Hi! loin(kindne!! He !e$arated #e "ro# #y

#other=! wo#,% and ca!ed #e to ,e ,orn into thi! world with thi! o,Mect in iew% i@)% to reeal

Hi! Son in #e) 9e"ore all #erit% and when not yet ,orn% He $rede!tined #e3 and when

$rede!tined% !e$arated #e "ro# the wo#,% and ca!ed #e to ,e ,orn3 and when ,orn He called

#e that He #i(ht ,rin( #e to the knowled(e o" Chri!t and Hi! Go!$el% and !o to the a$o!tle!hi$%

that I #i(ht $reach Chri!t to the Gentile!)

S) 1ero#e re#ark! that the !a#e thin( i! !aid o" 1ere#iah in 1er) i) 8- J9e"ore I "ond thee in the,elly I knew thee3 and ,e"ore tho ca#e!t "orth ot o" the wo#, I !ancti"ied thee% and I ordained

thee a $ro$het nto the nation!)JPal here allde! to thi!% "or 1ere#iah wa! a ty$e o" Pal) The

He,rew "or !ancti"ier denote!,oth !ancti"ied and !e$arated3 "or that i! called !acred which i!

!e$arated "ro# "ather% #other% and all earthly thin(! to ,e dedicated and con!ecrated to God) So

Pal wa! !e$arated ,y God=! $rede!tination "ro# hi! #other=! wo#,% and con!ecrated to the

Go!$el% to ,e a $ro$het and teacher o" the Gentile!)

Ky!tically% !ay! S) An!el#% "ro# #y #other=! wo#, denote! J"ro# the darkne!! o" the

!yna(o(e to !ee the li(ht o" the Go!$el)

O,!ere that !e(re(at!% J!e$arated% denote! one !elected ot o" the "lock% a! the $rede!tinateare !elected ,y God ot o" the "lock o" #en) So #ch #ore i! an A$o!tle and Herald o" the word

o" God !e$arated "ro# the #any3 and% a! S) Chry!o!to# !ay!% he o(ht to e?cel the #any a! a

!he$herd e?cel! hi! "lock) It wa! "or thi! rea!on that the $ro$het e?clai#!% in I!a) i) 8- J7oe i!

#e^ "or I a# a #an o" nclean li$!% and I dwell in the #id!t o" a $eo$le o" nclean li$! ) 7oe i!

#e^ "or I a# nothin( ,etter than other!% who are #erely nholy the#!ele!) See the co##ent

on Ro#) i) *)

Fer) *6)To reeal Hi! Son in #e) In #y !ol) The $hra!e i! a He,rai!#) He !ay! in #e rather

than to #e% to denote that he had receied no ,are reelation ,y ear or eye% ,t that in hi!

in#o!t heart he had !o entirely drnk in Chri!t and Hi! teachin( and S$irit that Chri!t wa! in hi#and !$oke ,y hi# 0Theo$hylact4) Secondly% 1ero#e and Fata,l! nder!tand it% JTo reeal Hi! Son

thro(h #e) Thirdly% 1ero#e ha! another inter$retation #ore !,tle than literal- JHe doe! not


11/26

!ay to #e ,t in #e% ,eca!e Chri!t wa! already in Pal) 2or there were in hi# the $rinci$le o"

all irte! and o" God% and the !eed! o" "aith) The!e% howeer% he did not reco(ni!e% nor ,eliee in

the# till God reealed the# in hi# a! ,ein( in hi! heart)

I con"erred not with "le!h and ,lood) I Moined #y!el" to no one3 I con"erred with no one a,ot #y

ocation% or the reelation% or the way to act on it3 I called into con!el no relation! or any one

el!e3 ,t% knowin( o" a certainty that I had ,een called and ta(ht ,y God% I "ollowed God a! #yonly teacher and leader) The word rendered con"er denote!% !ay! 9d!% to co##nicate

!ecret! and con!el!% to (o to one=! "riend! a! con!ellor! and $ri(ht Md(e!% that they #ay

a$$roe or di!a$$roe% adi!e or di!!ade% a! they !ee "it)

2le!h and ,looddenote!% ,y !ynecdoche% the whole #an con!i!tin( o" the!e two ele#ent!) C") S)

Katt) ?i) */) I wa! not ta(ht the Go!$el% !ay! S) Pal% ,y any #an% "or I con"erred with none% ,t

,y reelation "ro# God alone) See% then% ; Galatian!% how ,y reMectin( it% and taintin( it with an

ad#i?tre o" 1dai!#% yo are taintin( and reMectin( the word o" God% and een God Hi#!el"%

who reealed it to #e% that I #i(ht (o and $reach it)

It #ay ,e !aid- 7hy% then% did Pal a"terward! (o to 1er!ale# to !ee Peter 0er) *&4% and what i!#ore% con"er with hi# a,ot the Go!$el< I re$ly) He did not con"er with hi# a! tho(h in do,t

or i#$er"ectly in!trcted% ,t that the "aith"l who# he ta(ht #i(ht know hi# to ,e in

co##nion with Peter and the other A$o!tle!% to hold the !a#e "aith a! they% that !o they #i(ht

(ie #ore credence to hi! $reachin( o" the Go!$el)

1ero#e% howeer% re"er! the word i##ediately to the $recedin( cla!e% th!- JTo reeal hi#

i##ediately in the Gentile! I con"erred not with "le!h and ,lood) JSince I wa! ordered ,y God

i##ediately to $reach to the Gentile!% I i##ediately o,eyed% !o that I took no con!el with any

#an) A"terward!% howeer% I did con"er with Peter% 1a#e!% and 1ohn) The "ir!t e?$lanation%

howeer% i! ,etter) Or it #ay ,e rendered- I did not !ee% I did not clin( to #y earthly $arent! andrelation!% ,t% loin( the#% I "ollowed the call o" God 0A(!tine and `c#eni!4)

Korally% he "ollow! S) Pal=! e?a#$le who i! called ,y God to the a$o!tle!hi$% to reli(ion% to

ean(elical $er"ection% to heroic work!% and doe! not yield to "le!h and ,lood% ,t at once de$art!

to (ain that to which he "eel! hi#!el" called) S) 1ero#e write! to Heliodor!- J; delicate !oldier%

what do yo in yor "ather=! ho!e< 7here i! the ra#$art% the "o!!e% the winter !$ent nder

tent!< Call to #ind the day o" yor enli!t#ent% when yo were ,ried with Chri!t in ,a$ti!#% when

yo took yor #ilitary oath that "or Hi! na#e yo wold !$are neither "ather nor #other) Lo^ the

ader!ary i! tryin( to !lay Chri!t in yor ,rea!t) Lo^ the ca#$ o" the ene#y i! thir!tin( "or the

donatie which yo receied when yo !tarted on yor war"are) 7hat% tho(h a little (rand!onhan( an yor neck3 tho(h yor #other% with di!heelled hair and (ar#ent! rent% ,are the

,rea!t! which !ckled yo3 tho(h yor "ather lie on the thre!hold- (o "orth% tra#$lin( on hi!

