FYS3240

PC-based instrumentation and microcontrollers

Introduction

Spring 2012 – Lecture #1

Bekkeng 3.12.2012

FYS 3240

Two main parts:

1. Computer based instrumentation and DAQ Data acquisition (DAQ) systems

LabVIEW

2. Practical introduction to microcontrollers for

instrumentation

Curriculum

• Lectures

• Laboratory exercises

• The textbook readings complement the lectures

Textbooks:

• Ørjan G. Martinsen: PC-basert instrumentering og mikrokontrollere, 2006.

Gyldendal. ISBN: ISBN-13: 978-82-05-31569-3.

• Gary Johnson and Richard Jennings: LabVIEW Graphical Programming,

Fourth Edition, 2006. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN: 978-0071451468 .

Lecturer

• Jan Kenneth Bekkeng (Senior Scientist FFI, Ass. prof-II UIO)

• Email:

– j.k.bekkeng[at]fys.uio.no

T&E

Sounding rockets

DAQ

About the lectures and Labs

• Lectures given in Norwegian

• Notes will be made available on the course home page

• Important messages are made available at the course home page

• 2 lecture hours each week

• 4 (bachelor) / 5 (master) lab assignments - room V442

• Submit the lab reports including the source code to

bentaf@student.matnat.uio.no (lab teaching assistant)

• Nominally three weeks are assigned to each lab assignment

• All labs must be approved by 31. May !

Lab teaching assistant:

Name : Bent Furevik

E-mail : bentaf@student.matnat.uio.no

Phone : 99 367 368

Atmel XMEGA-B1 Xplained evaluation kit

About the lab work

• Lab0: LabVIEW introduction with exercises

– Learn basic application development with LabVIEW

• Lab 1: Simple I/O programming

– LEDs and switches

• Lab 2: Control an LCD display

• Lab 3: Control the ADC (analog to digital converter) –

• Lab 4: Project for Master (4240) students

– Select your own project in agreement with lab teaching assistant Bent Furevik

Course background

• Assumes basic knowledge in electronics, computer

architecture and programming. This is covered e.g. by

– FYS1210 (basic electronics)

– FYS3230 (sensor and measurement techniques)

– A programming course (e.g. INF 1000)

– The textbook “PC-basert instrumentering og mikrokontrollere”

• The lectures will focus on:

– DAQ systems

– System design (hardware and software)

– Principles, concepts and implementation strategies

You will learn state-of-the-art technology (hardware and

software techniques) for DAQ-systems!

Computer courses with more “theory”

& background information

• INF2270 – Datamaskinarkitektur

– C-programming

– Computer architecture

– Hardware and software interaction

• INF1060 - Introduksjon til operativsystemer og

datakommunikasjon

– C-programming

– OS

– Data communication

• INF3190 – Datakommunikasjon

– Data communication

Other good books:

• LabVIEW for Everyone: Graphical Programming Made

Easy and Fun (3rd Edition) by Jeffrey Travis and Jim

Kring

• The LabVIEW Style Book by Peter A. Blume

• LabVIEW for Data Acquisition by Bruce Mihura (2001)

• The C Programming Language by Brian W. Kernighan,

Dennis M.Ritchie(1988)

Topics you will learn about

• Computer buses and interfaces

• Microcontrollers

• LabVIEW programming

• Instrumentation and data acquisition (DAQ)

• Networked and distributed DAQ systems

• High-speed data streaming

• Parallel programming

• Real-Time and Embedded systems

• FPGAs and GPUs

• Instrumentation under Linux

LabVIEW LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT Module

The Tilted Twister solves

Rubik’s Cubes in 6 minutes!

Can develop LabVIEW programs that run on a host computer and

communicate with an NXT brick. These programs also can run directly on the

NXT.

Trends in Test and Measurement

• Multicore CPUs and Parallel programming

– Increased CPU performance without increased clock rates

• Software-Defined Instrumentation

– Can easily change functionality

• FPGA-Enabled Instrumentation

– High performance, True parallelism, High determinism, High

reliability, Reconfigurable

• 64 bit operating systems and support

– An “unlimited” address space allows much more RAM

(Random Access Memory) in the computer

• Wireless

What is LabVIEW

Icon wire

Express VIs

Standard VIs

Data flow direction

Example: a while loop in LabVIEW

What is LabVIEW II

• LabVIEW is a graphical programming environment

– G programming language

• LabVIEW contains the same programming concepts found in

most traditional languages

– data types, loops, event handling, variables, recursion, and object-oriented

programming

• LabVIEW is the de facto standard for measurement, test, and

control systems (both in industry and academia)

• Graphical icons and wires resemble a flowchart

• Provides easy integration with thousands of hardware devices

• Contains large built-in libraries

• Available for multiple targets and OS (Windows, Mac, Linux

and RTOS)

http://www.ni.com/labview/whatis/

LabVIEW Operating System (OS)

compatibility

LabWindows/CVI from National

Instruments

• CVI is short for C for Virtual Instrumentation

• LabWindows/CVI is a software development

environment for C programmers

• LabWindows uses the same libraries and data

acquisition modules as the more famous

National Instrument product LabVIEW and is

thus highly compatible with it

• LabVIEW is targeted more at domain experts

and scientists and CVI more towards software

engineers that are more comfortable with text-

based linear languages such as C

Instrument Control Overview

Control any instrument if you know the following:

– Type of connector on the instrument − Type of cables needed

– Electrical properties involved − Communication protocols used

– Software drivers available

Instruments Computer

Real-Time Computing

• In computer science, real-time computing (RTC) is systems

that are subject to a "real-time constraint“- i.e., operational

deadlines from event to system response.

