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1
EV activities in Austria, EU and worldwide, Results from Fleet Tests, Business Models
Gerd SchauerVERBUND AG, Innovation Research & Development
Electric Vehicles22. Sept. 2010, Copenhagen, DK
VERBUND Bereich I Vorname Nachname I Vertraulichkeitsklasse
VERBUND
Verbund 2008:Sales: 3.744,7 Mio. €Operating result (EBIT): 1.138,6 Mio. €Group result: 686,6 Mio. €
Balance sheet total: 8.293,8 Mio. €
Operating cash flow: 934,2 Mio. €Free cash flow: -187,5 Mio. €
2
VERBUND Bereich I Vorname Nachname I Vertraulichkeitsklasse
VERBUND Generation / Transmission
AHP: 90 Hydro power plants 22.255 GWh(Verbund total: 6.971,3 MW, 27.601 GWh)
ATP: 3 Thermal power plants 815 MWeldistrict heating 430 MWth
(6 in reserve: 1035 MWel + 524 MWth)
APG: Transmission lines: 380 kV - 1002 km 220 kV - 1657 km
we generate ~ 40 % of Austrian electricity demand(Conditions 2008)
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Why e-mobility, several arguments
3. Austrian EV activities
4. European Fleet Test & experience
5. R&D Demand
6. Business models
7. Summary
3
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Energy Efficiency, Emission Reduction and Security of Supply
Energy efficiency / consumption
Ecology• Greenhouse gas
emissions(GHG) fromincreased traffic
• Air pollution in highly denseurban residential areas fromair pollutants and particulatematter
• Noise pollution from traffic in urban residential areas
Policy• Exert pressure for reducing
GHGs emissions in thetransport sector
• Compliance with EU-targets• Reducing dependence on
import• Identifying technological
solutions for environmentalgoals
Industry & ClientsAutomotive Industrie• Solution for the fullfilment of
the fleet goal• Innovation as a way to
overcome the crisisClients: • Intense fluctuations in fuel
prices
The current state of play is more favorable of e-mobility than in the past
The Main EU-Drivers for E-mobility:
Who is able to coordinate all diffe
rent
stakeholders to find a common strategy?
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
1. Introduction
2. Why e-mobility, several arguments
3. Austrian EV activities
4. European Fleet Test & experience
5. R&D Demand
6. Business models
7. Summary
4
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Source: Eurelectric (2009)
- High energy efficiency saves primary energy
… full benefit withgreen electricity
1.
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
5
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
- The reduction of CO2 emissions in the electricity industry will improve the environmental performance of EVs further
EU Fleet CO2 fleet target 2012
EU Fleet CO2 fleet target 2015
Average Passenger Car
Corresponding EV
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
gCO
2/km
EU passenger car fleet average
Electric Car
Today
Target 2015
Target 2020
1/3 of CO2
2/3 of NO2
Conventionalcars cause …
2.
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
- No “new” infrastructure necessary
Infrastructure in contrast to other new individual transport concepts the “refuelling”infrastructure for electric vehicles (EV) is already in place.
3.
6
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
The snap shot of all Alternative Fuel Chains shows:- Electricity as the best choice
a greater introduction of RES will further improve this advantage
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Gasoli
ne (r
eferen
ce)
Diesel (r
eference
)LP
G
CMG NG
CMG biog
asFAME
BTLGTL
CTL
DME NG
Ethanol
wheat
Ethanol
straw
Methan
ol farm
ed w
ood
Methan
ol NG
CGH2 farm
ed w
ood
CGH2 NG (o
nsite)
CGH2 coal
CGH2 EU elec
tricity
mix
CGH2 wind
LH2 w
ind
Battery
EV E
U elec
tricity
mix
[MJ/
km]
RenewableNuclearFossil
Fuel cell (FC)Internal combustion engine (ICE)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Gasoli
ne (r
eferen
ce)
Diesel (r
eference
)LP
G
CMG NG
CMG biog
asFAME
BTLGTL
CTL
DME NG
Ethanol
wheat
Ethanol
straw
Methan
ol farm
ed w
ood
Methan
ol NG
CGH2 farm
ed w
ood
CGH2 NG (o
nsite)
CGH2 coal
CGH2 EU elec
tricity
mix
CGH2 wind
LH2 w
ind
Battery
EV E
U elec
tricity
mix
[MJ/
km]
RenewableNuclearFossil
Fuel cell (FC)Internal combustion engine (ICE)
Scource: CONCAWE et al. 2007; LBST 2007
4.
