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CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
1
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 11th Information Exchange Meeting onActinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation
Future nuclear systems: fuel cycle options and guidelines for research
Bernard Boullis, Dominique Warin
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division, France
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
2
The French electricity
Gravelines
Chooz
Cattenom
Fessenheim
Bugey
St AlbanCruas
Tricastin
PenlyPaluelFlamanville
St Laurent DampierreBellevilleChinon
Civaux
Blayais
Golfech
900 MW 1 300 MW 1 500 MW
Nogent Seine
Gravelines
Chooz
Cattenom
Fessenheim
Bugey
St AlbanCruas
Tricastin
PenlyPaluelFlamanville
St Laurent DampierreBellevilleChinon
Civaux
Blayais
Golfech
900 MW 1 300 MW 1 500 MW
Nogent Seine
nuclear
hydro
fossil
- Nuclear > 75 % of electricity generation- Low-carbon energy mix : # 4g CO2 per kwh
- 58 PWR- 63 GWe- >410 TWh per year
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
3
Closing the Fuel cycle with processing … an industrial reality
Mines Enrichment
FuelFabric.
Reactors& Services
Recycling :MOX Fuelfabrication
EnrichedUranium
UltimateWasreDisposal
Front-End Sector Reactors & Services Sector Back-End Sector
Uranium recyclable
Plutonium
ChemistryNatural Uranium
Spent FuelReprocessing
The example of the French situation :
• 58 PWRs 410 TWh annually• > 75 % of French electric production
• Fuel processing : more than 25 yearsof experience
• 1200 tHM/yr of spent fueldischarged from the French PWRs
• 850 tHM /yr of reprocessed spent fuel domestic + foreign
• Until now: ~ 25 000 tHM spent fuelreprocessed
• 150 tHM/yr MOX fuel producedand used in 22 PWRs
• U recycled in 4 PWRs
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
4
Recycling technologies : decades R and D !
U, Pu, FPs,MAssolution
HULLS
SPENT FUEL HNO3
TBP
FPs, MAs
U
Pu
DISSOLUTION EXTRACTION
high yields…
…technological waste low amounts
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
5
Final waste vitrification
180 liters
#15% FPs
# 10 glass canisters /reactor 1GWe /year --- # 600 canisters /year
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
6
Glass canisters disposal in the deep geological repository
1mSv/y
1μSv/yD
ose
at fi
nal o
utle
t
100 000 y 1 M y
(ANDRA, « Clay Report », 2005)
Time after disposal
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
7
Current recycling strategy : the rationale
- saving uranium resources, still at low scale(#10% of French nuclear electricity from MOX fuels)
- mastering the growth of plutonium inventory(Pu flux adequacy : Pu from processing= Pu refueled)
- safe and secure ultimate glass waste, without plutonium
- the plutonium available for future use is safely concentrated in MOX spent fuels (7 UOX -> 1 MOX)
- an already large industrial experience, operated under international safeguards
( #25 000 tons SNF reprocessed, # 2000 tons MOX produced)
to be pursued with Generation III reactors
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
8
World context : a very significant energy need in the near-future
World population
• Significant increase of the energy need,even when promoting “green economy”– likely increase of world population:
up to ~11.109 by 2100– economic growing of Asian
countries, especially India andChina
• The increase of electricity is still muchhigher, due to energy transfer fromfossil energies
SOURCE : AIEA
8,13,84,14,03,9
1,60,8
0,70,2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Consommation d'énergie par habitant (TEP)
U.S.A.
U.E.