,ody% and with dry eye! ha!ten to the ,anner o" the Cro!!) 2ilial $iety de#and! that in thi! yo ,e

crel) ) ) ) The loe o" God and the "ear o" hell will ea!ily ,reak yor "etter!) I" they ,eliee in

Chri!t% let the# a!!i!t #e who a# a,ot to "i(ht "or Hi! na#e) I" they do not% let the dead ,ry

their dead)

A(ain% he write! to that no,le widow% 2ria- JThe "ather will ,e !orrow"l% ,t Chri!t will reMoice3

the "a#ily will #orn% ,t there will ,e Moy a#on( the an(el!) Let yor "ather do what he will with

yor (ood!) It i! not he "or who# yo were ,orn% ,t Chri!t% "or who# yo hae ,een ,orn a(ain%who ha! redee#ed yo at a (reat $rice% een Hi! own ,lood% o" who# yo hae to think) 9eware

o" nr!e! and ,earer! and eno#o! ani#al! o" that !ort% who !eek to "ill their ,ellie! with yor


12/26

h!k!) They adi!e not what i! "or yor (ood ,t their own)

S) 9ernard too% $reachin( on the te?t% JLo% we hae le"t all% !ay!- J How #any doe! the accr!ed

wi!do# o" the world oerco#e% and e?tin(i!h the "ire kindled in the#% which the Lord had

wi!hed to !ee ,rn "iercely^ o nothin(% it !ay!% in a hrry- take $lenty o" ti#e to think oer it3 it i!

an i#$ortant !te$ that yo are $ro$o!in( to take3 yo had ,etter try "ir!t what yo can do% and

con!lt yor "riend!% le!t yo co#e a"terward! to ,e !orry "or yor action) Thi! wi!do# o" theworld i! earthly% !en!al% deili!h% the "oe o" !alation% the de!troyer o" li"e% the #other o" l!t% and

a,o#ina,le nto the Lord)

Fer) */)Neither went I $ to 1er!ale#) 9t Act! i?) 56 re$re!ent! Pal a! "lyin( directly a"ter

hi! coner!ion "ro# a#a!c! to 1er!ale#) 1ero#e and Lorin!% when co##entin( on that

$a!!a(e% !ay that he went to 1er!ale# directly a"ter hi! coner!ion% ,eca!e co#$elled to !eek

!a"ety in "li(ht% not that he #i(ht !ee Peter and con"er with hi# a,ot the Go!$el% "or thi! latter

i! all that i! denied here) 9aroni! re$lie! di""erently% that Pal i! not !aid directly a"ter hi!

coner!ion to hae (one to 1er!ale#% ,t a"ter #any day!% i)e)% a"ter three year!% !$ent $artly in

Ara,ia% $artly in a#a!c!) A"ter that he ca#e to !ee Peter% a! i! !aid here 0er) *&4% anda"terward! went into the re(ion! o" Syria and Cilicia 0Fer) 5*4) 7ith thi! a(ree! Act! i?) ;% where

it i! !aid that the ,rethren ,ro(ht hi# down to C!area and !ent hi# "orth to Tar!!% which i!

the #etro$oli! o" Cilicia) I" thi! ,e the tre e?$lanation% then S) Lke% in Act! i?)% $a!!e! oer the

Morney o" Pal into Ara,ia% ,eca!e in it nothin( callin( "or #ention had ha$$ened)

9oth e?$lanation! are tena,le) 9t the "ear o" the A$o!tle! and the !$on!or!hi$ o" 9arna,a! 0Act!

i?) 56% 5/4 "aor the "or#er) It i! not likely that the #iraclo! coner!ion o" Pal cold "or three

year! hae re#ained nknown to the A$o!tle! and the re!t o" the "aith"l at 1er!ale#) I" thi! ,e

correct% then we #!t% with S) Chry!o!to#% #arel at the (race o" God which !o !ddenly

chan(ed !o ,itter a $er!ector a! S) Pal wa! into a $,lic teacher and a di!$ter with the 1ew!)Fer) *&)Then a"ter three year! I went $ to 1er!ale# to !ee Peter) Chry!o!to# and

Theo$hylact re#ark on the di!tinction ,etween fpfVQ and the word jqPSRVf% !ed here) Thi!latter i! !ed o" tho!e who i!it and (o rond !$lendid citie!% like Ro#e% and care"lly in!$ect it!

#on#ent!% it! Ponti""% it! Cardinal!% it! cler(y% and holy #en) I ca#e to 1er!ale#% !ay! S) Pal%

to !ee Peter% not to learn anythin( "ro# hi# 0tho(h Era!#! think! that jqPSRVf connote!thi!4% "or I had ,een ta(ht "ro# a,oe% ,t #erely to !ee and $ay #y re!$ect to the chie" o" the

A$o!tle! 0Theodoret% Chry!o!to#% A#,ro!e% 1ero#e4) In Gal) ii) 5 Pal (ie! another rea!on "or

hi! i!it)

S) Chry!o!to# write!- JPeter wa! the chie" and the #oth o" the A$o!tle!% and there"ore Palwent $ to !ee hi# e!$ecially 0Ho# ) in 1oan) &/4) And S) 1ero#e on thi! $a!!a(e- JPal ca#e to

!ee Peternot to (a@e on hi! eye!% cheek!% and contenanceto !ee i" he wa! "at or lean% i" he

had a hooked or a !trai(ht no!e% whether he had hair on hi! head% or wa! 0a! Cle#ent relate!4

,ald headed) Nor i! it to ,e !$$o!ed con!i!tent with a$o!tolical di(nity% that a"ter !ch a

!e$aration o" three year! he !hold wi!h to !ee anythin( in Peter that wa! #erely h#an) Pal

!aw Ce$ha! with tho!e !a#e eye! with which he hi#!el" i! !een !till ,y tho!e who hae $ower to

!ee hi#) I" thi! doe! not !ee# clear to any one% let hi# co#$are thi! !entence with the one ,e"ore%

in which it i! !aid that the A$o!tle! con"erred nothin( on hi#) 2or he went to 1er!ale#% that he

#i(ht !ee an A$o!tle% not to learn anythin( "ro# hi#"or ,oth had the !a#e athority "or their$reachin( ,t to do honor to one who wa! an A$o!tle ,e"ore hi#) 2ro# thi! it i! clear that Pal

did not !ee Peter that he #i(ht ,e ta(ht ,y hi#% a! Era!#! and Fata,l! think) 2or thi! i!


13/26

contradicted ,y Gal) ii) 6- JThey added nothin( to #e% and ,y Gal) i) **% *5% where he e?$re!!ly

!ay! that he had ,een ta(ht not ,y #an ,t ,y God)

Fer) *:)9t other o" the a$o!tle! !aw I none !ae 1a#e! the Lord=! ,rother) I)e )% a co!in or

relation o" Chri!t=!% "or the He,rew! call co!in! ,rother!) S) 1ero#e add! that S) 1a#e! wa! called

the Lord=! ,rother ,e"ore all the A$o!tle!% een tho!e related to Chri!t% on accont o" hi! lo"ty

character% hi! inco#$ara,le "aith and wi!do#% which #ade hi# !ee# like a ,rother to Chri!t) 2orthe !a#e rea!on he wa! !rna#ed the 1!t) Secondly% S) 1ero#e !ay! that Chri!t% when (oin( to

Hi! 2ather% co##ended to 1a#e!% a! to a ,rother% the elde!t children o" Hi! #other% i)e)% tho!e in

1da who ,elieed on Hi#3 "or thi! 1a#e!% the !on o" Al$h!% the !on o" Kary% wi"e o"

Cleo$ha!% one o" the twele A$o!tle!% wa! the "ir!t 9i!ho$ o" 1er!ale#) Thi! i! why% in the 2ir!t

Concil o" 1er!ale#% he wa! the "ir!t a"ter Peter to $rononce Md(#ent 0Act! ?) *4) A

Canonical E$i!tle o" hi! i! e?tant)

S) 1ero#e hint! ,oth here and in hi! ,ook on Eccle!ia!tical 7riter!% when writin( o" 1a#e!% that

thi! 1a#e! wa! not o" the twele A$o!tle!% ,t wa! called an A$o!tle% only ,eca!e he had !een

Chri!t and $reached Hi#) In thi! ca!e we hae three o" the na#e o" 1a#e!the ,rother o" 1ohn%!lain ,y Herod3 the !on o" Al$h!% ,oth o" who# were A$o!tle!3 and thi! ,rother o" the Lord)

