tside the city, and many monuments (Puerta de Alcal, Cibeles Fountain), and cultural institutions (El Prado Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens, Royal Observatory, etc.). Despite being known as one of the greatest benefactors of Madrid, his beginnings were not entirely peaceful, as in 1766 he had to overcome the Esquilache Riots, a traditionalist revolt instigated by the nobility

and clergy against his reformist intentions, demanding the repeal of the clothing decree ordering the shortening of the layers and the prohibition of the use of hats that hide the face, with the aim of reducing crime in the city.[47]

The reign of Charles IV of Spain is not very meaningful to Madrid, except for the presence of Goya in the Court, who

portrayed the popular and courtly life of the city.

From the 19th century to present day[edit]

Alcal street

On 27 October 1807, Charles IV and Napoleon I signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, which allowed the passage of French troops through

Spanish territory to join the Spanish troops and invade Portugal, which had refused to obey the order of international blockade against England. As this was happening, there was the Mutiny of Aranjuez (17 March 1808), by which the crown prince, Ferdinand VII, replaced his father as king. However, when Ferdinand VII returned to Madrid, the city was already occupied

by Joachim-Napolon Murat, so that both the king and his father were virtually prisoners of the French army. Napoleon, took advantage of the weakness of the Spanish Bourbons, forcing both, first the father then the son, to join him in Bayonne, where Ferdinand arrived on 20 April.

In the absence of the two kings, the situation became more and more tense in the

capital. On 2 May, a crowd began to gather at the Royal Palace. The crowd saw the French soldiers pulled out of the palace to the royal family members who were still in the palace. Immediately, the crowd launched an assault on the floats. The fight lasted hours and spread throughout Madrid. Subsequent repression was brutal. In the Paseo del Prado and in the fields

of La Moncloa hundreds of patriots were shot due to Murat's order against "Spanish all carrying arms". Paintings such as The Third of May 1808 by Goya reflect the repression that ended the popular uprising on 2 May.[48]

The Peninsular War against Napoleon, despite the last absolutist claims during the reign of Ferdinand VII, gave birth to a new country with a

liberal and bourgeois character, open to influences coming from the rest of Europe. Madrid, the capital of Spain, experienced like no other city the changes caused by this opening and filled with theaters, cafes and newspapers. Madrid was frequently altered by revolutionary outbreaks and pronouncements, such as Viclvaro 1854, led by General Leopoldo

O'Donnell and initiating the progressive biennium. However, in the early 20th century Madrid looked more like a small town than a modern city. During the first third of the 20th century the population nearly doubled, reaching more than 950,000 inhabitants. New suburbs such as Las Ventas, Tetun and El Carmen became the homes of the influx of

workers, while Ensanche became a middle-class neighbourhood of Madrid.[49]

Cuatro Torres Business Area

Skyline

The Spanish Constitution of 1931 was the first legislated on the state capital, setting it explicitly in Madrid.

Madrid was one of the most heavily affected cities of Spain in the Civil War (19361939). The city was a stronghold of the Republicans from July 1936. Its western suburbs were the scene of an all-out battle in November 1936 and it was during the

Civil War that Madrid became the first European city to be bombed by aeroplanes (Japan was the first to bomb civilians in world history, at Shanghai in 1932) specifically targeting civilians in the history of warfare. (See Siege of Madrid (193639)).[50]

During the economic boom in Spain from 1959 to 1973, the city experienced unprecedented,

extraordinary development in terms of population and wealth, becoming the largest GDP city in Spain, and ranking third in Western Europe. The municipality was extended, annexing neighbouring council districts, to achieve the present extension of 607 km2 (234.36 sq mi). The south of Madrid became very industrialized, and there were massive migrations from

rural areas of Spain into the city. Madrid's newly built north-western districts became the home of the new thriving middle class that appeared as result of the 1960s Spanish economic boom, while the south-eastern periphery became an extensive working-class settlement, which was the base for an active cultural and political reform.[50]

After the death of Franco and the start of the democratic regime, the 1978 constitution confirmed Madrid as the capital of Spain. In 1979, the first municipal elections brought Madrid's first democratically elected mayor since the Second Republic. Madrid was the scene of some of the most important events of the time, such as the mass demonstrations of support

for democracy after the foiled coup, 23-F, on 23 February 1981. The first democratic mayors belonged to the leftist parties (Enrique Tierno Galvn, Juan Barranco Gallardo), turning the city after more conservative positions (Agustn Rodrguez Sahagn, Jos Mara lvarez del Manzano, Alberto Ruiz-Gallardn and Ana Botella). Benefiting from

increasing prosperity in the 1980s and 1990s, the capital city of Spain has consolidated its position as an important economic, cultural, industrial, educational, and technological centre on the European continent.[50]

Madrid seen from Buenavista Hill

Government[edit]

See also: List of mayors of Madrid

Cybele Palace: City Hall of Madrid and iconic monument of the city

The City Council consists of 57 members, one of them being the Mayor, currently Manuela Carmena. The Mayor presides over the Council.

