Future Research

Social Movements

Future Studies

• Our goal is not to forsee the future, but to map out alternatives (Tepperman et al, 2008)

• Wendal Bell (1997) four key assumptions about the future

Four Assumptions (Bell, 1997)

• 1. Time is continuous, linear, unidirectional and irreversable

• 2. The future will bring novel events-not everything has existed or will exist

• 3. Future thinking is about human action-actions need anticipation and future goals

• 4. In making our way in the world, the most useful knowledge is `future knowledge’.

The Social Movements of the 21st Century

• What will they look like?

• To whom will it appeal?

• What focus will it have…

P MARCUSE - 2005

• Collective behavior portion of Collective Behavior/Social Movement (CBSM) studies may be revitalized in the near future. The revitalization will occur because repertoires of extra-institutional challenge emerging in the postmodern age seem to fall outside the way social movements have been theorized in the last twenty-five years.

Today's postmodern trends

1. Increasing consumerism and affluence, 2. individualism, 3. demographic complexity, I4. ideological diversity, 5. global migration, 6. constant innovation in communications

technology— Have proliferated new social identities and

deconstructed social identities imposed by the Other.

• As a result, postmodernity's complexities are multiplying the number of small, diverse, and diffuse groupings defining themselves in challenging ways outside the corridors of politics. Indeed these groupings may in the years to come recast what some see as a social movement society into a CBSM Society of diverse challenges to the institutional order. /// 

• Social movements often attempt to bring about a future forged from an incomplete present.

• Alain Badiou (2008) has provided a theory that could help us to understand this mediation between a desired utopian political future and a flawed present. He argues that new ethical positions begin from an 'event' or break. 

•  

Charles Tilley

• The focus on the internationalization and inclusiveness are very foundation social movements of the 21st century.

• The principal difficulty is how to establish a causal relationship between a series of events that we can reasonably classify:

1. as social movement actions

2. and an observed changes in society,

3. fundamental, durable or temporary.

Mass Movements and Success

• Mass actions and street demonstrations in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania,

• Brought about the fall of the Communist regimes in those countries

and, together with popular mobilizations

• Resulted in the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991

• These occurred in the Baltic Republics and later on, USSR fell…

• These movements must have played a significant role can be seen in the impressive growth of popular mobilizations in those countries

Feminist Movements

• Eisenstein, Hester 1996. Inside Agitators: Australian Femocrats and the State. Philadelphia, PA:

Temple University Press

• Hester Eisenstein's detailed study of the movement of Australian

feminists into the state government bureaucracy is one of

the first studies in the current wave of research into insider

activism

TODAY’s Movements

• Social Movements can appear in all spheres of life.

• Naturally, social movements could hardly fail to resist to the impact of global forces

How successful are Social Movements

• Even when social movements never place a toe in transnational waters…

• … the fact that their societies are affected by globalization makes their domestic actions part of global civil society.

Examples

• Some of have begun to posit the development of a whole new spectrum of transnational social movements;

Some focus on human rights

• Others have focused on one particular movement women, race, sexuality…

• Or on human rights, the environment, or the concerns of indigenous peoples;

Post modernism

• Still others focus on cultural forms, deducing from the collapse of extinct meta-narratives

• A groping across borders towards new cultural codes and connections.

Currently , such networks continue to grow.

• It is quite possible to presuppose that in the future the social movement that is focused on the inclusion into the international network will have the greatest impact…

• Thus social movements today have larger opportunities to gain the wide public recognition and to be supported by larger masses of people…

• It seems to be obvious that, among the variety of movements existing at the moment, the social movement that has better perspectives in the future will…

• … be based on the ideology which is equally acceptable to representatives of different countries with their unique culture, traditions and standards.

Globalization forces

• Three forces Drive Globalization:

1. UNIVERSALISM

2. IMPERIALISM

3. CAPITALISM

Universalism-

• Universalism- universalism seeks truths that apply to all times and places.

• Interest in global expansion is based upon a material products that can be made and distributed on a global basis….Products made to a universal standard. See McDonaldization

Imperialism

• Imperialism -the notion that developed nations can help and exploit less nations. Inclusiveness leaves nothing untouched. This notion has an embedded militarism.

• The Koran and the semitar, the Bible and the Sword, Communist manifesto and tanks.

Capitalism

• C. Capitalism-Profit or surplus value.

• The search for suplus value-as the market continues there exist a drive to find cheaper and more efficient ways of producing goods for sale and consumption.

• Capitalism is characterized by systematic consumption, exchange, wealth accumulation.

Clearly

• The recent trend is towards the internationalization of social movements

• This fact has been already noticed by specialists and often such movements are often referred to as "transnational social movements" (Smith, Chatfield and Pagnucco 1997),

The Future

• In other words, the ideal social movement of the future will:

1. overcome national frontiers

2. work toward improving modern socio-economic relations

3. And improve cultural interaction.

To be transnational,…

• A social movement ought to have social and political bases outside its target society;

• .. but to be a social movement, it needs grassroots appeal…

It ought to be:

• clearly seen to be rooted within domestic social networks

1. and engage in contentious politics

2. But least one is a party to the interaction must be focused internationally.

• This ideology of future movements implies the popularization of basic and universal principles common to representatives of different nations (Williams 2002:194).