9t !ince thi! ,rother o" the Lord i! called an A$o!tle% and there i! no co(ent rea!on "or

di!tin(i!hin( hi# "ro# 1a#e! the A$o!tle and !on o" Al$h!% when% indeed% there are #any

rea!on! why we !hold identi"y the#% the "ir!t o$inion !ee#! the ,etter one)

Fer) 5;)9e"ore God I lie not) Fata,l! $ara$hra!e! thi! er!e- J7hat I write nto yo% ,ehold I

write ,e"ore GodI lie not3 and Theo$hylact a(ree! with hi#) 9t A#,ro!e and A(!tine think

that ,e"ore Godi! a "or#al oathI call God to witne!!) The A$o!tle a!!ert! that he had not !een

the other A$o!tle! !o !treno!ly that no one #i(ht ,e a,le to !ay that he had i!ited the# in

!ecret% and had not ,een ta(ht ,y God 01ero#e4)Fer) 55)And wa! nknown ,y "ace) The Chri!tian! in 1da had not !een #y "ace) He !ay! thi!%

!ay! Chry!o!to#% to $roe that he had not ta(ht in 1da% nor $reached circ#ci!ion and the

Old Law% a! the 1dai!er! alle(ed he had done)

7hich were in Chri!tinHi! "aith and reli(ion3 which were Chri!tian!) See #y canon /)

CHAPTER II)

l He !heweth when he went $ a(ain to 1er!ale#% and "or

what $r$o!e- and that Tit! wa! not circ#ci!ed- ** and

that he re!i!ted Peter% and told hi# the rea!on% *. why he andother% ,ein( 1ew!% do ,eliee in Chri!t to ,e M!ti"ied ,y "aith%

and not ,y work!- 5; and that they lie not in !in% who are !o

M!ti"ied)

T

HEN "orteen year! a"ter I went $ a(ain to 1er!ale# with

9arna,a!% and took Tit! with #e al!o)

5 And I went $ ,y reelation% and co##nicated nto the#

that (o!$el which I $reach a#on( the Gentile!% ,t $riately to

the# which were o" re$tation% le!t ,y any #ean! I !hold rn%or had rn% in ain)

9t neither Tit!% who wa! with #e% ,ein( a Greek% wa!

oay Rhei#! Fer!ion

The a$o!tle'! $reachin( wa! a$$roed o" ,y the othera$o!tle!) The Gentile! were not to ,e con!trained to the

o,!erance o" the law)

T

HEN% a"ter "orteen year!% I went $ a(ain to 1er!ale# with

9arna,a!% takin( Tit! al!o with #e)

5) And I went $ accordin( to reelation and co##nicated

to the# the (o!$el which I $reach a#on( the Gentile!- ,t

a$art to the# who !ee#ed to ,e !o#e thin(- le!t $erha$! I

!hold rn or had rn in ain)) 9t neither Tit!% who wa! with #e% ,ein( a Gentile% wa!

co#$elled to ,e circ#ci!ed)


14/26

co#$elled to ,e circ#ci!ed-

. And that ,eca!e o" "al!e ,rethren naware! ,ro(ht in% who

ca#e in $riily to !$y ot or li,erty which we hae in Chri!t

1e!!% that they #i(ht ,rin( ! into ,onda(e-

8 To who# we (ae $lace ,y !,Mection% no% not "or an hor3

that the trth o" the (o!$el #i(ht contine with yo)

6 9t o" the!e who !ee#ed to ,e !o#ewhat% 0what!oeer they

were% it #aketh no #atter to #e- God acce$teth no #an=!

$er!on-4 "or they who !ee#ed to ,e !o#ewhatin con"erence

added nothin( to #e-

/ 9t contrariwi!e% when they !aw that the (o!$el o" the

ncirc#ci!ion wa! co##itted nto #e% a! the (o!$elo" the

circ#ci!ion wa! nto Peter3

& 02or he that wro(ht e""ectally in Peter to the a$o!tle!hi$ o"

the circ#ci!ion% the !a#e wa! #i(hty in #e toward the

Gentile!-4

: And when 1a#e!% Ce$ha!% and 1ohn% who !ee#ed to ,e

$illar!% $erceied the (race that wa! (ien nto #e% they (ae

to #e and 9arna,a! the ri(ht hand! o" "ellow!hi$3 that we

!hold (o nto the heathen% and they nto the circ#ci!ion)

*; Only they wold that we !hold re#e#,er the $oor3 the

!a#e which I al!o wa! "orward to do)

** 9t when Peter wa! co#e to Antioch% I with!tood hi# to

the "ace% ,eca!e he wa! to ,e ,la#ed)

*5 2or ,e"ore that certain ca#e "ro# 1a#e!% he did eat with

the Gentile!- ,t when they were co#e% he withdrew and

!e$arated hi#!el"% "earin( the# which were o" the

circ#ci!ion)

* And the other 1ew! di!!e#,led likewi!e with hi#3 in!o#ch

that 9arna,a! al!o wa! carried away with their di!!i#lation)

*. 9t when I !aw that they walked not $ri(htly% accordin( tothe trth o" the (o!$el% I !aid nto Peter ,e"ore the# all% I"

tho% ,ein( a 1ew% lie!t a"ter the #anner o" Gentile!% and not

a! do the 1ew!% why co#$elle!t tho the Gentile! to lie a! do

the 1ew!ence) 2or ,oth #ay ,e tre% i@)% that he went $ ,y reelation% and that he wa! !ent ,y

the Chri!tian! o" Antioch3 ,eca!e% a! 9ede re#ark!% he wa! warned ,y a oice "ro# heaen to

ndertake the e#,a!!y entr!ted to hi# ,y the $eo$le o" Antioch% and went $% ,oth "or the

!ake o" o,tainin( a deci!ion o" the co##on >e!tion a,ot the o,!erance o" the law% and al!o"or hi! own $riate $r$o!e% i@)% that he #i(ht co#$are hi! own teachin( with that o" the chie"

o" the A$o!tle! 0er) 54) 2ro# what ha! ,een !aid it "ollow!% a! 9aroni! hold!% that the Concil o"

1er!ale# wa! held "orteen year! a"ter Pal=! coner!ion% in the !i?teenth year a"ter the

Crci"i?ion o" Chri!t% in the ninth year o" Cladi!% A)) 8*)

Fer) 5)I co##nicated nto the# that the Go!$el which I $reached) I $t it ,e"ore Peter and

the A$o!tle!% #akin( the# a! it were Md(e! o" #y Go!$el% that they #i(ht a$$roe% di!a$$roe%

add% or take away a! they !aw "it in co##on concil% and that I #i(ht receie it then at their

hand! to ,e ,elieed and ta(ht) See Gal) *) *6% and co##ent!)

O,!ere that the A$o!tle did not co#$are hi! Go!$el with that o" the other A$o!tle! ,eca!e hehad any do,t o" it! trth or co#$letene!!% or o" it! a(ree#ent with that $reached ,y Peter and

the re!t3 "or he knew #o!t certainly% ,y the reelation o" God% that to(ether with the# he had


16/26

receied the !a#e "ll and $er"ect Go!$el% a! i! eident "ro# Gal i) **% *5) It wa! not "or hi! own

!ake that he #ade the co#$ari!on% ,t "or the !ake o" tho!e conerted to the "aith% a#on(!t

who# Pal wa! tradced ,y the 1dai!in( $!edoA$o!tle!% a! one who% a#on( the Gentile!%

!li(hted the law o" Ko!e!% contrary to the $ractice o" Peter% 1a#e!% and 1ohn% nay% o" Pal hi#!el"

when a#on( 1ew!) To !how the "al!ity o" the acc!ation% to !how the a(ree#ent o" hi! teachin(

with that o" the other A$o!tle!% and al!o to (ard hi! own athority% Pal co#$are! hi! Go!$elwith their!% le!t% he !ay!% ,y any #ean! I !hold rn% or had rn in ain)

To The#) That i! to the "ir!t Chri!tian!% tho!e #ade at 1er!ale#% "or the adMectie JChri!tian i!

latent in the !,!tantie J1er!ale#)

7hich were o" re$tation) 7ho !ee#ed to ,e $illar! 0er) :)4 o" the Chrch and leadin( A$o!tle!)