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
3.100 470
TWh
Electricity Demand (2005)
3 57015%Expected
increase with 100% electric
vehicles
- 100 % electric vehicles (theoretical) as of tomorrow would increase EU-27 electricity demand by (only) 15%
Source: EURPROG, Eurostat, own calculations, figures rounded
Based on:
4.4 trillion person-km (2005, Eurostat)
Assumption:
1.7 passengers/vehicle
0.18 kWh/ vehicle-km
In >20 years!
5.
7
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
- The low “overall costs” of electric vehicles are attractive to customers
1) assumption out of Fraunhofer ISI Study 2008
> With a petrol price of 1,50 €/l already significant cost advantages are achieved
> Higher cost advantages are possible– Drivers: oil price, tax breaks, battery costs
Comparison TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO)1), 2020
ICE(Internal Combustion
Engine)
PHEV(Plug-in HybridElectric Vehicle)
EV(Electric Vehicle)
Fuel cost
batteryCar taxes
Maintenance & service
Car price
1,5 €/l?
Price of petrol
?
7.
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Battery is key element for suitable range! … but which range do we need?
Source: ETG-Fachbericht 2008
Optimisation of electrode material
Li-Ion technology brought thebreaktrough in range
Typical driving profile of passenger car
Customer aspect: Few distances / year > 200 km !
Typicalrange of EV
8
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer ARE EV AVAILABLE ?
Schematic:
9
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
41 EVs(27,2%)
81 EVs(53,6%)
1 EV(0,7%)
28 EVs(18,5%)
- Electric vehicles are available … and choice will increase!
From former “converted” cars,
now, new cars, especially “designed as EV” come to the market
Total 151 EV documented in Verbund EV data base
From 25 EV
To 91 E-car types!
Source: S. Frey
6.
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
10
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
11
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Electricity from RENEWABLES!
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Electricity fromRENEWABLES!
12
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Large Hydro power potential – worldwide!
11.5
74 T
Wh
5.92
6 TW
h
2.22
4 TW
h
968
TWh
1.66
7 TW
h
633
TWh
156
TWh
0 TWh
2.000 TWh
4.000 TWh
6.000 TWh
8.000 TWh
10.000 TWh
12.000 TWh
14.000 TWh
16.000 TWh
TWh/
a
Wor
ldw
ide
Asi
a
Sout
hA
mer
ica
&N
orth
Cen
tral
Am
eric
a
Afri
ca
Euro
pe
&A
ustra
lasi
aO
cean
ia
Hydropowerpotential(worldwide 11.574 TWh/a)
Developable techn. feasible hydropower potentialIn operation
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Demand for peak power
Increasing demand for balancing powerintegration of wind power
Such projects are economical
... in erectione.g. 480 MW Limberg II, Kaprun
for pumping hydro power plants
13
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
AustriaImpact on the electricity demand - 2
+ 3,6 GW
Quelle: 17.06.2008
Loading during theevening hours
Too high peak loads
Not feasible
NEED FOR LOADING MANAGEMENT
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
AustriaImpact on the electricity demand - 3
Loading managementBasic conditions:
> Intelligent control of load flow> Grid operator
Result> Regularity of the power > Hardly peak load
Future: V2G:> balancing by electric vehicles
14
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Model regionREN to cover the demand
-
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
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Lei
stun
g - k
W
Windkraft Photovoltaik
Result Scenario 3
Result: 42,5 GWhScenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3100 % PV 100 % Wind Combination
PV power 49,9 0 0,8 MWPV modules (185 Watt) 269.956 0 4.463 modulesWind power 0 22,4 22,0 MWWind power plants 0 12 11 power plants
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Shopping Center
Basic informations:> Reference shopping center: Citypark Graz> Power of the transformers: around 1.700 kW> 21 charging stations for electric vehicles (assumption)> Charging during the business hours> PV on the roof of parking garage> Calculations made for worst case
Result:> Calculation of additional electricity demand:> 232.000 kWh/a for permanent charging> maximum power: 77 kW
15
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Shopping CenterEffect of EV charging on electricity demand
Charging only during opening hoursIncreased peak power but
>Insignificant>Transformer adequate
!!!!Demand correlates with PV production!!!!