For instance,if a movement seeks

1. Basic democratic principles,

2. Human rights

3. Humanistic values

• This would be a good ideological basis of a social movement that can really unite people throughout the world.

• At the same time, social movements must have networks spread worldwide

• These networks cannot appear spontaneously.

• Internet is a great tool for vertical community

• They should be based on the existing movements

• They are most likely to take root among pre-existing social networks …

• Where relations of trust, reciprocity, and cultural learning are stored.

• This is the thesis that Tilly developed when he placed “organization” in a triangular relationship with interest and collective action in his “mobilization model” (1978:57).

• In examining what kinds of groups are likely to mobilize,

• Tilly paid attention to both:

• (1)the categories of people who recognize their common characteristics,

• And (2) to networks of people who are linked to each other by a specific interpersonal bond, than to formal organization (62).

• The resulting idea of “catnets” stressed a group’s inclusiveness as “the main aspect of group structure which affects the ability to mobilize” (64)..

NGOs

• As a great example, one non-profit organization in San Francisco Bay Area,The Bay Area Center for Independent Culture (BACIC),, had enlarged their social network in their unique way

• They focused on the youth is very important since it is the youth that is the most perspective part of population for any social movement.

• The reason is quite obvious: the youth is the most active part of the population

• And, at the same time, young people are the most susceptible to the perception of new and progressive ideas.

Perspective social movements…

• In the second decade of the 21st century may be focused on different fields and goals.

• For instance, conceived by the philosopher Dr. Fred Newman and the developmental psychologist Dr. Lenora Fulani, the BACIC,

• as a nonprofit organization,

• Provides talent show opportunities

• Leadership training through two supplementary education programs: the All Stars

• The president of the BACIC, L. Kurlander, says;Over 25 years, we have discerned that “development” is what is needed to move our young people and our communities from chronic poverty and all of its effects.

a “new kind of community

• To create this development, we built a “new kind of community” that includes tens of thousands of

• young people, • donors, • volunteers, • parents, artists, • performers • and business professionals.

• Talent Show Network (ASTSN) and the Joseph A. Forgone Development School for Youth (DSY).

• This overarching organization links ASTSN and DSY with other organizations that share both resources and goals, including the Castillo Theatre and the Talented Volunteers Program.

• This constellation of organizations enhances the success of each component by encouraging mutual support and providing further access to resources.

• They form a larger community that encompasses:

• a creative theater-based community,

• a youth development community,

• and a therapeutic community.

• There are also strong connections to progressive political activism within all of these communities.

• Thus the theatrical, youth development, and therapeutic communities were functionally related to each other,

• And all three were philosophically related to the progressive political community.

• Important to the program was to:

• 1. appeal the vibrancy of a city’s many cultures and languages,

• And (2 ) to the pride residents take in the diversity of their city.

• Equally diverse are the social and economic divides that position the very rich alongside the very poor.

• The affluence of the city’s business life does not necessarily extend to more marginal, under-resourced communities.

• It is these communities that the All Stars Project has selected as its target population.

• The stark contrasts between the cosmopolitan corporate world

• and the circumscribed and underdeveloped experiences of many young people from the surrounding boroughs are the cultural dissonance on which the ASTSN/DSY programs are based.

• .Another key role of interpersonal networks in movement aggregation and mobilization has obvious implications for the likelihood that social movements can form across transnational space.

Note:

• The “objective conditions” (eg., economic interdependence, cultural integration or hegemony, or institutional diffusion) produce the preconditions for the appearance of similar movements in a variety of countries,

• The transaction costs of linking them into integrated networks are difficult for any social movement to accomplish

• Especially in the absence of activists whose ties cross national boundaries on a regular basis and exhibit the mutual trust and reciprocity of domestic social networks

• In conclusion, international institutions can thus play a facilitating role in all processes but are particularly important as targets for internationalization.

• This leads to the paradox that international institutions can be the arenas in which transnational contention forms.

• States of course do not create international institutions in order to encourage contention;

• States are more likely to delegate than to fuse sovereignty, (Moravcsek 1998).

• But because the norms and practices of international institutions mediate among the interests of competing states,

• they can provide political opportunities for weak domestic social actors, encouraging their connections with others like themselves and offering resources that can be used in intra-national and transnational conflict.

• At the same time, the focus on the internationalization and inclusiveness are very perspective to social movements of the 21st century.