Le!t I !hold rn in ain) Le!t% thro(h the re$ort !$read a,road ,y the $!edoA$o!tle!% that #y

teachin( wa! conde#ned ,y the A$o!tle!% the "aith"l !hold ,eliee neither #e nor any

teachin(% and !o all #y la,or !hold he rendered ine""ectal C") S) 1ero#e 0E$) ?i) ad A(!t)4%

Tertllian 0contra Karcion) li,) i)4% and S) A(!tine 0contra 2a!t#4% who antici$ate! Lther=!

o$inion!% and a(ain!t the# !how! that the word o" God% een when #o!t $re% and all it!$reacher!% !tand in need o" the te!ti#ony and athority o" #en) Thi! i! what he !ay!- J7ho i! !o

"ooli!h a! to ,eliee nowaday! that the e$i!tle $rodced ,y Kanich! wa! really written ,y

Chri!t% and not to ,eliee that what Katthew wrote contained the doin(! and !ayin(! o" Chri!t


17/26

tho(ht to allow the nece!!ity o" circ#ci!ion and the law o" Ko!e! "or Gentile!) 9t when I

circ#ci!ed Ti#othy a"terward! 0Act! ?i) 4% I did !o not nder co#$l!ion% ,t o" #y own

initiatie% that I #i(ht not irritate the 1ew!) 2or Ti#othy wa! not wholly a Gentile% ,ein( on hi!

#other=! !ide a 1ew% and on hi! "ather=! a Gentile% and !o hal"1ew% hal"Gentile

Gentile) Literally JGreek a! in A)F)s At the ti#e o" Ale?ander the Greek! were tho!e o" the

Gentile! who were ,e!t known to the 1ew!)Fer) .)And that) I)e)% not een tho(h the "al!e ,rethren o" the 1ew! r(ed it wa! Tit!

circ#ci!ed 0Chry!o!to#% `c#eni!4) S) 1ero#e take! away the ader!atie ,t% and #ake! the

er!e "ollow i##ediately on the con!trction o" the $recedin() 9t it i! ,etter to take the Greek

fm m% which or er!ion render! !ed $ro$ter% in the !en!e o" Rm or RVq% i)e)% Jne#$e% in!$ite o" it all% he wa! not circ#ci!ed)

The inter$retation o" Pri#a!i! and !o#e other!% who take the m% !ed% in it! !trictly ader!atie!en!e% a! #eanin( that Tit! wa! not indeed co#$elled ,y the A$o!tle! to ,e circ#ci!ed% ,t yet

wa! circ#ci!ed ,eca!e o" the i#$ortnity o" the "al!e ,rethren% i! clearly incon!i!tent with the

"ollowin( word!% To who# we (ae $lace ,y !,Mection% no% not "or an hor% and al!o with a!ond "aith) 2or circ#ci!ion hain( ,een already done away% and hain( (ien $lace to ,a$ti!#

nder the Go!$el% it wa! "or,idden to Gentile! to ,e circ#ci!ed) 9t Tit! wa! a Gentile ,y ,oth

$arent!) C") S) A(!tine 0E$) ?i?) ad) Hieron)% and de Kendacio% c) 84)

Unaware! ,ro(ht in% who ca#e in $riily) Like !$ie! $re$arin( "or tra$! to ,e laid "or !% they

cre$t in ,y !tealth) C") Ro#) ) 5; and co##ent!)

To !$y ot or li,erty which we hae in Chri!t 1e!!) Or li,erty "ro# the yoke and ,rden o" the

n#ero! le(al cere#onie! "ro# which Chri!t ha! !et ! "ree ,y Hi! "aith and Hi! Chrch)

Fer) 6)9t ,y tho!e who !ee#ed to ,e !o#ewhat 0!$$ly nothin(4 wa! addin( to #y teachin()

The A$o!tle% a! i! hi! wont% ,reak! o"" and inter$olate! a cla!e 0what!oeer they were it #akethnothin( to #e4% and then retrn! to hi! !,Mect with a chan(e o" ca!e) Peter% 1a#e!% and 1ohn% the

chie" A$o!tle!% added nothin( to #e 0An!el#4)

They who !ee#ed to ,e !o#ewhat)0*)4 The!e leadin( A$o!tle! who !ee#ed to ,e !o#ewhat were

illiterate and ncltiated "i!her#en% whil!t I% a Ro#an citi@en% e?celled the# in @eal and

knowled(e o" the law 0A#,ro!e and An!el#4) Since Pal wa! $re!!ed ,y the athority o" the

other A$o!tle!% who were clai#ed a! 1dai!er!% he e?alt! hi! own athority and hi! own teachin(%

tho(h with all #ode!ty) Thi! i! why he add!% God acce$teth no #an=! $er!on% a! a$$ear! "ro#

thi! choice o" "i!her#en to ,e A$o!tle!) 05)4 A(!tine trn! the gOPfVPf 0>ale!4 a! i#$lyin(

!inner!) No one need tro,le to ca!t in #y teeth the !in! o" #y $er!ectin( day!% or re#ind Peterthat he denied Chri!t) 0)4 Chry!o!to# and 1ero#e% howeer% read it- 7hateer they were in

doctrine and o,!erance o" circ#ci!ion and the law i! nothin( to #e3 to God they will (ie

accont% "or God acce$teth no #an=! $er!on) The "ir!t o" the!e three e?$lanation! i! neare!t the

intention o" the A$o!tle)

God acce$teth no #an=! $er!on) I)e)% the condition! attachin( to a $er!on% which hae nothin( to

do with the "ree callin( o" God) To $ay attention to the!e in con"errin( ,ene"ice! and o""ice! i! in

#en a ice contrary to di!tri,tie M!tice% which i! called in Greek OSPOPuRvj) In God itwold ,e no ice% ,t it wold ,e incon!i!tent with Hi! li,erality and (reatne!!) See Ro#) ii) **

and co##ent!)Added nothin( to #e) Thi! i! Falla=! tran!lation and that o" A)F)s% ,t the Greek i! OSPQwkQqP%they co##'nicated nothin(I,ein( content with #y !tate#ent a! !""icient) See Gal) i) *6 and


18/26

co##ent!)

Fer) /)The (o!$el o" the ncirc#ci!ion wa! co##itted nto #e% a! the (o!$el o" the

circ#ci!ion wa! nto Peter) I)e)% o" the circ#ci!ed 1ew!) See #y canon 5*)

o will r(e- Then Peter wa! not head o" the Chrch% ,t A$o!tle and Po$e o" the 1ew! only)

So#e re$ly that thi! i! !aid o" the care and dii!ion o" $rotectionthat Peter wa! a$$ointed to

$rotect the 1ew!% Pal the Gentile!3 and thi! e!$ecially% ,eca!e he add!% He that wro(hte""ectally in Peter to the a$o!tle!hi$ o" the circ#ci!ion% the !a#e wa! #i(hty in #e toward the

Gentile!3 which !i(ni"ie!- I wa! (ien the dty% the nece!!ary (race!% and a$o!tolic (i"t! "or #y

a$o!tle!hi$ to the Gentile!)

