GRAMMAR: PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS

Person: hero, teacher, audience, Mai Ling

Place: museums, countries, rain forest, San Diego

Thing: stereo, songs, fences, Pacific Ocean

Idea: sympathy, fairness, generosity, Impressionism

TYPES OF NOUNS

Common noun: names any one of a groups of persons, places, things or ideas.

Generally not capitalized Mountain, novelist, ship, movie

Proper noun: names a particular Peron, place thing or idea.

Generally capitalized Mount McKinley, Edith Hamilton, Queen Elizabeth

TYPES OF NOUN

Concrete noun Can be perceived by one or more of the senses

(sight, touch, hearing, taste, smell) Dog, sunset, thunder, silk, Nile River

Abstract nouns Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a

characteristic. Liberty, beauty, kindness, success, Marxism

Collective nouns A group of people, animals, or things

Audience, batch, bouquet, bunch, litter, jury, pride, staff

Compound Nouns 2 or more words that together name a person, place,

thing, idea Baseball, Civil Rights, sister-in-law

IDENTIFY THE TYPES OF NOUNS

Gumbos often contain, okra and sausage, chicken, or seafood. Gumbos: common, concrete Okra, sausage, chicken, seafood: common,

concrete

The popularity of these dishes and other Cajun dishes has spread throughout the United States. Popularity dishes: common, concrete United States: proper, concrete, compound

PRONOUNS

Takes the place of one or more nouns or pronouns She, her, his, him, they, their

Antecedent: the word or word group that a pronoun stands for. Example: Ms. Hamfeldt is a tough teacher. She

gives way too much work. Which is the pronoun? Which is the antecedent?

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Refers to The one speaking (first person) The one spoken to (second person) The one spoken about (third person)

Singular Plural

First Person I, me, my, mine We, us, our, ours

Second Person You, your, yours You, your, yours

Third Person He, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its

They, them, their, theirs

REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS

First Person Myself, ourselves

Second Person Yourself, yourselves

Third Person Himself, herself, itself, themselves,

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

Refers to the subject of a sentences and functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition

I am not quite myself today Myself is a predicate nominative identifying I

Cecilia let herself take a study break Herself is the direct object of let

They chose costumes for themselves Themselves is the object of the preposition for

INTENSIVE PRONOUN

Has no grammatical function in the sentence.

Ray painted the mural himself

The children dyed the eggs themselves.

DEMONSTRATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

Demonstrative: Points out a person, place, thing, or idea. This is our favorite camp site. These books are going to Goodwill

Interrogative Pronouns: Introduces a question What is the address of the house? Whose red truck is parked outside the house?

This That These Those

Who whom which what whose

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Refers to a person, place, thing or idea that may or may not be specifically named. Has anyone asked Ms. Stallsworth? Everything we need is packed in the car.

All Each other Most One another

Another Either Much Other

Any Everybody Neither Several

Anybody Everyone Nobody Some

Anyone Everything None Somebody

Anything Few No one Someone

Both Many Nothing Something

Each more one such

IDENTIFY THE PRONOUN(S) IN THE SENTENCE

All of the other members of my family like to go camping, but few of them enjoy the outdoors more than I do.

All of us enjoy anything cooked over a campfire.

Often we tell each other eerrie stories.

Who wants to go to sleep afterwards?

ADJECTIVES Modifies a noun or pronoun.

Modify means “to describe” or “to make the meaning of a word more specific”

What Kind? Which One? How Many? How Much?

spilled ink this park twenty miles no salt

English tea these papers two men enough water

howling winds

that house several apples

some food

An adjective may be separated from the word it modifies:

She is clever.

The sky had become cloudy suddenly. Note: An adjective that is in the predicate

and that modifies the subject of a clause or sentence is called a predicate adjective.

PRONOUN OR ADJECTIVE?

Demonstrative, interrogative, and indefinite terms pronouns when they stand for other nouns or pronouns.

When they modify nouns or pronouns, they are adjectives.

Examples: Pronoun: Which did you choose, Roberto? Adjective: Which book did you choose to read, Alex? Pronoun: Those are excited fans. Adjective: Those fans are excited.

NOUN OR ADJECTIVE?

When a word that can be used as a noun modifies a noun or pronoun, it is called an adjective.

Examples:Salad bowlChicken dinnerGold metalNew England states

Proper nouns remain capitalized when used as an adjective; it is called a proper adjective

ARTICLES

Most frequently used adjectives are a, an, and the Indefinite articles: a, an

Refer to any member of a general group; come before words that start with vowels

Definite article: the Refers to someone or something in particular

Examples: A representative is going to help us.The representative is going to help us.

VERBS

A verb expresses action or a state of being. There are three kinds:Main or helping (auxiliary)

verbsAction or linking verbsTransitive or intransitive verbs

MAIN VERBS AND HELPING VERBS

A verb phrase consists of a main verb and one or more helping (auxiliary) verbs.

Commonly Used Helping Verbs

Forms of Be amare

be been

beingis

was were

Forms of Have

had has have having

Forms of Do did do does

Modals cancouldmay

mightmust ought

shallshouldwill

would

NOTES ON VERBS

Modals are auxiliary verbs that are used to express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the main verb. Example: I may go to the concert after all.

