Fusion energy introduction: Impacts on grid and · PDF fileFusion energy introduction: Impacts on grid and hydrogen production ... CH4 CO2 Gas flow rate 85ml ... Fusion can provide

Satoshi Konishi and Yasushi Yamamoto,Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Jan.25, 2006

Fusion energy introduction: Impacts on grid and hydrogen production

Contents

1.Introduction of fusion electricity and its impacton grids

2.Hydrogen production by fusion update

US-Japan Workshop on Power Plant Studies and RelatedAdvanced Technologies with EU Participation

Photo by K. Okano

Introduction

In order to maximize the market chance of fusion,we study

0. Socio-economic aspects of fusion1. Improvement in adoptability to electricity grid2. Development of hydrogen production process

3. High temperature blanket with SiC-LiPb system.

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

1. Study on the impacts on grids1. Study on the impacts on grids

Startup powerStartup power

Grid capacity and sourcesGrid capacity and sources

Future trendsFuture trends

Energy flows in fusion reactorEnergy flows in fusion reactor

Q=50, Pi=60MW Q=50, Pi=60MW →→ auxiliary power ratio = ~13%auxiliary power ratio = ~13%

Pc＝Pi+Pα

PlasmaQ

BlanketM

Generatorηe

Driving System

ηd

Auxiliary System

ηanc

Pα = Pf / 5

Pi = ηd Pd

Pf + Pi

Pn

MPn

Pnet=(1-ε)Pe

Pe=ηePth

Pth=Pc+MPn

Pd

Paux

Pcir=εPee

60MW 0.5

1.13

120MW

3060MW

3372MW

0.4 1450MW

~5% 80MW

200MW

1250MW

Grid

Grid

Fusion needs power to start and continue to run.Fusion needs power to start and continue to run.


Auxiliary power in power plantsAuxiliary power in power plantsCoal Oil Nuclear Fusion

Control system

Condensate water pumpCooling water pump

Coal feeder Oil feeding pump

Coal crusher

Exhaust gas treatment system

Current drive / Auxiliary heating

Recirculation pump Magnet cooling

Tritium handing

Others


Auxiliary power ratio of various systemAuxiliary power ratio of various system

~13.0~13.075751,0001,000FusionFusion

5500

15151515

1.01.00.0030.003

PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaicutilityutilityhomehome

101020200.10.1wind powerwind power7.07.060605555geothermalgeothermal

0.250.2545451010HydroHydro7.47.475751,0001,000Coal thermalCoal thermal3.53.575751,0001,000LNG thermalLNG thermal6.16.175751,0001,000Oil thermalOil thermal3.43.475751,0001,000Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission

Auxiliary Auxiliary power ratio power ratio

[%][%]

utilization utilization of facilities of facilities

[%][%]

Capacity Capacity [MW][MW]SystemSystem

Source：内山洋司；発電システムのライフサイクル分析，研究報告，（財）電力中央研究所(1995)


Electric GridsElectric Grids

Electricity can not be stored.Electricity can not be stored.Generation must respond to the demand.Generation must respond to the demand.Grid capacity is different for each regionsGrid capacity is different for each regions

United StatesUnited StatesJapanJapanEuropeEuropeAsia Asia

Grid capacity changes timeGrid capacity changes time--toto--time.time.Response time of the grid is limited.Response time of the grid is limited.


Electric grid capacitiesElectric grid capacities

Physics Today, vol.55, No.4 (2002)

Eastern Grid~500GW

Texas Grid~53GW

Western Grid~140GW

East Japan~80GW

West Japan~100GW

UTPTE~270GW

Thailand~20GW

Vietnam~8GW


Electric Grid in Japan Electric Grid in Japan ––Structure Structure ––

Hokkaido5,345MW

579MW

Tokyo64,300MW

1,356MW

Chubu27,500MW

1,380MW

Hokuriku5,508MW

540MW

Kansai33,060MW

1,180MW

Chugoku12,002MW

820MW

Shikoku5,925MW

890MW

Kyushu17,061MW

1,180MW

Tohoku14,489MW

825MW

600MW

600MW

300MW

West Japan Grid60Hz, ~100GW

Utility NameUtility NameMax. demand (~2003)Max. demand (~2003)Largest Unit (Nuclear)Largest Unit (Nuclear)

DC connectionDC connection

East Japan Grid50Hz, ~80GW

Comb structure due to geographical reasonComb structure due to geographical reason


Dem

and

(GW

)

HourHour

Grid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morning.Grid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morning.

Requirements different in each country.Requirements different in each country.