1ero#e=! an!wer i! #ch ,etter) He $oint! ot that at that ti#e% at the ery ,e(innin( o" the

Chrch% when there wa! !till% a! er!e *5 !how!% a wall o" !e$aration ,etween 1ew! and Gentile!%

Peter and Pal diided ,etween the# not $ower ,t work!% !o that Pal% hate"l a! he wa! to the

1ew!% #i(ht $ri#arily and chie"ly $reach to the Gentile!% and Peter to the 1ew!) On occa!ion Pal

$reached to the 1ew!% a! Act! i?) !how!% and Peter to the Gentile! 0Act! ?)4) Koreoer% Peter

tran!"erred hi! !ee to Gentile Ro#e% a! all hi!torian!% all the 2ather!% the chronicle! and#on#ent! te!ti"y in co##on) See 9ellar#ine "or the!e in detail) I" any one a"ter readin( the#

!till i! in do,t% he #!t ,e too $reMdiced or too i#$dent to "or# a !ane Md(#ent)

Fer) &)He that wro(ht e""ectally in Peter to the a$o!tle!hi$ o" the circ#ci!ionto #ake hi#

the A$o!tle o" the circ#ci!ed 1ew! ,y "illin( Peter with !tren(th and e""ectal ener(y% did e?actly

the !a#e "or #e a#on( the Gentile!) A! E$hre# $t! it% he wa! alike e""ectal in !% ,oth ,y

workin( !i(n! and wonder!% ,y e""icacy o" !$eech% ,y the coner!ion o" !o#e#anyto Chri!t)

Fer) :)Ce$ha!) Cle#ent o" Ale?andria 0E!e,) Hi!t) Eccl) ii) *54 and orothe! 0in Syno$!i4

tho(ht that that Ce$ha! wa! not the A$o!tle Peter% ,t one o" the !eenty di!ci$le!) 9t the

Chrch neither know! nor co##e#orate! any other Ce$ha! !ae S) Peter) The word!% who!ee#ed to ,e $illar!% !how that an A$o!tle i! #eant% and% there"ore% Peter) Accordin(ly% in er!e

*.% S) Pal o$$o!e! hi#!el" to Peter% a! ,ein( a !ort o" $ri#ate oer 1a#e! and 1ohn) In Syriac%

!$oken at Antioch o" Syria% the !a#e $er!on wold ,e called Ce$ha! who ,y the Greek! wa!

called Peter) So the #an !tyled Ce$ha! here i! in er!e / Peter)

That we !hold (o nto the heathen% and they nto the circ#ci!ion) So Chri!t i! called% in Ro#)

?) &% a #ini!ter o" the circ#ci!ion% ina!#ch a! He wa! $ro#i!ed and (ien to the 1ew! a! the

"ir!t"rit! o" the world) Accordin(ly% the A$o!tle! at "ir!t con"ined their la,or! to the!e

circ#ci!ed 1ew!)

Fer) *;)The $oor) The 1ew!% who% "or Chri!t=! !ake% had ,een !$oiled o" their (ood! ,y their"ellow! 0He,) ?) . and Chry!o!to#4) 1ero#e% howeer% nder!tand! the $oor who ,eca#e !o

olntarily to ,e #eant% tho!e who had !old their $o!!e!!ion! and had (ien the $rice to the

A$o!tle!% to ,e di!tri,ted a#on( the "aith"le!$ecially the $oor a#on( the#% o" who# there

wa! a (reat n#,er 0Act! ii) .84)

Fer) **)I with!tood hi# to the "ace) Era!#! and other! inter$ret thi! to #ean in a$$earance%

otwardly% "ei(nedly% and ,y $reio! arran(e#ent) The literal #eanin( i! ,etter- I o$enly

re!i!ted Peter% in order that the $,lic !candal ca!ed ,y hi# #i(ht he re#oed ,y a $,lic

re,ke 0A(!tine% A#,ro!e% 9ede% An!el#% and nearly all other athoritie!4)

9eca!e he wa! to ,e ,la#ed) 0*)4 9eca!e he had ,een ,la#ed 0qxQwQP4 ,y other,rethren% who# Peter had o""ended ,y thi! $roceedin(% in their i(norance o" hi! tre intention

and #otie% a! Chry!o!to# and 1ero#e !ay% or% a! E$hre# trn! it% J,eca!e they were o""ended


19/26

in hi#) 05)4 Theo$hylact and `c#eni! nder!tand it- Peter had ,een ,la#ed ,y the other

A$o!tle! ,eca!e he had eaten with the Gentile Corneli! at C!area) 2earin( le!t he !hold ,e

,la#ed a(ain ,y the# or ,y other 1ew!% he withdrew hi#!el" "ro# all intercor!e with the

Gentile!) 0)4 The o$inion o" A#,ro!e i! ,etter) He had "allen nder the conde#nation o" the

trth and o" Go!$el li,erty% which !et! the Gentile! "ree "ro# the darkne!! and !laery o"

1dai!#) 0.)4 The Fl(ate re$rehe!i,li! 0in $lace o" re$rehen!!% a! with the athor! cited a,oe4i! ,etter% and a(ree! with the conte?t) It (ie! the rea!on "or re!i!tin( Peter% ,eca!e he wa! to

,e ,la#ed"or !i#latin( 1dai!#)

It #ay ,e a!ked whether Peter wa! really ,la#eworthy and wa! actally ,la#ed ,y Pal) 2or

#any year! there wa! a !har$ di!$te on thi! $oint ,etween S) 1ero#e and S) A(!tine% a! #ay

,e !een in their e$i!tle!) 1ero#e% Chry!o!to#% Theo$hylact% 9aroni! an!wer in the ne(atie% and

hold that the re,ke wa! only theatrical) They ar(e that Peter% who had law"lly "ollowed the

1ewi!h c!to#! at 1er!ale# a#on( 1ew!% lied a! a Gentile a#on( Gentile! at Antioch3 when%

howeer% the 1ew! arried who had ,een !ent to Antioch "ro# 1er!ale# ,y 1a#e!% he withdrew

"ro# the Gentile! in "aor o" the 1ew!% le!t he !hold o""end tho!e who had ,een the earlie!t toreceie the "aith 0!ee er) :4% and al!o that he #i(ht at the !a#e ti#e (ie Pal% the A$o!tle o"

the Gentile!% an o$$ortnity o" re,kin( hi#% that ,y yieldin( he #i(ht teach the 1ew! that the

ti#e "or 1dai!in( wa! $a!t) On the other !ide S) A(!tine #aintain! that Peter wa! really

,la#eworthy% and wa! ,la#ed ,y Pal% a! the record di!tinctly declare!)

Ot o" thi! aro!e a di!$te ,etween S) A(!tine and S) 1ero#e a,ot !i#lation and lyin()

1ero#e ar(ed "ro# thi! action o" Peter=! that any !i#ilar !i#lation i! law"l) A(!tine denied

that he did !i#late% and laid down the nlaw"lne!! o" all lyin( or !i#lation% e!$ecially in

#atter! o" reli(ion) In thi! !econd >e!tion% howeer% neither !ee#! to hae nder!tood the

other=! $o!ition) 1ero#e did not #aintain that Peter told a lie% or $t on a $ro"e!!ion o" 1dai!#while !ecretly dete!tin( it% a! A(!tine% ,y the !tren(th o" hi! lan(a(e% !ee#! to think that

1ero#e held) The latter did not !ay that Peter wa! ri(ht in $ro"e!!in( 1dai!#3 i" he did% then it

wold ,e ri(ht "or any one o" the "aith"l to #ake a $ro"e!!ion o" any "al!e "aith or any here!y)

9t 1ero#e only held what S) Chry!o!to# did% i@)% that the re,ke ad#ini!tered to Peter ,y Pal

wa! not really intended% ,t wa! #erely theatrical% it ,ein( arran(ed ,etween the# ,e"orehand

that Pal !hold re,ke Peter% not "or !i#lation% ,t "or tho(htle!! di!!i#lation% and that

Peter !hold acce$t the re,ke th! arran(ed "or% that !o the 1dai!er! #i(ht ,e really re,ked

in the !$ecio! re,ke (ien to Peter% and with hi# #i(ht clearly nder!tand that 1dai!in( wa!

