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Individuals benefit more by working together than working alone. The benefits outweigh the cost Reciprocal altruism But there is a problem.... The existence of cheaters ( in economic and sociology they are called free-riders)
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GROUP BEHAVIOUR
GROUP BEHAVIOUR group behaviour
The Selfish Gene is a book on by Richard Dawkings, 1976
Animal are kind to kin Animals are kind to non-kin Warning cries (help others at your own risk) Food sharing (the case of vampire bats)
Individuals benefit more by working together than working alone.
The benefits outweigh the costReciprocal altruism But there is a problem.... The existence of cheaters (in economic
and sociology they are called free-riders)
SO HOW CAN ALTRUISM EVOLVE? Cooperation is unstable Advantage to genes that lead animal to reap
the benefits without paying the costs Gene A accepts blood from others, share
blood Gene B accepts blood from others, don’t
share blood Gene B will out reproduce Gene A
Warning cries/ buying drinks
CHEATER DETECTION
Reciprocal altruism can only evolve if animals punish cheaters
This requires a mental apparatus
Recognising cheater Remembering the cheater Punish the cheater
A CASE–STUDY ON COOPERATIONTHE PRISONER’S DILEMMA The best case is to defect while the other
person cooperate. The worst case is to cooperate while the
other person defects. Best for both is if each cooperate Worse for both is if each defect
My spouse no My spouse yes
Meno We both do ok
Meyes
My spouse no My spouse yes
Meno
We both do ok
Meyes
I get everything my husband loses everything
My spouse no My spouse yes
Meno
We both do ok
My husband gets everythingI lose everything
Meyes
I get everything my husband loses everything
My spouse no My spouse yes
Meno
We both do ok
My husband gets everything
Meyes
I get everything my husband loses everything
We both lose
Country A cooperate Country A defect
Country Bcooperate
We both do ok
Country B
defect
Country A NO Country A YES
Country BNO
We both do ok
Country B
yes
B gets everythingA gets nothing
Country A NO Country A YES
Country BNO
We both do ok
B gets everythingA gets nothing
Country B
yes
A gets everythingB gets nothing
Country A coop Country A defect
Country Bcoop
We both do ok
A gets everythingB gets nothing
Country B
defect
B gets everythingAgets nothing Both do pretty badly
I want to buy Marijuana from you I have 1000€ Let’s meet behind the gym nobody is going to call the cops so:I could go there with a gun and get the
Marijuana without payingHe could come with a gun and take my money
PRACTICE!! 3 euros each both coop
5 euros /0 euros
63 computer programmes in the 1980s The winner is “Tit-for-Tat” ( by Anatol Rapparport) The programme opens by cooperating, then plays what
the other played in the previous game. Punish for selfish behaviour, reward for cooperative
behaviour. Be NICE you meet someone Not an idiot if you defect I will defect back Forgiving –once you are nice it will be nice right
back Transparent- easy to figure out how to work
together for mutual gain
THE ULTIMATE GAMEPlayer A has 10 eurosPlayer B
Player A can offer from 1 t0 10 B can accept (cooperate) you share the
moneyB can reject (defect) nobody gets anything.5 time in a row
PSYCHOLOGISTS BELIEVE
A rational person is easily exploited. There is some advantage to being irrational,
people are forced by dint of your irrationality to treat you better.
The irrational reaction/violence varies from culture to culture. Violence due to disrespect
the “culture of honour”
PROPERTIES OF THE CULTURE OF HONOUR One cannot rely on law. Resources are easily taken.
Western Cowboys Masai Warriers
American South has more of a culture of honour than the American North.
Corporal punishment is more approved of. Attitudes towards the military are more positive. More violence (not less safety)
Nisbet &Wilson made a psychological experiments.
American Caucasian students. A graduate students bump into the person
looks at him and says “Asshole”
Students from the American South showed higher hormone response and stress response, testerone level and cortisol level increased.
THE ROBBERS CAVE STUDY
11-12 years old boys at a 3 week camping program
Well adjusted WASPs Separate cabins, leaders
“Eagles” and “Rattlers” Distinctive cultures
within group solidarity Negative stereotyping Hostility raids violence
THE ROBBERS CAVE STUDY
Attempts to reduce hostility between the groups:
Peace talks Individual competitions Shared meals Shared movies Fun with firecrackers Sermons on brotherly love
THE ROBBERS CAVE STUDY
What could bring them together?
A SUPERORDINATE GOAL(a common ememy)