Allemagne
FRANCE
JAPON
MONDE
Pays émergents
CHINE
INDE
Energy consumption/inhabitant (Tep)
Unavoidablegrowing
1,1 G.hab1,4 G.hab
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
9
Towards a sustainable nuclear energy
« A development which meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs »
Environmental-friendlyLow-GHG emissionResources preservation
Reasonable economic costsEnergetic independenceAvailable resources
Safety and reliabilityMastered and limited risks
Sustainability is a must
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
10
Long term sustainable nuclear systems
- efficient burning of plutonium- full use of uranium- no enrichment needs- potentialities at a later step for improving waste management
by minor actinide recycling
Fast Reactors, the best answer…
0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00
U235
U238
Np23
7
Pu23
8
Pu23
9
Pu24
0
Pu24
1
Pu24
2
Am24
1
Am24
3
Cm24
4
Fiss
ion/
Abso
rpt
PWRSFR
Robert N. HillArgonne National Laboratory233rd ACS National Meeting – Chicago,, 2007
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
11
FUEL FABRICATION RECYCLING
WASTEFPs
(MAs)(40t)
Plutonium (#20%)depleted uranium
(40t)
FRs
Uranium (#80%)
MOX-FR450t
used MOX-FR450t
(minor actinides (# 5t))
Actinide multi-recycle in a FR fleet( principle values, self-balanced fleet, 60 GW/y)
Long term sustainable nuclear systems
A progressive deployment ?- initially fueled with plutonium, coming from spent MOX- breeding gain could be adjusted in the future
(according to energy needs)
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
12
Generation 3+
Generation 4Existing fleet40-year plant life
Plant life extension beyond 40 years
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2055
2060
Average plant life : 48 years
Inst
alle
d ca
paci
ty (M
We)
60 000
ASTRIDFast reactor Prototype
?
From PWRs to FRs…a French schematic pathway
?
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
13
The 1991 and 2006 French Acts: frame of the Program
• Three Research thematics for nuclear waste management:– recycle by P and T to decrease waste amount and toxicity– geological deep repository, retrievable– confinement and interim storage
• A “roadmap”– 2012 : industrial potentialities of the diverse recycling options, and
decision to build a prototype for transmutation tests by 2020
– 2015 : repository defined, and operation by 2025
December 30, 1991 and June 28, 2006
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
14
1- Adaptation(specific or innovative fuels)
Fuel cycle technologies : guidelines for R and D…
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
15
1- Adaptation(specific or innovative fuels)
2- Improvements(a « sustainable goal »…)
Fuel cycle technologies : guidelines for R and D…
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
16
Current improvement: increasing proliferation-resistance of Pu-recycling
PUREXMELOX
COEXTM
L15 - ATALANTE L15 - ATALANTE
(N2H5+,H+)2,9UIV
1,1PuIII0,9
(C2O4)5 .nH2OPuIV(C2O4)2 .6 H2O
Pu(IV) U(IV)+Pu(III)
• In order to avoid production of pure Pu in the recycling process, implementation of the COEXTM process– Co-extraction of U and Pu– Oxalic coconversion of U
and Pu: precipitation of oxalic solution, then calcination to UPu oxide solid solution
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
17
Current improvement for vitrification : the cold crucible technology