"or,idden) The law"lne!! o" !ch an action i! not denied ,y A(!tine% all he denie! i! that the$roceedin( wa! o" thi! natre)

2ro# thi! it a$$ear! how little (rond Ca!!ian 0Collat) ?ii) */ 584% Ori(en% Cle#ent% Era!#!%

and other! 0!ee the $a!!a(e! in Si?t! o" Sen!% li,) ) annot) *;84 had "or "ondin( the law"lne!!

o" lyin( on thi! $a!!a(e% or "or endor!in( the !ayin( o" Plato% that% altho(h a lie i! an eil thin(%

yet it i! occa!ionally nece!!ary% M!t a! we !e helle,ore or !o#e other dr(% "or thi! i! now an

e!ta,li!hed error conde#ned ,y Innocent III) 0Tit) de U!ri!% ca$) !$er eo)4% and ,y Eccle!ia!tic!

ii) *.) A(ain!t it too S) A(!tine write! two treati!e!% one entitled de Kendacio and the other

contra Kendaci#) Nor i! there any e?ce$tion to ,e taken here a(ain!t 1ero#e and Chry!o!to#)

They only nder!tand and e?c!e a !ecret arran(e#ent% where,y no lie wa! acted% ,t a re,kewa! !i#lated% and thi! i! a le(iti#ate action% a! i! eident in #ilitary !trata(e#!% when "or

in!tance% the ene#y "ei(n! to "lee% and !o draw! it! "oe! into an a#,!h)


20/26

A third >e!tion wa! al!o di!$ted ,etween 1ero#e and A(!tine a! to the date when the Old

Law ca#e to an end% ,t thi! i! ot!ide the $re!ent !,Mect% and it i! !""icient there"ore to !ay

ery ,rie"ly that the Old Law% !o "ar a! o,li(ation (oe!% ca#e to an end at Penteco!t% when the

New Law wa! $ro#l(ated% ,t that it! o,!erance did not wholly cea!e% it ,ein( law"l to

o,!ere it "or a while% till the 1ew! had ,een (radally weaned "ro# it% that !o in de ti#e it

#i(ht receie an honora,le ,rial) In thi! di!$te A(!tine !ee#! to hae held the !tron(er$o!ition)

It #ay ,e r(ed that in thi! act o" Peter=! there wa! at lea!t !o#ethin( !in"l% i" not actally

erroneo! in "aith% a! !o#e hae ra!hly a!!erted) 9y hi! action it #ay ,e tho(ht that he

tho(htle!!ly #ade a $ro"e!!ion o" 1dai!#% and !o $t a !t#,lin(,lock in the way o" the

Gentile!% and te#$ted the# to 1dai!e with hi#) He had $reio!ly lied with the Gentile!% ,t

he a"terward! withdrew "ro# the# !ddenly% went oer to the 1ew!% and lied with the#) 2ro#

thi! the Gentile! #i(ht $ro$erly in"er that Mdai!# wa! nece!!ary to !alation% ,oth "or hi# and

the#!ele!% and wa! ,indin( on Chri!tian!3 "or tho(h the Old Law% with it! cere#onie!% wa! not

yet the ca!e o" death% and #i(ht ,e $re!ered !o a! to !ecre "or it!el" an honora,le ,rial%and al!o to draw the 1ew! to the "aith o" Chri!t% yet it wa! dead% and in one !en!e death(iin(%

i@)% to any one who !hold kee$ it on the !$$o!ition that it wa! ,indin( on Chri!tian!) Altho(h

Peter% howeer% did not !o re(ard it% yet hi! action wa! !o i#$rdent a! to (ie the Gentile! (ood

rea!on "or thinkin( that he did)

The M!tne!! o" thi! re#ark i! eident "ro# the two re#ark! #ade ,y Pal- I with!tood hi# to the

"ace% ,eca!e he wa! to ,e ,la#ed3 and- 7hen I !aw that they walked not $ri(htly accordin( to

the trth o" the Go!$el% I !aid nto Peter ,e"ore the# all% 7hy co#$elle!t tho the Gentile! to lie

a! do the 1ew!


21/26

1dai!er% ,t only tanta#ont to !ayin( that he $re"erred to !ere the 1ew! rather than the

Gentile!% the M!t ca!e o" thi! $re"erence ,ein( that he wa! #ore an A$o!tle o" the "or#er than

o" the latter) I !ay $artly% "or he wa! not wholly M!ti"ied in !o actin(% ina!#ch a! he wa! ,ond%

a! nier!al $a!tor% to care "or the 1ew! withot ne(lectin( the Gentile!) Hence it "ollow! al!o

that in one re!$ect he !inned thro(h want o" de con!ideration) The in"ir#ity o" #an=! #ind%

howeer% i! !ch that he cannot alway! hit the e?act #ean% and nder co#$le? circ#!tance!,ene"it one withot har#in( another)

So#e one will o,Mect then- Since Pal corrected Peter% he wa! o" e>al% i" not !$erior athority3

in other word! Pal% and not Peter% wa! the head o" the A$o!tle!)

I deny the con!e>ence) 2or !$erior! #ay% in the intere!t! o" trth% ,e corrected ,y their

in"erior!) A(!tine 0E$) ?i?)4% Cy$rian% Gre(ory% and S) Tho#a! lay down thi! $ro$o!ition in

#aintainin( al!o that Peter% a! the !$erior% wa! corrected ,y hi! in"erior) The in"erence "ro#

what they !ay i! that Pal wa! e>al to the other A$o!tle!% in"erior to Peter% and hence they all

were Peter=! in"erior!3 they were the head! o" the whole Chrch% and Peter wa! their chie")

Gre(ory 0Ho#) *& in E@ech)4 !ay!- JPeter ke$t !ilence% that the "ir!t in di(nity #i(ht ,e "ir!t inh#ility3 and A(!tine !ay! the !a#e 0E$) ?i?) ad Hieron)4- JPeter (ae to tho!e who !hold

"ollow hi# a rare and holy e?a#$le o" h#ility nder correction ,y in"erior!% a! Pal did o" ,old

re!i!tance in de"ence o" trth to !,ordinate! a(ain!t their !$erior!% charity ,ein( alway!

$re!ered)

He did eat with the Gentile!) He ate% accordin( to An!el#% o" $ork and other "or,idden #eat!%

withot any !cr$le% to !how that the Cere#onial Law wa! a,ro(ated)

Fer) *)And the other 1ew! di!!e#,led likewi!e with hi#) 7hat wa! the natre o" thi!

di!!i#lation< 1ero#e% Chry!o!to#% and `c#eni! !ay it wa! Jecono#ical% to $reent the

1ew! ,ein( !candali!ed3 ,t A(!tine% An!el#% and the Latin! in (eneral (ie a #ore !ati!"actorye?$lanation in #aintainin( that it wa! an act o" hy$ocri!y) The latter% too% hae the Greek on their

!ide% the literal #eanin( o" which i!% they acted hy$ocritically with hi#) They $retended to kee$

the law% which they knew to ,e a,ro(ated) 9arna,a! "ollowed the# in $retendin( that there wa!

a di""erence in #eat!% and that the 1ew! were to ,e $re"erred to the Gentile!% and !o% tho(h

they did not con!cio!ly intend it% yet they #ade the Greek! to ,eliee that the Old Law wa!

nece!!ary to !alation)

Fer) *.)9t when I !aw that they walked not $ri(htly) The Greek word !ed here denote!

literally to walk !trai(ht% withot trnin( to the ri(ht hand or to the le"t)