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
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Werktag inkl. E-Mobilitätr Werktag Winter
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
16
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Shopping CenterImpact on the electrical installation
Low voltage: wire cross section depends on:> Current> Cable length
Fall of voltage max. 3 % - usually 1,5 %
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
17
An OEM/Utility standardization initiative was started end of 2008 to accelerate and improve standards definition
EURELECTRIC and industry actions
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Standardisation plays key role!
?
Need for standardisedEV-Connector
3 – phaseup to 500 Vup tp 63 A
up to 43 kWControl pins
OEM/Utility standardization initiative process
WG: EU Regulations & standards needed for the electrification of cars
18
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Design of system concept
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
1. Introduction
2. Why e-mobility, several arguments
3. Austrian EV activities
4. European Fleet Test & experience
5. R&D Demand
6. Business models
7. Summary
19
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Electric VehicleCar development, power train/Gear, drive motor, power electronics, Battery, Informationmanagement/ Control, Safety
System architectureCar electronics – batterysystem –charging – grid control/staybility –billing – Datamanagement!
Charging stationconnector: 1~, 3~ Anschlußfast charging (~100 kW)
Garage, public parkingFleet operators, P+R, shoppingCenters, Charging infrastructure
Smart grid, G2V, V2GGrid capacity, grid control,Smart Grids, DG, DER
Business modelsMobility, DER, accounting systemand trade of electricity, power
Generation, PowerHydro power, thermal power, Wind, PV, balancing power
CustomerMobility, reliability,in dailyuse, price
Policy City development, traffic concepts, energy policy, autarc region, financial incentives
Benefits !ŋ, REN, CO2
Lighthouse projectsE-mobility model region
We have to develop a complex system architecture!
the visionRenewable energygenerationHydro, wind, PV, biomass
Grid infrastructureTransmisssion, DistributionDG, Smart grids
HouseholdsPV, surplus feed to grid,G2V, V2G concepts,Consumer + producer
E-mobile RegionR&D, Car-industry, Infrastructure
20
the customers
Austrian Mobile Power
Open Plattformaustrian mobile powercreates solutions fitting foraustria and develops opensystem for e-mobility for all market players, based on EU-standards.
Technology-Plattformand SurroundingsEU-Programs enableinternational involvementPilot regions forimplementation & demon-stration of StandardsStakeholders set boundaryconditionsResearch projects offercollection of know-how.
european standards & initiatives
Green Car Initiative emporAPilot-
RegionStake-holder
20 Partners (8/2010)
21
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Jän 2009: Verbund EV-Project start
July 2009: Announce MoU
Oct 2009: Submit emporA
Feb 2010: Nomination State price
emporAnegotiations
Dec. 2009: launch of amp
3. Qu. 2010: prep. project proposal emporA II
13. Oct. 2010: e-mobility day, EXPO27. Aug. 2010:
Forum Alpbach
emporA
2010: - project prep.- promote twin city
25. Aug 2010: 2nd EV Li-ion
Forum, Beijing
Aug. 09:Forum Alpbach
www.austrian-mobile-power.at
the goal
• Austria as a leader in the age of e-mobility• Implementation of the overall system in pilot regions• 100,000 electric vehicles in a pilot region• Establish energy, infrastructure, and uniform accounting systems• Collectively invest 50 million euros• Trigger a total investment of 5 billion euros
22
• Total System for Electromobility– Vehicle Technology– Infrastructure Technology– User
• Development Leap for AustrianCompanies
– Automotive– Infrastructure– Energy
• Utilization National and International– National Solutions; „Lighthouse Austria“– Contribution to European Solutions– Technologyexport
Austrian Lighthouse projectsemporA – Project Goals
Key Facts:
15 Partners
5 WP: System architecture, vehicle technology, Infrastructure, Consumer, Implementation
Project duration: 2010 – 2012
Project costs: 21,0 Mio.€
Funding KLI.EN: 8,8 Mio.€
VERBUND Bereich I Vorname Nachname I Vertraulichkeitsklasse
Corridor
„E-Mobility Corridor Central-East Europe“ (EMCEE)
23
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Austrian Pilot Tests
VLOTTE: was first showcase for demonstration of EVstrong partnership, integrated (regional) mobility solution, mobility card (~500,-€/month, after 4y residual value 25%)Think (Zebra battery, later Li-Ion), Fiat 500, …94% of drives under 50 km
Electro Drive, Salzburg: Utility driven, different packages: e-bike, e-scooter, segway, EVcombined with card for public traffic
Region „Almenland“: Green mobility for touristic region, goal is to 600 EV, scooters and e-bikes, green electricity by hydro power
Further activities in Vienna, Graz, Linz, Carinthia
> Avoid different systems, support common standard, financial support necessary,
> Actual costs for users too high for common acceptance
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
1. Introduction
2. Why e-mobility, several arguments
3. Austrian EV activities
4. European Fleet Test & experience
5. R&D Demand
6. Business models
7. Summary
24
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Belgium
Population concentrated to 6 large cities
3,5 priv. parking places of 5 Mio. car owners; 22% HH>2 cars
Stimulation by Belgium government (fiscal & others) forindividuals, companies and public authorities
Steering and infrastructure are the real issue for marketpenetration of EV
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Denmark
Central, decentral (CHP), wind power-> generation peaks > load!