– the correctness depends not only on the logical result but also on

the time it was delivered

• By contrast, a non-real-time system is one for which there is no

deadline, even if fast response or high performance is desired

or preferred.

FYS4220

Embedded Computing

• An embedded system is a computer system designed to

perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-

time computing constraints.

• Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there

are many examples of their use: mobile phones, MP3 players,

digital cameras, GPS receivers etc.

• Embedded processors can be microprocessors,

microcontrollers or FPGAs.

• The program instructions written for microcontrollers are

referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or

Flash memory chips.

• Embedded systems run with limited computer hardware

resources: limited memory, small or non-existent keyboard

and/or screen

FYS4220

Data Acquisition (DAQ) & Control Systems

• The main application domain for Real-Time and Embedded computer systems is within Data Acquisition and Control.

• A dish washer system reads data from a timer, temperature and water level sensors, and controls the water valves and heater

• Data acquisition involves collecting signals from measurement sources and digitizing the signal for storage, analysis and presentation.

– For a Control System the processed data is also utilized for controlling the external process through a feedback loop

Computer-based DAQ system

• Configuration

• Display

• Data Storage

FYS3240/4240

Third generation PC (2004)

66

– 8

00

MH

z

What is an Operating System (OS)?

• “An operating system (OS) is a collection of programs that acts

as an intermediary between the hardware and its user(s),

providing a high-level interface to low level hardware resources,

such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. The operating

system provides various facilities and services that make the

use of the hardware convenient, efficient and safe” Lazowska, E. D.:

Contemporary Issues in Operating Systems , in: Encyclopedia of Computer Science, Ralston, A., Reilly, E.

D. (Editors), IEEE Press, 1993, pp.980

• The OS hides the messy details

• The OS Presents a virtual machine, which is easier to use

• Each program gets time/space on the resource

Protected mode

• In computing, protected mode is an operational mode of x86-

compatible central processing units (CPU)

– The term x86 refers to a family of instruction set architectures based

on the Intel 8086 CPU

– It allows system software to utilize features such as virtual memory,

paging, safe multi-tasking, and other features designed to increase

an operating system's control over application software.

• In protected mode, there are four privilege levels or rings,

numbered from 0 to 3, with ring 0 being the most privileged and

3 being the least. The use of rings allows for system software to

restrict tasks from accessing data or executing privileged

instructions.

• In most environments, the operating system and some device

drivers run in ring 0 and applications run in ring 3

Windows architecture

• Ring 0 : ”all rights”

– operating system (kernel)

• Ring 3 : limited rights e.g. related to I/O

– Applications (user programs)

32 bit Windows XP

Privilege levels in Windows

• Need a device driver in order to

allow hardware I/O operations

from application programs

Device Drivers

• In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer

program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact

with a hardware device.

• A driver typically communicates with the device through the

computer bus or communications subsystem to which the

hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine

in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once

the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke

routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware-

dependent and operating-system-specific.

Windows device drivers

How to make a device driver for

Windows?

• Writing a device driver can be a challenge as it requires

windows (API) programming knowledge

• Different approaches to get the device driver you need:

– Make a complete device driver

– Make the device driver using a program to assist you

making the driver, e.g. a program called “Driver Agent”

– Use LabVIEW! LabVIEW includes custom made

drivers (for serial communication, TCP, UDP, USB,

DAQ etc) . In addition, device drivers for specific

instruments etc. can be downloaded from NI.

Therefore, usually no device driver has to be written!

Using device drivers in LabVIEW

• All NI hardware is shipped with LabVIEW driver software

• After your hardware driver software is installed, it is integrated into

LabVIEW

• It provides a new palette for easy access to the functions

• You simply drag-and-drop the functions to your block diagram to

configure and control the hardware device

LabVIEW Hardware targets

• Standard PC

• Real-time PC

• Embedded controller (in a PXI system)

• FPGA

• 8-, 16-, and 32-bit microprocessors

• ARM Microcontrollers

Simple to advanced DAQ systems ….

• DAQ using the PC sound card

– AC, low frequencies (10 – 20 kHz)

• PC with plug-in PCI DAQ card(s)

• PC with a USB DAQ device

• DAQ system with multiple connected PXI systems

and hundreds of measurement channels

Workstation vs. PC

• A workstation is a high-end computer designed for technical or

scientific applications, running numeric- and graphic-intensive

applications

– high-performance computing (HPC)

• Desktops PCs are all about flexibility – they are designed to

meet a much wider variety of computing needs

• As desktop PCs become faster and stronger, the lines between

a high-powered desktop and true workstations become more

blurred

• Workstations typically offered higher performance than

personal computers, especially with respect to CPU and

graphics, memory capacity and multitasking capability

• In addition, workstations typically have more slots for PCI and

PCI Express

Workstation vs. PC II

HP Z800 Workstation

• 2 x Intel® Xeon® Six Core prosessor (5600 serie)

• 192 GB maksimalt minne (RAM)

• Rack-monterbart minitårn (for 19” rack)

•1 PCI

•1 PCI Express Gen1 (x8 mekanisk, x4 elektrisk)

•1 PCI Express Gen2 (x8 mekanisk, x4 elektrisk)

•2 PCI Express Gen2 (x16 mekanisk, x8 elektrisk)

•2 PCI Express Gen2 x16 (for grafikkort)

HP Compaq dc7900

• Intel® Core™2 Quad prosessor

• 16 GB maksimalt minne (RAM)

• 3 PCI

• 1 PCI Express x16

• 2 PCI Express x1

Note: With Windows 7, 192 GB is the physical memory limit for 64-bit

Windows (X64)

Intel Processors