Electric Grid in JapanElectric Grid in JapanInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Demands in the Demands in the southasiansouthasian countriescountries

ThailandThailand

Peak

Pow

er (M

W)

VietnamVietnam* Source JBIC report 18

CambodiaCambodia LaosLaos

Peak

Pow

er (M

W)

Peak

Pow

er (M

W)

Peak

Pow

er (M

W)


Fusion startup powerFusion startup power

Power demand in ITER standard operation scenario

Active power

P = ~300MW

dP/dt = ~230MW/s

Reactive power

Q > 600MVA

by on-site compensation

Qgrid = ~ 400MVA


Power generation controlPower generation control

In Japan, usual value of spinning In Japan, usual value of spinning reserve is ~3% of total generationreserve is ~3% of total generationSpectrum of Demand changeSpectrum of Demand change

TimeTime

Dem

and

Dem

and

Demand curve

Sustained Element

Fringe element

Cyclic element

> ~10min > ~10min ELD or manual ELD or manual

3min< t < 10min 3min< t < 10min AFCAFC

< ~3min < ~3min governorgovernorof each UNIT of each UNIT

(spinning reserve)(spinning reserve)

< ~0.1min< ~0.1min

SelfSelf--regulatingregulating


Calculation modelCalculation modelThermal Generator

Demand

100km Transmission Line

Fusion Reactor

Hydroelectric Generator

10km

10km

Reference Capacity : 1000MVATransmission Voltage : 115kVSystem capacity : 7-15GWeImpedance per 100km : 0.0023+j0.0534[p.u.]Capacitance : jY/2 = j0.1076[p.u.]

Calculation modelCalculation modelInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

050

100150200250

0 10 20 30t ime(sec)

activ

epo

wer(

MW

)

Demand of active power

200MW/s

- 0.16- 0.14- 0.12- 0.10- 0.08- 0.06- 0.04- 0.02

0.00

0 20 40 60 80time(sec)

frequ

ency

(Hz)

12GWe系統

56GWe系統

Frequency deviation

Frequency deviation by Fusion reactor Frequency deviation by Fusion reactor startupstartup

12GWe12GWe GridGrid

5656GWeGWe GridGrid


- 0.5- 0.4- 0.3- 0.2- 0.10.0

0 20 40 60time(sec)

frequ

ency

(Hz)

5MW/ sec23MW/ sec77MW/ sec230MW/ sec

050

100150200250

0 20 40 60t ime(sec)

activ

epo

wer

(MW

)


Grid Capacity： 8.3GWe

Deviation becomes small with decrease of load variation rateThere exists large difference between 23MW/s and

77MW/s

Load variation pattern

Effects of load variation time Effects of load variation time

Frequency deviation


Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW grid

Peak Load [M

Peak Load [M

WW]] 0.330.330.300.300.110.11330330

0.160.160.150.150.080.08230230

0.080.080.070.070.050.05130130

23023077772323

Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]

Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW grid

0.060.060.050.050.030.03330330

23023077772323

Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]


- 1.2- 1.0- 0.8- 0.6- 0.4- 0.2

0.0

0 20 40 60 80time(sec)

frequ

ency

(Hz)


- 1.2- 1.0- 0.8- 0.6- 0.4- 0.20.0

0 20 40 60 80time(sec)

frequ

ency

(Hz)


Maximum load : 230MW

・When maximum load exceeds some value, large frequency deviation is observed.（Setting of spinning reserve configuration largely affects ）

・If variation rate is small, 330MW demand which is almost same as spinning reserve capacity, does not cause large frequency deviation.

Effects of maximum load value Effects of maximum load value

Grid Capacity： 8.3GWe

Maximum load : 330MW


The grid capacity of 10The grid capacity of 10--20GW is required to supply startup 20GW is required to supply startup power of ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more thapower of ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than n the usual value (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is the usual value (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is required required The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as response time of each power unit is different.response time of each power unit is different.

Response speedResponse speed

No responseNo responseSolar/WindSolar/Wind

not allowed now in Japannot allowed now in JapanNuclearNuclear

slow 1%/min slow 1%/min CoalCoal

5%/min 5%/min OilOil

fast 10~50%/minfast 10~50%/minHydroHydro

Effects of grid configurationEffects of grid configurationInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Fusion role in the gridFusion role in the grid

Thailand Thailand Japan Japan Solar/WindSolar/Wind

HydroHydro

GasGas

OilOil

CoalCoalSolar/WindSolar/Wind

HydroHydro

GasGas

OilOil

CoalCoal

FusionFusion

Solar/WindSolar/Wind

HydroHydro

GasGas

OilOil

CoalCoal

FissionFission

Solar/WindSolar/Wind

HydroHydro

GasGas

OilOil

CoalCoalFusionFusion

FissionFission


Difference in Grid CompositionDifference in Grid Composition

Kansai, night ： 14GWeKansai, daytime ： 30GWeThai ： 15GWe

Composition of grid

Frequency change

Grid Capacity

・Grid in Thailand is smaller than Kansai, but has more capacity toaccept fusion load.