Challenges:at no wind: from where should power come?What should be done with surplus wind power
that cannot be used?How can power system be so dynamic and operationally flexible to capaqble unpredictableevents
Efficient market: producers – supplieersNEED for INTELLIGENT Integration:
POWER SYSTEM <-> EV Cooperation with Better placeEDISON project !
Source: P, Andreason, A. Hanson, energinet
Wind: + 3 GW
25
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
EDISON (Electric Vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated Market usingSustainable Energy and Open Networks)
Partners: IBM, DONG Energy, regional energy company of Oestkraft, Techn. Univ. of Denmark, Siemens, Euriscoand Danish Energy Association
Researchtechnical developmentdemonstration
Charge EV by wind power; efficient useof grid; ancilliary service
Source: A. Hanson, energinet
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Germany
8 Pilot Regions with 115 Mio.€ support:Berlin-Potsdam, Hamburg,Oldenburg/Bremen, Munich, Rhein-Main, Rhein-Ruhr, Sachsen, Stuttgart
E-mobility AllgäuCologne: “colognE-mobil”
Pilot regions
26
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Ireland
1500 Standard public 3~
>30 DC Fast Chargers
2000 Home Chargers (freefor EV buyer
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Portugal
27
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Netherlands
Projekt Niederlande :: e-laad.nlCooperation of DSO! Install and testing an uniform, rural covering infrastructure
of 10.000 charging stations by elaad.nl (2009-2012), create uniform technology & communication. Charging stations are placed for free at public parking spots. One Charging card per vehicleFrom the grid side … load control is often mentioned (peak shaving)There are additional ancilliary services: congestion management, balancing power, Integration of renewable energies, disturbancemanagementDifferent involved parties have different interestsEl. Generator, DSO, TSO, balancing, trader, … customer
Proposition: Direct price control will not work> price differences are too small> Time constance of the interested party and
customer are to a high degree dissimilar
> (Source A. Postma, ENEXIS)
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
UK
Tender for Infrastructure:Type of installation, available power, Connection (IEC62196-2), Communication car – charging station, car – UtilityStandards, access control, RFID …
National Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle DemonstratorProgramme Plug-in vehicles (Prius, 12,5 miles el.) and EV ~23 miles avg./d (80 miles range i-MiEV) Congestion charge
France:
French government announce EV programIncentive: 5.000 € superbonus; Partnership: Renault - edfPotential customers: group of 20 corporations: utilities, fleet owners
Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland, …:
28
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
E-mobility projects: comparison, recommendations
Business concept
Accountingconcept
Pioneer
Infrastructurepower stations
Used EVs
Governmentsubsidies
Criteria: Results:
Recommendations for future e-mobility projects> Uniform accounting concepts Transnational accounting
concepts > Provide service packages & leasing services in combination of
public transport as well as provision of infrastructure for EV-users> For meeting short-term requirements: Use of different EV-types
and brands & also converted EV> Use of electric mobility in different sectors (public transport, fleets)
within common mobility strategy> Participation in tendering procedures for subsidies &
demonstration projects to accelerate market implementation
Geschäfts-modell
Abrechnungs-konzept
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Fahrzeug-einsatz
Förder-programme Geschäfts-
modell
Abrechnungs-konzept
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Fahrzeug-einsatz
Förder-programme
Geschäfts-modell
Abrechnungs-konzept
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Fahrzeug-einsatz
Förder-programme
Berlin Hamburg Vorarlberg
Geschäfts-modell
Abrechnungs-konzept
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Fahrzeug-einsatz
Förder-programme
Geschäfts-modell
Abrechnungs-konzept
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Fahrzeug-einsatz
Förder-programme
Geschäfts-modell
Abrechnungs-konzept
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Pionier
Stromtank-stellen
Fahrzeug-einsatz
Förder-programme
Salzburg Denmark London
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
NEV Political Initiatives I
29
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
NEV Political Initiatives II
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
30
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source: Xiao Chengwei, Tianjin
31
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Visit at TEPCO, Tokyo, 6. Sept. 2010
CHA De MO: De facto standard for DC fast charging
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
1. Introduction
2. Why e-mobility, several arguments
3. Austrian EV activities
4. European Fleet Test & experience
5. R&D Demand
6. Business models
7. Summary
32
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Battery is key element for suitable range!