• Cooled wall, direct induction heating• Corrosion issues drastically decreased• Higher temperature, higher reactivity, FPs higher concentration glass
hot wall vitrification process
Waste stream
Hot wall crucible
Glass frit
Calciner
Glass canister
Waste streamGlass frit
Calciner
CCIM
Glass canister
CCIM vitrification process
in operation at La Hague , 2010
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
18
1- Adaptation(specific or innovative fuels)
2- Improvements(a « sustainable goal »…)
3- ExplorationP and T, minor actinide recycling
Fuel cycle technologies : guidelines for R and D…
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
19
Minor actinide recycling: drivers
1mSv/y
1μSv/y
(ANDRA, « CLAY REPORT », 2005)
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000Temps (années)
Rad
ioto
xici
té re
lativ
e
HA area: 390 ha
1MyREPOSITORY « FOOTPRINT »
Without transm
utation-120y
Am
transmutation-120y
SNF direct disposal
Current glasses
MA transmutationU ore
FINAL WASTE RADIOTOXICITY HA area: 110 ha
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
20
MA Partitioning and Transmutation: the 2012 milestone
• Design Separation processesTransmutation devicesTransmutation fuels
for industrial implementation
• Assess benefits / costs of MA P and T strategies
• Explore transition scenarios
• MA = Am, Cm, Np Interest of a specific approach vs. grouped approach
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
21
MA partitioning options
Pu Np Am Cm
GANEX-2 FPsGANEX-1
U
Spentfuel
PUREX /COEX
(U) Pu (Np)
EXAm
U (Np) Am
FPs& Cm
Spentfuel
DIAMEX /SANEX
U (Np) (U)Pu(Np)Am Cm
PUREX /COEX
SANEX-TODGAor
FPsSpentfuel
Enhanced separation:
Grouped separation:
Sole-Am separation:
Date of HA test
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
22
MA Recycling options…
20-24
21-23
19-23
18-20
19-17 23-21
23-17
21-17
17-16 22-2120-1918-17
19-22
19-2017-18
17-20
22-1920-17
18-1816-16 21-21
21-19
20-22
21-20
20-23
20-21
18-21
23-18
23-2021-18
19-1917-17 22-22
19-21
22-18
22-2020-18
18-1916-17
17-2317-22
18-22
17-19
16-2016-21
16-2216-23
16-2417-24
18-2419-24
20-1621-16
22-1623-16
24-1624-17
24-1824-19
24-20
15-16
14-17
13-18
12-19
11-20
10-21
09-22
08-23
16-15
17-14
18-13
19-12
20-11
21-10
22-09
23-0822-08
21-0820-08
20-07
08-2208-21
08-2007-20
09-19
10-18
11-17
12-16
13-15
14-14
15-13
16-12
17-11
18-10
19-09
09-2009-21
10-19
20-09
19-10
21-09
24-08
25-0826-08
08-2408-25
08-26
15-2515-24 16-25
17-2518-25
19-25
15-2315-22
15-2115-20
16-1916-18
15-19
14-2014-21
14-2214-23
14-2414-25
14-2615-26
16-2617-26
18-26
20-25
19-26
21-24
22-23
23-22
20-26
21-25
22-24
23-23
24-2224-21
25-2125-20
26-2025-1926-1925-18
26-1825-1726-1725-16
26-1625-1526-15
26-14
24-15
25-14
23-15
24-14
22-15
23-14
21-15
22-1421-14
20-15
19-16
20-14
19-15
18-16
08-19
19-08
15-1715-18
14-1814-19
13-1913-20
13-2112-21
12-2013-22
12-22 13-2312-23 13-24
12-24 13-2512-25
12-2613-26
12-2713-27
12-28
14-27
13-28
15-27
14-28
16-27
15-28
17-27
16-2817-28
18-2718-28
19-2720-27
19-2820-28
21-2621-27
22-2522-26
23-2423-25
24-2424-23
25-2225-23
26-2126-22
27-2027-21
27-19 28-2028-1927-18
28-1827-1728-17
28-1627-16
27-15
28-1527-1428-1427-13
20-20
28-1328-12
26-13
27-12
25-13
26-12
24-13
25-12
23-13
24-12
22-13
23-12
21-13
22-12
20-13
21-1220-12
19-1419-13
18-1518-14
17-15
18-23
21-22
23-1922-17
19-18
17-21
08-27
15-1514-15
15-14
13-14
14-13
24-25
25-2425-25
28-2128-22
17-13
30-20
17-12
19-11
22-1023-10
24-1025-10
26-10
27-10 28-11
30-1030-11
30-1230-13
30-1430-15
30-1630-17
30-1830-19
11-27
10-28
09-29
08-30