I" tho ,ein( a 1ew lie! a"ter the #anner o" the Gentile!) To lie a! a Gentile i! to $artakeindi""erently o" the !a#e "ood% and there,y to !how that the cere#onie! o" the law are dead% i"

not deadly% now that the Go!$el i! ,ein( $reached) Hain( done thi!% why do yo now aoid the

Gentile!% and !o co#$el the# to 1dai!eeror% e!$ecially !ince He ha!a,ro(ated the law% which% they !ay% wa! or M!ti"ier a(ain!t !in)

The A$o!tle !e! a co##on He,rai!#) Hi! >e!tion i#$lie! a ne(atie re$ly% and re"te! the

1dai!in( error ,y a redctio ad a,!rd#) C") Ro#) iii) 83 S) 1ohn iii) 83 1er) ?iii) 5;)

Fer) *&)2or i" I ,ild a(aini" I attri,te M!ti"yin( "aith to the lawthe thin(! which I

de!troyedi)e)% the law% a! M!ti"yin(I #ake #y!el" a Tran!(re!!or) Like a Prote!% I chan(e #y

"aith at eery wind) Thi! i! a "re!h ar(#ent) I" I do what the 1ew! "al!ely alle(e a(ain!t #e% I !hall

,e a hy$ocrite% a de!troyer in $,lic o" what I ,ild a(ain in $riate) 9t a hy$ocrite no one ha!

char(ed #e with ,ein()

Fer) *:)2or I thro(h the law a# dead to the law) The law wa! the "orernner o" Chri!t% anddied when He a$$eared) The Cere#onial died a,!oltely% the Koral only !o "ar a! it wa! a ttor%

and a Md(e o" !in) 9y the law it!el" I died to law% ,eca!e it!el" ,ade #e die to it and lie nto

Chri!t) Thi! i! a !econd rea!on% "ollowin( on that (ien in er) */% why we are M!ti"ied ,y Chri!t

and not ,y the law) Since the law it!el" !ent #e to Chri!t% why do yo% ; 1ew!% (o a(ain!t it! own

declaration!% and !eek to (alani!e it into "re!h li"e< It doe! not% howeer% "ollow "ro# thi! that

the ,indin( "orce o" the ecalo(e cea!ed when Chri!t ca#e% "or the law in thi! re!$ect wa! not

Ko!aic% ,t natral and i##ta,le) C") note! on Ro#) ii) *)

Accordin(ly% Lther=! re#ark! here and a(ain on cha$ter i) o" thi! E$i!tle are i#$io!) JTo die to

the law% he !ay!% Ji! nothin( ,t to ,e "ree "ro# o,eyin( it% whether it ,e cere#onial or #oral%"or it i! o,io! that the law wa! (ien to the 1ew!% and not to !) He !ay! the !a#e in hi!

treati!e de Li,ertate Chri!tiant\- JThe Chri!tian need! neither law nor work!% "or ,y "aith he i!


23/26

"ree "ro# all law) A(ain% in the 7itten,er( Edition o" hi! work! 0$$) *&:% *:;4% he !ay!- J The

h#an heart #!t hate a,oe all thin(! the law o" God% and !o "ar God Hi#!el") Li!ten to the!e

word!% all ye who hae ,een #i!era,ly deceied ,y hi# and hi! collea(e!% and !hdder at the

word! not o" a #an ,t o" Satan) 2or what #ore ,la!$he#o! and a,o#ina,le word! cold

Satan% the !worn "oe o" God and #an% tter a(ain!t God% or what word! #ore dan(ero! to #anotin(% the!e word! o" Pal=!% went on to !ay- JAnd !o the heart o" Pal wa! the heart o" Chri!t%

the ta,let! o" the Holy S$irit% a roll written on ,y charity) A little ,e"ore he had called the heart o"

Pal% Jthe heart o" the world% and (ien thi! e?$lanation o" the ter#- JHi! heart wa! !o enlar(ed

that in it wa! roo# "or whole citie! and $eo$le! and tri,e!) 2or X#y heart%= he !ay!% Xi! enlar(ed)=

Neerthele!!% howeer lar(e it wa!% the loe which enlar(ed it o"ten ,ro(ht it an(i!h) XOt o"

#ch tri,lation and !orrow%= he !ay!% Xhae I written nto yo3= and I wold "ain !ee that heart

#elted% ,rnin( with loe o" the# that they are $eri!hin(% ,rin(in( "orth children) A heart that!ee! God i! hi(her than the heaen!% wider than the world% ,ri(hter than the ray! o" the !n%

hotter than "ire% harder than ada#ant% that !end! "orth !trea#! o" liin( water% a !$rin(in( well%

that water! not the "ace o" the earth ,t the !ol! o" #en)

Thi! ec!ta!y ha! o"ten ,een e?$erienced ,y !aint! who hae ,een oerco#e ,y the loe o" Chri!t)

S) o#inic% when eleatin( the 9ody o" Chri!t in the Ka!!% wa! carried alo"t% and hi! ,ody%

catchin( the "ire with which hi! !ol wa! con!#ed% wa! kindled a! it were into a "la#e% whil!t he

a!cended to ,e nited to Chri!t% hi! loe) S) 2ranci! too conceied in hi! #ind !ch ardor% a! S)

9onaentra !ay!% "ro# the !era$h who a$$eared to hi# at ni(ht% that hi! ,ody wa! wonder"lly

chan(ed "ro# that o" an earthly #an to a heaenly !$irit% and into an i#a(e o" the Crci"ied-,earin( the "ie wond! o" the Saior% and the "ie #ark! ,rnt into hi# ,y the "ire o" the loe

o" Chri!t% he ,eca#e a #arel to the world)


25/26

7ell too !ay! S) Gre(ory o" Ny!!a 0Ho#) *8 in Cant)4- JXTo #e to lie i! Chri!t)= 9y the!e word! the

A$o!tle not only e?clai#! that in hi# lie no h#an a""ection!% !ch a! $ride% "ear% l!t% (rie"%

an(er% ti#idity% adacity% recollection o" inMrie!% enie!% de!ire o" reen(e% o" #oney% o" honor%

or o" (lory% ,t that all the!e ,ein( killed% He only re#ain! who i! none o" the!e% who i!

!ancti"ication% $rity% i##ortality% and li(ht and trth% who "eed! a#on( the lilie! in the (lorie! o"

Hi! !aint!)So did Andrew the A$o!tle Moy"lly e#,race the Cro!!) 7hen he wa! conde#ned ,y W(ea!%

Procon!l o" Achaia% to ,e crci"ied "or $reachin( the Cro!!% he e?clai#ed% a! he a$$roached the

cro!! $re$ared "or hi#- J; no,le cro!!% lon( de!ired% ardently loed% eer !o(ht% already

"ore!een% (aily and (ladly do I co#e to thee3 #ay #y Ka!ter% who hn( on thee% welco#e #e% Hi!

di!ci$le% that thro(h thee I #ay co#e to Hi# who thro(h thee redee#ed #e) So !altin( the

cro!!% and #akin( hi! $rayer% he !tri$$ed o"" hi! (ar#ent! and !rrendered hi#!el" to hi!

e?ectioner!% who there$on tied hi# with ro$e! to the cro!! and rai!ed hi# alo"t) There he

hn( "or two day! and ta(ht the $eo$le% till% "inally% a"ter hain( a!ked the Lord that he #i(ht

not ,e taken down "ro# the cro!!% he wa! !rronded with a (lorio! li(ht "ro# heaen% andwhen the li(ht de$arted he (ae $ the (ho!t) All thi! i! related in hi! Act!% which are thoro(hly

tr!tworthy)

So too S) Peter% when conde#ned ,y Nero to the cro!!% a!ked and o,tained that he #i(ht ,e

crci"ied% not like hi! Ka!ter% ,t with hi! head downward!)