The resulting idea of “catnets” stressed a group’s inclusiveness

as “the main aspect of group structure which affects the ability

to mobilize” (64).As a great example, one non-

profit organization in San Francisco Bay Area,The Bay Area Center for Independent

Culture (BACIC), in which my volunteer-work-partner Katy and I had leaned, had enlarged their social network in their unique way. Expanded from a low-

budget initiative into a multimillion dollar grassroots

organization that serves tens of thousands of young people

annually, including some of San Francisco’s poorest youth. It is

worthy of mention that the focus of social movements on the youth

is very important since it is the youth that is the most perspective part of population for any social movement. The reason is quite obvious: the youth is the most

active part of the population and, at the same time, young people are the most susceptible to the

perception of new and progressive ideas. Perspective social movements of the 21st century may be focused on

different fields and goals. For instance, conceived by the

philosopher Dr. Fred Newman and the developmental

psychologist Dr. Lenora Fulani, the BACIC, as a nonprofit

organization, provides talent show opportunities and

leadership training through two supplementary education

programs: the All Stars Talent Show Network (ASTSN) and the Joseph A. Forgone Development

School for Youth (DSY). This overarching organization links ASTSN and DSY with other organizations that share both

resources and goals, including the Castillo Theatre and the

Talented Volunteers Program. This constellation of

organizations enhances the success of each component by

encouraging mutual support and providing further access to

resources. They form a larger community that encompasses a

creative theater-based community, a youth development

community, and a therapeutic community. There are also strong

connections to progressive political activism within all of these communities. Thus the

theatrical, youth development, and therapeutic communities are functionally related to each other, and all three are philosophically

related to the progressive political community. The

president of the BACIC, L. Kurlander, says;

Over 25 years, we have discerned that “development” is what is

needed to move our young people and our communities from

chronic poverty and all of its effects. To create this

development, we built a “new kind of community” in our city

that includes tens of thousands of young people, donors,

volunteers, parents, artists, performers and business

professionals.This program unfolds within the

geographical context of San Francisco, a center of

international business and art that has developed a unique culture.

Important to an understanding of the program is the vibrancy of the

city’s many cultures and languages, and the pride residents take in the diversity of their city. Equally diverse are the social and

economic divides that position the very rich alongside the very poor. The affluence of the city’s business life does not necessarily extend to more marginal, under-

resourced communities. It is these communities that the All Stars Project has selected as its

target population. The stark contrasts between the

cosmopolitan corporate world and the circumscribed and

underdeveloped experiences of many young people from the surrounding boroughs are the

cultural dissonance on which the ASTSN/DSY programs are

based. Promoting and guiding the meeting of these two worlds is

the central strategy of the development project.

Another key role of interpersonal networks in movement

aggregation and mobilization has obvious implications for the

likelihood that social movements can form across transnational

space. Even if “objective conditions” (eg., economic interdependence, cultural

integration or hegemony, or institutional diffusion) produce

the preconditions for the appearance of similar movements

in a variety of countries, the transaction costs of linking them into integrated networks would

be difficult for any social movement to accomplish in the absence of activists whose ties cross national boundaries on a regular basis and exhibit the

mutual trust and reciprocity of domestic social networks. Cheap

international transportation, electronic communication and

lobbying, and international subcontracting provide resources

for various kinds of social networks to form across national boundaries (Bob 1997; Keck and

Sikkink 1998; Wellman and Giulia 1998).

Moreover, sustained cooperation with actors from other countries

against the actions of one or another state or international

institution is the most pregnant possibility for unbundling

territorial limits. When domestic activists interact routinely with others with similar claims, they can form transnational networks and identities and take advantage of international opportunities to

advance these claims.Domestic social actors do not

access the international system when they protest domestically against external agents; nor do

they do so when they temporarily borrow the resources of external actors on their native soil, though

much good can come of this resource borrowing. More

positive outcomes can result when domestic actors externalize

their claims, seeking the intervention of transnational advocacy groups, third-party organizations, or international

institutions. But this mechanism is partial, selective and vertical, and can create a split between

domestic and transnational activists. Internationalization, in contrast, forges horizontal links

among activists with similar claims and is most likely to produce transnational social

movements.Basically, such the orientation on

internationalization and closer integration implies that the ideal

social movement of the 20th century would have tolerant

approach to the most burning social and cultural issues. This means that it would be mainly focused on the development of

basic principles common to representatives of different socio-cultural groups. In fact, this is the

major condition of the further development of the social

movement because, otherwise, it could not be adequately perceived in different

communities that may represent even one and the same state,

while in global terms the need to develop universal humanistic principles tolerant to different

cultures is vitally important since it prevents the social movement from internal conflicts caused by

cultural or ideological contradictions.

In conclusion, international institutions can thus play a

facilitating role in all processes but are particularly important as

targets and fulcra for internationalization. This leads to

the paradox that international institutions can be the arenas in which transnational contention forms. I do not maintain that

states create international institutions in order to encourage contention; states are more likely

to delegate than to fuse sovereignty, (Moravcsek 1998).

But because the norms and practices of international

institutions mediate among the interests of competing states,

they can provide political opportunities for weak domestic social actors, encouraging their

connections with others like themselves and offering

resources that can be used in intra-national and transnational conflict. At the same time, the

focus on the internationalization and inclusiveness are very

perspective to social movements of the 21st century.

ReferencesRussell, G. Modern Philosophy

and Society. New York: Random House, 2004.

Williams, L.D. Social Movements: Past and Future. New York: New Publishers,

2002. 

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