Source: ETG-Fachbericht 2008
Optimisation of electrode material
Li-Ion technology brought thebreaktrough in range
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
33
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source: Yuan Li
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source: Yao Zhang, ATL
34
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source: Yao Zhang, ATL
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
35
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer Source Mo-Yua Yang
36
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Development: Motor withintegrated Inverter (90 kVA)
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
1. Introduction
2. Why e-mobility, several arguments
3. Austrian EV activities
4. European Fleet Test & experience
5. R&D Demand
6. Business models
7. Summary
37
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Four main e-mobility electricity supply market structures can be considered (for the public charging)
Charging stationsDistribution Retail
E-mobility electricity supply market structures
1) Value Added Services were not considered because they are not expected to significantly influence the fit between electricity and mobility markets
1
2
3
"Business as usual" – current electricity supply market structure is kept
Separeted Infrastructure- stand alone charging network operator and open/competitive electricity retail
“Monopoly"
"Oil like" (fragmented network ownership)
Retailer owned charging network models
Description
4
Value added services1)
Source: Rui Marques, edp
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Market model: Is the description of the market including necessary regulatory elements. At EU Member States they are different; ideally the market models should be the same across all. The market model represents the different interactions among the various market participantsunder the given economic (& regulatory) market forces.
Business Model: Based on the market model, market players can develop their own business models and services in a competitive environment. The business model describes the different components and operation of a certain business together with the revenues and expenses the business generates.
1) assumption out of Fraunhofer ISI Study 2008
ICE(Internal
Combustion Engine)
PHEV(Plug-in Hybrid
Electric Vehicle)
EV(Electric Vehicle)
Fuel cost
batteryCar taxes
Maintenance & service
Car price
1,5 €/l?
Price of petrol
?
38
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Value chain, variety of business models
Electricity ChargingInfrastructure
Components Electric Vehicle
Single business
Aggregate
Business
Integratedbusinessmodel
Infrastructurenormal charging
Infrastructurefast charging
Infrastructure, normal/fast charging, batt. swapping
Renewableel. provider Charging
station
Battery, BMS
EV manufacturer
„Mobility provider“ Infrastructure, normal/fast charging, battery & 2nd use, V2G, Energy management
A, B, C, D - segment
Li-Cell
OEM
Park &Charge
Smart grids
Motor, pwr. el.
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Deep Analysis necessary for findingindividual fitting business model necessary!
Electric vehicle (customer view):Investment, operation costs, fuel/energy costs, maintanance, insurance, taxes, battery, losses, …Infrastructure & electricity:Station for loading at home, private parking place,Garage and Parking operators, High investmentfor public chargers, fast charger, battery swappingElectric vehicle (manufacturer, components):battery, battery management systempower electronics (motor controller and charger)and drive motor
Development of costs as function of learning curve!Define individual business models (battery leasing, car sharing, integrated mobility concepts, V2G, …Regulatory framework
your homework … relating to your specificbusiness to find individual best solution
39
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
1. Introduction
2. Why e-mobility, several arguments
3. Austrian EV activities
4. European Fleet Test & experience
5. R&D Demand
6. Business models
7. Summary
VERBUND HI / Gerd Schauer
Summary
E-mobility is highly interdisciplinary -> There is a need for strong technologicalplatforms
Pilot tests show -> Common Standards necessary (instead of singular solutions)
E-mobility is international –> Cooperation projects are needed … !
E-mobility is not mature -> research activities are necessary and funding is a keyelement for successful implementation
Battery is a key element
Need for support of infrastructure and EV for market introduction
Develop legal and fiscal framework for implementation of EV
E-mobility becomes reality … and is not a 3rd hype!