07-31
27-11
28-10
29-09
30-08
31-07
19-31
31-19
07-30
18-11
20-10
23-0924-09
25-09
26-0927-09
28-09
21-0722-07
23-07
24-0725-07
26-0727-07
28-0729-07
30-07 31-08
29-10
31-0931-10
07-21
31-11
07-22
31-12
07-23
31-13
07-24
31-14
07-25
31-15
07-26
31-16
07-27
31-17
07-28
31-18
07-29
08-2808-29
09-28
09-30
30-09
27-0828-08
29-08
09-18
10-17
11-16
12-15
15-12
16-11
17-10
18-09
14-1613-16
13-1712-17
12-1811-18
11-23
11-19
10-20 11-2111-22
10-2210-23
09-2311-24
10-2409-24
11-2511-2610-25
09-2509-26
09-2710-27
10-2611-28
10-2911-29
10-3011-30
19-30
21-29
22-27
24-26
27-2227-23
16-14
29-21
16-13
18-12
21-1122-11
23-1124-11
25-1126-11
29-1129-12
29-1329-14
29-15
29-1729-18
29-1929-20
12-3013-30
15-30
17-30
14-30
16-30
18-30
12-29
20-29
22-28
23-26
13-2914-29
16-29
18-29
15-29
17-29
19-29
10-31
18-31
20-30
21-28
23-27
26-2326-24
11-3112-31
14-31
16-31
13-31
15-31
17-31
08-3109-31
29-16
20-24
21-23
19-23
18-20
19-17 23-21
23-17
21-17
17-16 22-2120-1918-17
19-22
19-2017-18
17-20
22-1920-17
18-1816-16 21-21
21-19
20-22
21-20
20-23
20-21
18-21
23-18
23-2021-18
19-1917-17 22-22
19-21
22-18
22-2020-18
18-1916-17
17-2317-22
18-22
17-19
16-2016-21
16-2216-23
16-2417-24
18-2419-24
20-1621-16
22-1623-16
24-1624-17
24-1824-19
24-20
15-16
14-17
13-18
12-19
11-20
10-21
09-22
08-23
16-15
17-14
18-13
19-12
20-11
21-10
22-09
23-0822-08
21-0820-08
20-07
08-2208-21
08-2007-20
09-19
10-18
11-17
12-16
13-15
14-14
15-13
16-12
17-11
18-10
19-09
09-2009-21
10-19
20-09
19-10
21-09
24-08
25-0826-08
08-2408-25
08-26
15-2515-24 16-25
17-2518-25
19-25
15-2315-22
15-2115-20
16-1916-18
15-19
14-2014-21
14-2214-23
14-2414-25
14-2615-26
16-2617-26
18-26
20-25
19-26
21-24
22-23
23-22
20-26
21-25
22-24
23-23
24-2224-21
25-2125-20
26-2025-1926-1925-18
26-1825-1726-1725-16
26-1625-1526-15
26-14
24-15
25-14
23-15
24-14
22-15
23-14
21-15
22-1421-14
20-15
19-16
20-14
19-15
18-16
08-19
19-08
15-1715-18
14-1814-19
13-1913-20
13-2112-21
12-2013-22
12-22 13-2312-23 13-24
12-24 13-2512-25
12-2613-26
12-2713-27
12-28
14-27
13-28
15-27
14-28
16-27
15-28
17-27
16-2817-28
18-2718-28
19-2720-27
19-2820-28
21-2621-27
22-2522-26
23-2423-25
24-2424-23
25-2225-23
26-2126-22
27-2027-21
27-19 28-2028-1927-18
28-1827-1728-17
28-1627-16
27-15
28-1527-1428-1427-13
20-20
28-1328-12
26-13
27-12
25-13
26-12
24-13
25-12
23-13
24-12
22-13
23-12
21-13
22-12
20-13
21-1220-12
19-1419-13
18-1518-14
17-15
18-23
21-22
23-1922-17
19-18
17-21
08-27
15-1514-15
15-14
13-14
14-13
24-25
25-2425-25
28-2128-22
17-13
30-20
17-12
19-11
22-1023-10
24-1025-10
26-10
27-10 28-11
30-1030-11
30-1230-13
30-1430-15
30-1630-17
30-1830-19
11-27
10-28
09-29
08-30
07-31
27-11
28-10
29-09
30-08
31-07
19-31
31-19
07-30
18-11
20-10
23-0924-09
25-09
26-0927-09
28-09
21-0722-07
23-07
24-0725-07
26-0727-07
28-0729-07
30-07 31-08
29-10
31-0931-10
07-21
31-11
07-22
31-12
07-23
31-13
07-24
31-14
07-25
31-15
07-26
31-16
07-27
31-17
07-28
31-18
07-29
08-2808-29
09-28
09-30
30-09
27-0828-08
29-08
09-18
10-17
11-16
12-15
15-12
16-11
17-10
18-09
14-1613-16
13-1712-17
12-1811-18
11-23
11-19
10-20 11-2111-22
10-2210-23
09-2311-24
10-2409-24
11-2511-2610-25
09-2509-26
09-2710-27
10-2611-28
10-2911-29
10-3011-30
19-30
21-29
22-27
24-26
27-2227-23
16-14
29-21
16-13
18-12
21-1122-11
23-1124-11
25-1126-11
29-1129-12
29-1329-14
29-15
29-1729-18
29-1929-20
12-3013-30
15-30
17-30
14-30
16-30
18-30
12-29
20-29
22-28
23-26
13-2914-29
16-29
18-29
15-29
17-29
19-29
10-31
18-31
20-30
21-28
23-27
26-2326-24
11-3112-31
14-31
16-31
13-31