The Plenary of the Council is the body of political representation of the citizens in the municipal government. Some of its attributions are: fiscal matters, the election and deposition of the Mayor, the approval and modification of decrees and regulations, the approval of budgets, the agreements related to the limits and alteration of the municipal term, the services

management, the participation in supramunicipal organizations, etc.[51] Nowadays,mayoral team consists of the Mayor, the Deputy Mayor and 8 Delegates; all of them form The Board of Delegates (the Municipal Executive Committee).[52]

Madrid has tended to be a stronghold of the People's Party (PP, right-wing political party), which has

controlled the city's mayoralty since 1989. In the 2007 regional and local elections, the People's Party obtained 34 seats, theSpanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, left political party) obtained 18 and United Left (IU, left political party) obtained 5.

Ana Botella has been in office since 2011, as former mayor Alberto Ruiz-Gallardn, also from the PP, left the post after the

2011 General Election to become Spain's Minister of Justice. Botella's party keeps the majority in the City Council that PP reached in the 2011 Municipal Election (31 seats out of 57), taking 49.6% of the popular vote and winning in all but two districts.

In the 2015 elections, PP was the most voted party, being Ahora Madrid the runner-up. Nevertheless,

Manuela Carmena, from Ahora Madrid, was proclaimed Mayor after a pact between her party and PSOE.

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit] Main article: Climate of Madrid

The Madrid region experiences a Mediterranean climate[53] (Kppen Csa)[54] with continental characteristics, with mild to

cold winters due to its altitude of 667 m (2,188 ft) above sea level and distance to the sea, including sporadic snowfalls and minimum temperatures sometimes below freezing. Summers are warm to hot, in the warmest month - July -average temperatures during the day ranging from 32 to 33 C (90 to 91 F) depending on location. Summer temperatures

occasionally climb over 35 C (95 F) during the city's heatwaves. Due to Madrid's altitude and dry climate, diurnal ranges are often significant during the summer. The highest recorded temperature was on 24 July 1995 with 42.2 C (108.0 F), and the lowest recorded temperature was on 16 January 1945 with 10.1 C (13.8 F). Although these records

were registered at the airport, not at the city.[55] Precipitation is concentrated in the autumn and spring. It is particularly sparse during the summer, taking the form of about two showers and/or thunderstorms a month.

[hide]Climate data for Madrid (667m), Buen Retiro Park in the city centre (1981-2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high C (F) 9.8 (49.6)

12.0 (53.6)

16.3 (61.3)

18.2 (64.8)

22.2 (72)

28.2 (82.8)

32.1 (89.8)

31.3 (88.3)

26.4 (79.5)

19.4 (66.9)

13.5 (56.3)

10.0 (50)

19.9 (67.8)

Daily mean C (F) 6.3 (43.3)

7.9 (46.2)

11.2 (52.2)

12.9 (55.2)

16.7 (62.1)

22.2 (72)

25.6 (78.1)

25.1 (77.2)

20.9 (69.6)

15.1 (59.2)

9.9 (49.8)

6.9 (44.4)

15.0 (59)

Average low C (F) 2.7 (36.9)

3.7 (38.7)

6.2 (43.2)

7.7 (45.9)

11.3 (52.3)

16.1 (61)

19.0 (66.2)

18.8 (65.8)

15.4 (59.7)

10.7 (51.3)

6.3 (43.3)

3.6 (38.5)

10.1 (50.2)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

33 (1.3)

35 (1.38)

25 (0.98)

45 (1.77)

51 (2.01)

21 (0.83)

12 (0.47)

10 (0.39)

22 (0.87)

60 (2.36)

58 (2.28)

51 (2.01)

421 (16.5

7)

Average precipitation days ( 1 mm)

6 5 4 7 7 3 2 2 3 7 7 7 59

Mean monthly sunshine

hours 148 157 214 231 272 310 359 335 261 198 157 124 2,769

Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorologa[56][57][58][59]