May expresses an attitude of possibility in relation to the main verb go

Helping verbs may be separated from the main verb Did she paint the house?

The word not and its contraction n’t are never part of a verb phrase; they are considered adverbs telling to what extent.

ACTION VERBS

An action verb expresses either physical or mental activity.

Examples Please return this book. (physical action) Do you know James? (mental action)

Physical: bring say shout jump

Mental: ponder trust evaluate guess

LINKING VERBS

Connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. This word group is called a subject complement.

Example: Kelp is the scientific name for seaweed.

Subject complement is name; it identifies Kelp Kelp tastes good in salads.

Subject complement is good; it describes Kelp

Commonly Used Linking Verbs

Forms of Be

be were shall have been

should be

being shall be will have been would be

am will be can be could be

is has been may be should have been

are have been might be would have been

was had been must be could have been

Others

appear grow seem stay

become look smell taste

feel remain sound turnSome of the verbs listed as Others can be used as action verbs as well as linking verbs.

FORMS OF BE

Not always used as linking verbs An adverb that tells where or when

may follow the form of be This makes it a state-of-being verb Example:

My friends and I were there yesterday. There tells where Yesterday tells when

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS Transitive verbs have an object: a word

that tells who or what receives the action of the verb

Examples: She trusts her friend.

friend receives the action of the verb trusts Zora Neale Hurston wrote novels.

novels receives the action of the verb wrote

Intransitive verbs does not have an object. Examples:

The audience applauded. The trains stops here.

A verb could transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another.

NOTES INTRANSITIVE AND TRANSITIVE VERBS

Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive. I studied my geometry notes for an hour. Luis also studied for an hour.

All linking verbs are intransitive We are ready for the quiz. We were told to study a lot.

A verb phrase may be classified as transitive or intransitive and as action or linking We are planting some cactus dahlias.

(transitive action) They should bloom in about six weeks.

(intransitive action) The flowers will be deep red. (intransitive

linking)

ADVERBS

Modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

Tells where, when, how, to what extent

Example The bird was chirping outside. (where) The bird chirped today. (when) The bird chirped loudly. (how) The bird never chirped. (to what extent)

EXAMPLES

Identify each adverb and the verb it modifies.

Birds, bats, and bugs fly effortlessly. Adverb: effortlessly Verb: fly

In their experiments, they initially produced hot smoke by burning straw and wood. Adverb: initially Verb: produced

Humans successfully flew for the first time in November of 1783. Adverb: successfully Verb: flew

EXAMPLES Identify each adverb and the adjective or adverb it

modifies

The immensely long wagon train started out from Denver, Colorado. Adverb: immensely Adjective: long

A moderately hard rain could turn the trail into a swamp. Adverb: moderately adjective: hard

The large ones we saw were too expensive for us. Adverb: too adjective: expensive

Suddenly, Juana had a brainstorm. Adverb: Suddenly Verb: had

PREPOSITIONS

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun (object of preposition) to another word.

I rode past the (village)

I rode through the (village).

I rode around the (village).

A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase.

COMMONLY USED PREPOSITIONS

Aboard Aound But (except)

Into Past Up

About At By Like Since Upon

Above Before Concerning

Near Such as With

Across Behind Down Of Though Within

After Below During Off Throughout

Without

Against Beneath Except On To

Along Beside For Onto Toward

Amid Besides From Out Under

Among Between In Outside Underneath

As Beyond Insdie Over Until

COMPOUND PREPOSITION

A preposition that consists of two or more prepositions

According to In addition to Instead of

Because of in front of On account of

By means of in spite of Prior to

FIND THE PREPOSITIONS

According to the coaches of the opposing team, the soccer game was delayed because of rain.

Near the edge of the stream, the ducks swam were entering the water to swim across the lake to the other side.

CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction joins words or word groups

Correlative conjunctions Pairs of conjunctions that join words or words

groups that are used in the same way

Coordinating conjunctions Join words or word groups that are used in the

same way

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:FANBOYS

For And Nor But

Or Yet So

Examples:

The orchestra played waltzes and polkas.

We can walk to the neighborhood pool or the park.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Both… and Not only… but also

Either… or Whether… or

Neither…nor

Examples:

Neither the baseball team nor the soccer team has practice today.

Both the track team and the volleyball team enjoyed a winning season.

Their victories sparked the enthusiasm not only of students but also of teachers and townspeople.

IDENTIFY THE CONJUNCTIONS

Both the captains and their crew members looked forward to such visits.

The sailors enjoyed the opportunity not only to chat but also to exchange news.

I looked for Will, but he had already left.

DETERMINING PARTS OF SPEECH

Identify the part of speech of the underlined words in each example:

Rich heard the light patter of raindrops.

Please help your sister with her homework.

All but two of the students voted in the class elections.

DETERMINING PARTS OF SPEECH The same word can be a different part of speech

depending on how it is used in a sentence. So, identify the parts of speech of the word in each example:

They decided that the hedge needed a trim. Their hedges always look trim and nest. We usually trim the tree with homemade

ornaments.

I wasn’t thirsty, but I did down one glass of water.

Dale ran down the stairs.