15-31
17-31
08-3109-31
29-16
HOMOGENEOUS (#1% MA, diluted in the fuel)
Once-through targets (inert matrix)
Multi-recycled MA-bearing blankets (# 10-20% MA on UO2)
HETEROGENEOUS:
« DEDICATED STRATA » (ADS)
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
23
Heterogeneous recycling: an option for MA transmutation
MA
Pu
U-PuU-MA
FP Reprocessing Unit
CORE : UPuO2
“BLANKETS” : UAmO2 or UAmCmO2
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
24
Am Transmutation
241Am
242Am
243Am
244Am
242Cm
243Cm
244Cm
241 Pu
242 Pu
243 Pu
239 Pu
240 Pu
238 Pu
β-16,02h
β-4,96h
239 Np
238 Np
β-2,36j
β- 10,1h
β+ 16,02h
82,7%
17,3%
90% transmuted
30% fissionned
ECRIX in Phénix
Metallic FPs
Initial AmO2
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
25
1- Adaptation(specific or innovative fuels)
2- Improvements(a « sustainable goal »…)
3- ExplorationP and T, minor actinide recycling
4- Alternative process« Dry processes… »
Fuel cycle technologies : guidelines for R and D…
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
26
Fleet and Fuels will evolve…
(?)
(?)
(HBU, MOX)
(feeding FRs)
(multi-recycle FRs)
(minor actinide recycle? )
TODAY
THEN?
THEN?
THEN?
FRs
Processes and technologies : flexible, efficient, cost-effective,clean, proliferation-resistant…
LWRs
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
27
En résumé… towards sustainable nuclear energy, the 2012 milestone
Nuclear energy, as a GHG-free energy, is anticipated to develop in thenext century to answer the increase of energy needs and has to besustainable
Current Pu mono-recycling with MOX in PWR already contributes inFrance to decrease waste volume and toxicity, while saving U resources
first step to sustainability
Increasing sustainability for nuclear energy requires improved actiniderecycling, and shifting stepwise towards fast reactor systems in orderto:
1st step : multi-recycle Pu and U for saving resources
2nd step : recycle minor actinides for stabilizing their inventories, reducing thewaste toxicity, reducing the repository volumes and costs
… strong implications for public acceptance
In the framework of the 2006 waste management Act, France developedand has now a portfolio of several MA partitioning processes thatbasically demonstrate the feasibility of their recycling, in homogeneousor heterogeneous mode
CEA / Nuclear Energy Division OECD NEA 11th IEMPTSan Francisco, USA – November 2, 2010
28
En résumé… towards sustainable nuclear energy, the 2012 milestone
For 2012, relative benefits of these different options have to beassessed in terms of economy, “densification” of the final storage,industrial feasibility, flexibility, safety, proliferation resistance,…
Industrial feasibility : design / optimize separation processes,transmutation fuels and their fabrication processes, and gathertechnical elements for industrial operation evaluation
Both science-based and process-oriented actinide separation andtransmutation research is continuing at CEA, within French andinternational collaborations (EU ACSEPT project, ACTINET-I3 network,USA, Japan, Russia,…)
An integrated test is planned : closing the Am cycle bypreparing Am-bearing fuels using Am recovered from spentfuel by the EXAm process: fuel to be tested at pellet scaleunder fast flux, then after 2020 at pin scale using the ALFA(Atalante Laboratory For Actinides bearing fuel manufacturing)and ASTRID (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor forIndustrial Demonstration)