[show]Climate data for Madrid-Barajas Airport (609m), 9 km (5.59 mi) from the city's financial district (1981-2010)

[show]Climate data for Madrid-Cuatro Vientos Airport, 8 km (4.97 mi) from the city centre (altitude: 690m, satellite

view) (1981-2010)

Location[edit]

Destinations from Madrid

A Corua Bilbao Barcelona

Lisbon

Valencia

Madrid

Sevilla Mlaga Murcia

Water supply[edit]

Madrid derives almost 73.5 percent of its water supply from dams and reservoirs built on the Lozoya River, such as the El Atazar Dam, which was built in 1972 and inaugurated by Francisco Franco.[62] This water supply is managed by Canal de Isabel II, a public entity created in 1851. It is responsible for the supply,

depurating waste water and the conservation of all the Comunidad de Madrid region natural water resources.

Demographics[edit]

Historical population

Year Pop. %

1897 542,739

1900 575,675 +6.1%

1910 614,322 +6.7%

1920 823,711 +34.1%

1930 1,041,767 +26.5%

1940 1,322,835 +27.0%

1950 1,553,338 +17.4%

1960 2,177,123 +40.2%

1970 3,120,941 +43.4%

1980 3,158,818 +1.2%

1991 3,010,492 4.7%

2001 2,938,723 2.4%

2010 3,273,049 +11.4%

2014 3,165,235 3.3%

Largest groups of foreign residents[citation

needed]

Nationality Population (2015)

Romania 46,410

China 32,174

Ecuador 29,867

Morocco 21,137

Bolivia 19,654

Dominican Republic

18,606

Colombia 17,617

Paraguay 16,802

Peru 16,523

Italy 14,134

Philippines 10,522

Bulgaria 8,420

The population of Madrid generally increased from when the city became the national capital in the mid-16th century and has

stabilised at about 3 million from the 1970s.

From around 1970 until the mid-1990s, the city's population dropped. This phenomenon, which also affected other European cities, was caused in part by the growth of satellite suburbs at the expense of the downtown. Another reason might have been the slowdown in the rate of growth of the European economy.

The demographic boom accelerated in the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century due to immigration, in response to a surge in Spanish economic growth. According to census data, the population of the city grew by 271,856 between 2001 and 2005.

As the capital city of Spain, the city has attracted many immigrants from around the

world. In 2007, about 83.8% of the inhabitants were Spaniards, while people of other origins, including immigrants from Latin America, Europe, Asia, North Africa and West Africa, represented 16.2% of the population.

The ten largest immigrant groups include: Ecuadorian: 104,184, Romanian: 52,875, Bolivian: 44,044, Colombian:

35,971, Peruvian: 35,083, Chinese: 34,666, Moroccan: 32,498, Dominican: 19,602, Brazilian: 14,583, andParaguayan: 14,308.[63] There were 2,476 Japanese citizens registered with the Japanese embassy in Madrid in 1993.[64] There are also important communities of Filipinos, Equatorial Guineans, Bulgarians, Indi

ans, Italians,Argentines, Senegalese and Poles.[63]

A study made by Unin de comunidades islmicas de Espaa demonstrated that there were about 250,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Community of Madrid as of 2012 ( less than 4% of the total population of Madrid). The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating

from Morocco and other African countries. More than 130,000 (52%) of them had Spanish nationality.[65]

Districts that host the largest number of immigrants are Usera (28.37%), Centro (26.87%), Carabanchel (22.72%) and Tetun (21.54%). Districts that host the smallest number are Fuencarral-El

Pardo (9.27%), Retiro (9.64%) andChamartn (11.74%).[citation needed] Many members of Madrid's Japanese community, particularly those with children, live in Majadahonda, Mirasierra, The Vaguada, and other areas in northwest Madrid, in proximity to the Japanese international school. Central Madrid attracted many Japanese company employees

without children due to its proximity to places of employment.[64]

The traditional religion in Madrid is the Roman Catholic. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid. In a 2011 survey conducted by InfoCatlica, 57.1% of Madrid residents of all ages identified themselves as Catholic.[66]

Districts[edit]

Main article: Districts of Madrid

Madrid is administratively divided into 21 districts, which are further subdivided into 128 wards (barrios)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Madrid districts. The numbers correspond with the list in the left

1. Centro: Palacio, Embajadores, Cortes, Justicia, Universidad, Sol.

2. Arganzuela: Imperial, Acacias, La Chopera, Legazpi, Delicias, Palos de Moguer, Atocha.

3. Retiro: Pacfico, Adelfas, Estrella, Ibiza, Jernimos, Nio Jess.

4. Salamanca: Recoletos, Goya, Parque de las Avenidas, Fuente

del Berro, Guindalera, Lista, Castellana.