Change of the Load200MW, 200MW/sec


05

101520253035

Kansai,night Kansai,day Thai

outp

ut(G

W) Nuclear

HydroFossil fire

-0.16-0.14-0.12-0.10-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.020.00

0 10 20 30time(sec)

frequ

ency

(Hz)

Kansai, NightKansai, daytimeThai

・Large and fast load affects grid.Small capacity cannot respond.

Starting fusion plant can be a major impact on Starting fusion plant can be a major impact on some small grids.some small grids.

-- fusion must minimize startup demand.fusion must minimize startup demand.Response and reserve of the grid are different.Response and reserve of the grid are different.-- grids in developing countries could be grids in developing countries could be suitable for fusion introduction.suitable for fusion introduction.

Fusion must study the characteristics of futureFusion must study the characteristics of futurecustomers.customers.study study ““best mixbest mix”” for each country.for each country.

Conclusion and suggestionsConclusion and suggestionsInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

・Carbon-free fuels required－ Exhausting fossil resources－ Global warming and CO2 emission

・Future fuel use－ Fuel cells for automobile－ aircrafts

・Dispersed electricity system－ Cogeneration－ Fuel cell, － micro gas turbine

(could be other synthetic fuels)

Hydrogen market

Aircraft

Automobile


21000

5

10

15

20

25

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080Year

ElectricitySolid FuelLiquid FuelGaseous Fuel

Ener

gy de

mand

(GTO

E)

Example of Outlook of Global Energy Consumption by IPCC92a

Market 3 times larger than electricity

Substitute fewer than electricity source


◯Processing capacity・4240t／h waste 280t of H2

◯endothermic reaction converts both biomass and fusion into fuel.・2.5GWt 5.1GWe equivalent with FC(@70%)

Fusion can produce Hydrogen

2120 t/h

H2 280 t/h

600℃

FusionReactor2.5ＧＷｔｈ

biomassCO 2.0E+06 kg/hH2 1.4E+05 kg/h

CO2 3.1E+06 kg/h

ChemicalReactor

Heat exchange,Shift reaction

cooler

Turbine

Steam(640 t/h)He

1.16E+07 kg/h

H2O

Proposed reaction : (C6H10O5 )+H2O+814kJ = 6CO+6H26CO+6H2O = 6H2+6CO2 18.6Mt/y waste←60Mt/inJapan

Feeds 1.1M FCV /day or17M FCV/year*

(*assuming 6kg/dayor 460g/year, MITI,Japan)

From 3GW heat efficiency electricity Energyconsumption

Hydrogenproduction

300C-electrolysis 1GW 28 6kJ/ mol 25 t / h900C-SPE electrolysis 1 .5GW 23 1kJ/ mol 44t /h900C-vapor electrolysis 1 .5GW 18 1kJ/ mol 56t /h

33 %50 %50 %

900C-biomass ーー 60 kJ/ mol 34 0t / h

Energy Eficiency

◯amount of produced hydrogen from unit heat・low temperature（３００℃）generation→ conventional electrolysis

・high temperature（９００℃）generation→ vapor electrolysis

・ high temperature（９００℃） → thermochemicalproduction


Conversion of Cellulose by HeatInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

n(C6H10O5) + mH2O H2 + CO + HCs

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

700 800 900 1000 1100Temperature [℃]

Gas

pro

duct

ion

[×10

-3m

ol]

H2

CO

CH4CO2

Gas flow rate 85ml/sCellulose0.15gVapor concentration 4%

Con

vers

ion

ratio

50%

Current result is 37% conversion efficiency, w/o catalyst.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000time[s]

The

gas

gen

erat

ion

rate

s[vo

l.%]

0

200

400

600

800

100

120

COCO2CH4H2Tempareture

Heat BalanceInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Absorbed heat was measured with endothermic reaction.

Estimated heat efficiency was ca. 50%. (not limitedby Carnot efficiency)

Measure heat transfer was19 kw/m2.