S) Phili$ the A$o!tle $reached the "aith to the Scythian! at Hiera$oli!% a city o" A!ia% drin( the

rei(n o" the E#$eror Cladi!3 and hain( ,a$ti@ed #any o" the#% he wa! at len(th crci"ied ,y

the heathen! and !toned% and !o died a ,le!!ed #artyr% a! E!e,i! relate!% and% "ollowin( hi#%

9aroni!)

7hen S) 9artholo#ew the A$o!tle had !$read the Go!$el thro(h Lycaonia% in Greater Ar#enia%when A!tya? wa! kin(% and had conerted a te#$le o" A!htaroth in Lower India into a te#$le o"

the tre God% and had ,a$ti@ed _in( Pole#i! and all hi! !,Mect!% he wa! !ei@ed !hortly

a"terward!% and a"ter ,ein( ,eaten with !tick! wa! crci"ied% and then "layed alie) On the

twenty"orth day a"terward! he wa! ,eheaded% and !o died)

At Ro#e% when eci! and Falerian were e#$eror!% Po$e }y!t! wa! thrown into the Tllian

$ri!on and a"terward! crci"ied) Prdenti! 0Hy#n) 5 de S) Larentio4 th! allde! to thi!- J7hen

}y!t! wa! already "a!tened to the cro!! he !aid $ro$hetically to Larence% when he !aw hi#

!tandin( wee$in( at the "oot o" hi! cro!!- XCea!e to wee$ "or #e3 I (o ,e"ore thee% #y ,rother) In

three day! tho !halt "ollow #e)= S) iony!i! the Areo$a(ite wa! !cor(ed at Pari! in the ti#e o" the E#$eror Hadrian% then

tortred ,y "ire and thrown to the wild ,ea!t!% withot !""erin( any har#) He wa! then rai!ed

on a cro!!% "ro# which he wa! taken down and a(ain !cor(ed% a"ter which hi! head wa! ct o""%

and he carried it in hi! own hand! "or two #ile!) 9aroni! 0in Kartyrol) Od) :4)

7hen S) Callio$!% a deot yoth% wa! inited to a ,an>et !$read in honor o" the (od!% he

re$lied- JI a# a Chri!tian3 I wor!hi$ Chri!t with "a!tin(!% and it i! not law"l "or a Chri!tian #oth

to receie what ha! ,een o""ered to in"a#o! and nclean idol!) The (oernor% on hearin( thi!%

ordered hi# to ,e crelly !cor(ed% and then ,ade hi# (ie $ hi! "ooli!h cra@e% o,ey the

decree! o" the e#$eror!% !acri"ice to the (od!% and !o !ae hi! li"e% otherwi!e he !hold ,ecrci"ied like hi! Ka!ter) Callio$! re$lied- JI wonder at yor i#$dence3 yo hae ,een

re$eatedly told that I a# a Chri!tian% and that when a Chri!tian die! he will lie with Chri!t% yet


26/26

yo i#$dently "i(ht a(ain!t the trth) Ha!ten "or #e the !a#e death a! any Ka!ter ,ore ) 7hen

the (oernor !aw that he wa! not to ,e !haken "ro# hi! $r$o!e% he (ae !entence that he

!hold ,e crci"ied on the 2riday in Holy 7eek) 7hen hi! #other heard o" thi!% !he ,ri,ed the

!oldier! to crci"y her !on with hi! head downward!% which wa! done) 7hen he died a oice wa!

heard "ro# heaen- JCo#e% tho citi@en o" Chri!t=! kin(do# and "ellowheir o" the holy an(el!)

All thi! i! related in hi! Li"e ,y Sri! 0A$ril /4)7onder"l% too% wa! the loe o" the Cro!! !hown ,y a #ere ,oy% S) 7ernher% and wonder"l wa!

hi! #artyrdo# ,y crci"i?ion) Hain( con"e!!ed and #ade hi! Co##nion% he wa! !ecretly taken

,y the 1ew!% and on Good 2riday% in i#itation o" Chri!t% and ot o" hatred to Hi#% tied to a

wooden $illar) There he wa! crelly !cor(ed% ct a,ot with a kni"e in eery $art o" hi! ,ody%

tortred with $incer!% !o that he !ee#ed to ,e dead) The holy ,oy% howeer% lin(ered three day!%

han(in( "ro# the $illar% till the ,lood cea!ed to "low% when% a"ter ,earin( hi! !""erin(! with the

t#o!t $atience% he (ae $ hi! !$irit to Chri!t% crci"ied to the (lory o" God) See the accont o"

hi# in Sri! 0A$ril 54) 2or !i#ilar creltie! on the $art o" the 1ew!% !ee Socrate! 0 Hi!t) li,) ii) c)

*64)Ado 0Kartyrol) Kay 554% and% "ollowin( hi#% 9aroni! 0A)) ..;4% relate! a !i#ilar !tory o" a holy

#aiden na#ed 1lia% who wa! ,ro(ht ,e"ore 2eli?% and r(ed ,y eery ,landi!h#ent to !acri"ice

to idol!) On her re"!al !he wa! ,eaten ,y the hand! o" the !erant!% tortred ,y #ean! o" her

hair% !cor(ed% and crci"ied) 7hen !he (ae $ the (ho!t a doe le"t her #oth and "lew to

heaen) 7ho !hall "ind a ,rae wo#an< Her $rice i! "ar o""% yea% "ro# the end! o" the earth)

Lately in 1a$an !i? 2ranci!can!% three o" or Order% and !eenteen 1a$ane!e lay#en% a#on( the#

a lad% Aloy!i!% o" twele year!% and another% Antoni!% o" thirteen% were% ,y order o" _in(

Taico!a#a% crci"ied% and $ierced with a !word in the ri(ht !ide) They th! Moy"lly !""ered the

a(onie! o" #artyrdo#)7ho loed #e and (ae Hi#!el" "or #e) Note the !e o" the !in(lar) It i! not ! nor "or !% ,t

#e and "or #e) Pal !$eak! th!- 0*)4 ,eca!e o" the (reatne!! and the !weetne!! o" hi! loe3

05)4 ,eca!e he "elt hi#!el" the "ir!t o" !inner!3 0)4 ,eca!e each one owe! thank! to Chri!t "or

Hi! death% M!t a! tho(h Chri!t had died "or hi# only) JHa$$y% thrice ha$$y he% !ay! S) 1ero#e%

Jwho can !ay% ,eca!e Chri!t lie! in hi#% in eery tho(ht and work% XI lie in the "aith o" the Son

o" God% who loed #e and (ae Hi#!el" "or #e)=

Fer) 5*)I do not "r!trate the (race o" God) I do not reMect or !$rn% or% a! S) A#,ro!e render!

it% JI a# not n(rate"l to the (race o" God) S) A(!tine take! it a! in the te?t) They "r!trate

the (race o" God% !ay! S) 1ero#e% who !eek "or M!ti"ication thro(h the law% and tho!e who a"ter,a$ti!# are $ollted ,y !in) 9t thi! i! a #oral inter$retation3 that "ir!t (ien i! the literal

#eanin()

2or i" ri(hteo!ne!! co#e ,y the law% then Chri!t i! dead in ain) Since Chri!t (ae Hi! li"e a! the

$rice o" or M!ti"ication% He wold hae (ien it in ain i" we cold (ain that M!ti"ication thro(h

the law) Thi! i! a third ar(#ent% e? i#$o!!i,ili) No one i! !o #ad a! to !ay that Chri!t !""ered in

ain3 ,t He did !""er "or or M!ti"ication3 there"ore we are M!ti"ied ,y Chri!t% not ,y Ko!e!,y

"aith% not ,y the law)

Documents

Galatians 2 by Cornelio Lapide.pdf