5. Chamartn: El Viso, Prosperidad, Ciudad Jardn, Hispanoamrica, Nueva Espaa, Castilla.

6. Tetun: Bellas Vistas, Cuatro Caminos, Castillejos, Almenara, Valdeacederas, Berruguete.

7. Chamber: Gaztambide, Arapiles, Trafalgar, Almagro,

Vallehermoso, Ros Rosas.

8. Fuencarral-El Pardo: El Pardo, Fuentelarreina, Peagrande, Barrio del Pilar, La Paz, Valverde, Mirasierra, El Goloso.

9. Moncloa-Aravaca: Casa de Campo, Argelles, Ciudad Universitaria, Valdezarza, Valdemarn, El Planto, Aravaca.

10. Latina: Los Crmenes, Puerta del ngel, Lucero, Aluche, Las guilas, Campamento, Cuatro Vientos.

11. Carabanchel: Comillas, Opael, San Isidro, Vista Alegre, Puerta Bonita, Buenavista, Abrantes.

12. Usera: Orcasitas, Orcasur, San Fermn, Almendrales, Moscard, Zofo, Pradolongo.

13. Puente de Vallecas: Entrevas, San Diego, Palomeras Bajas, Palomeras Sureste, Portazgo, Numancia.

14. Moratalaz: Pavones, Horcajo, Marroquina, Media Legua, Fontarrn, Vinateros.

15. Ciudad Lineal: Ventas, Pueblo Nuevo, Quintana, La Concepcin, San Pascual, San Juan

Bautista, Colina, Atalaya, Costillares.

16. Hortaleza: Palomas, Valdefuentes, Canillas, Pinar del Rey, Apstol Santiago, Piovera.

17. Villaverde: San Andrs, San Cristbal, Butarque, Los Rosales, Los ngeles.

18. Villa de Vallecas: Casco Histrico de Vallecas, Santa Eugenia.

19. Viclvaro: Casco Histrico de Viclvaro, Ambroz.

20. San Blas: Simancas, Helln, Amposta, Arcos, Rosas, Rejas, Canillejas, Salvador.

21. Barajas: Alameda de Osuna, Aeropuerto, Casco Histrico de Barajas, Timn, Corralejos.

Metropolitan area[edit]

Main article: Madrid metropolitan area

The Madrid metropolitan area comprises the city of Madrid and forty surrounding municipalities. It has a population of slightly more than 6.271 million people[67] and covers an area of 46,097 square kilometres (17,798 sq mi). It is the largest metropolitan area in Spain and the third largest in the European Union.[5][6][7][8]

As with many metropolitan areas of similar size, two distinct zones of urbanisation can be distinguished:

Inner ring (primera corona): Alcorcn, Legans, Getafe, Mstoles, Fuenlabrada, Coslada, Alcobendas, Pozuelo de Alarcn, San Fernando de Henares

Outer ring (segunda corona): Villaviciosa de Odn, Parla, Pinto, Valde

moro, Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Torrejn de Ardoz, Alcal de Henares, San Sebastin de los Reyes, Tres Cantos, Las Rozas de Madrid, Majadahonda, Boadilla del Monte

The largest suburbs are to the South, and in general along the main routes leading out of Madrid.

Submetropolitan areas inside Madrid metropolitan area:

Madrid submetropolitan areas

Submetropolitan area Area (km)

Population (pop.)

Density (pop./km)

Madrid Majadahonda 996.1 3,580,828 3,595.0

Mstoles Alcorcn 315.1 430,349 1,365.6

Fuenlabrada Legans Getafe Parla Pinto Valdemoro 931.7 822,806 883.1

Alcobendas 266.4 205,905 772.9

Arganda del Rey Rivas-Vaciamadrid 343.6 115,344 335.7

Alcal de Henares Torrejn de Ardoz 514.6 360,380 700.3

Colmenar Viejo Tres Cantos 419.1 104,650 249.7

Collado Villalba 823.1 222,769 270.6

Madrid metropolitan area 4,609.7 5,843,031 1,267.6

Cityscape[edit]

Architecture[edit] Main article: Architecture of Madrid

This section needs add