-80

-30

20

70

120

170

220

270

320

0 50 100 150 200

[Time]

[Tem

pera

ture

diff

eren

ce d

ue to

end

othe

rmic

rea

ctio

n]

8/10-0.05g

8/10-0.15g

8/10-0.3g

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

(C6H10O5)[g]

Hea

t qua

ntity

of e

ndot

herm

ic

reac

tion[

kJ]

(8/10mm) (17/19mm)

100% H2 Generated H2

Hydrogen Production by Fusion

Fusion can provide both high temperature heat and electricity- Applicable for most of hydrogen production processes

There may be competitors…As Electricity

-water electrolysis, SPE electrolysis : renewables, LWR-Vapor electrolysis : HTGR

As heat-Steam reforming:HTGR(800C),

-membrane reactor:FBR(600C)-IS process :HTGR(950C)

-biomass decomposition: HTGR


Reactor DesignInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Reference reactor designHeat transfer pipes : 20mm diameterHeat exchange surface : 12.5m2/m3 Per unit volume.Height : 20m (reaction section : 10m)Diameter : 10mHeat flux : 19kw/m2Total heat consumption : 170MWProcessing rate :80t/hr (at 100% conversion)of cellulose (dry weight): 210t/hr (at 40% conversion)H2 production rate : 11 t/hr(at 100% efficiency)

4 t/hr(at 30% efficiency)He (high temperature)

Waste Feed(×4)

High temperature steam

Product (CO+H2) gas

HeChar

With fusion reactor generating 2.5GW heat, 25 of above reactor can be operated.

Energy Source Options

renewables LWR fusion(HTGRConv.electrolysis ○ ○ ○Vapor electrolysis × × ○ ×IS process × × ○ ×Steam reforming × × ○Biomass hydrogen × × ○

For hydrogen production, some energy sources provide limited options.


Renewables (PV, wind, hydro) cannot provide heat.LWR temperature not suitable for chemical process.

Fusion (with high temperature blanket) has stronger advantagein hydrogen production applications.

Advantage of fusion over other energy

○Possible high temperature・impossible for PV, wind or LWRs.・higher than FBR.・Equivalent to HTGR.


○Site and location, deployment in developing country・less limitation of nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear proliferation.・while nuclear policies differ by the governments, fusionis internationally pursued.・possible location near industrial area.・independent from natural circumstance.

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto UniversityUse of Fusion Heat

Blanket option temperature technology efficiency challenge

WCPB 300 ℃ Rankine 33% proven

HCPB/HCLL ~500℃ Rankine ~40% proven

Supercritical 500 ℃ SCW >40% available

DCLL ~700℃ SC-CO2 ~50% GEN-IV

LL-SiC 900℃ SC-CO2 50% IHX?

900℃ Brayton ~60% GEN-IV

900℃ H2 ?? ??

Blanket and generation technology combinationrequires more consideration.

Development of SiC-based intermediate heat exchanger started.

mill/

kWh

65

92109

125

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

year

Poss

ible

Intro

duct

ion

price

145

Fusion is introduced into the market at this crossover probably with fossil.

When fusion will be used?Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Possible introduction price of Fusion :increases with time as fossil price increases.

Current target of the development

year

pric

e

technology

resource

renewable

Investment and contribution factor

・various sponsors provide funding・fusion must look for sponsors from future market.

is it electricity?

1960

transfer

６．２％For R&D

industryutilityResearch

institute

Basic research

Fission reactor casesales

Further competitivenessimprovements

commercialization

Researchinstitutes


basic

5.4%

2.4%

1.9%

1.4%

4.0%

5.9%

5.7%

6.8%

8.4%

14.7%

8.1%

6.3%

4.0%

5.4%

5.8%

2.7%

4.0%

0.7%

59.3%

68.4%

78.0%

85.0%

71.6%

66.7%

83.8%

73.5%

95.1%

40.7%

31.6%

22.0%

15.0%

28.4%

33.2%

16.3%

26.6%

5.0%

26.0%

23.5%

15.7%

11.0%

23.0%

27.4%

13.6%

22.6%

4.3%

R&D/total sales

Basicresearch

appliedresearch

commercialdevelopmentIndustry

Chemical

ceramics

steel

Metal

machinery

electricalElectronic/instruments

Fine machinery

softwares

Research contribution

R&D budget to total sales

ConclusionInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Socio-economic study suggests more advantages andTechnical challenges for fusion.

For electricity generation, characteristics of fusion shouldbe improved in terms of grid operation.

Hydrogen production has advantage, but needs significant development.-market study-components and processes-material, tritium contamination

High temperature blanket and energy application may bekey issues.

What will happen in Reactor Design Studies

International activities toward DEMO- Updated plasma data from physics- Concepts on timetable (within 25 years?)- “Broader Approach” activity

Needs to respond to Socio-Economic requirements- safety- electricity cost and quality- hydrogen production

Correlated technology developments- high temperature blankets- power conversion- high temperature divertor- tritium compatible power train


Documents

Fusion energy introduction: Impacts on grid and · PDF fileFusion energy introduction: Impacts on grid and hydrogen production ... CH4 CO2 Gas flow rate 85ml ... Fusion can provide