Criteria for perceived intelligenceCommunicativeAbstractSocialPersonalityAwareAnimateThe above seems to be the layered ordering in natural organisms.Note that language is a uniquely human ability.Coordinated movement, many degrees of freedomResponds and changes actions based on human-perceptible environment changeIndividuals have different likes and dislikes, preferences learned over timeAware of social order, use other beings as agentsCan conceptualize situations remote in space and time, planningCan express internal ideas and ingest situational descriptions, true languagehuman level

How to achieve AI?Silver bullet: LanguageHuman veneer on top of base systemConstruct a language interpreterFocuses attention & partitions worldEnables one-shot learning

Core value: MotivationAnimal substrate underlying controlBuild symbols & decide how to actNeeds innate segmentation, comparison, and interestBootstraps to more elaborate conceptsArtificial General Intelligence needs both parts

HUMAN LANGUAGEScripting system for sensory-motor subroutinesLinguistic interpreter needs groundingObjects show examples and give same label (needed for others)

horse =

Properties show different named objects and give same label

red =

Relations show configurations with named objectsActions show temporal sequences with named objects

Language & cognitionCan guide attention, which helps learningWith No, this is a moth not a butterfly. Look at its fuzzy antennae.Can impart procedures more directlyWith Hold the jar in your left hand, grasp the top with your right hand, and twist hard.Without Show lots of contrasting examplesWithout Trial and error until suddenly Hurray!

Internal dialogSapir-Whorf revised: Simply remember speech verbatim Replay it through interpreter to actualize Cf. Vygotskys model of child developmentExample: new driver operating a carOkay, the stop sign is coming up. Slow down and watch for other cars at the intersection. It the car on the cross street arrives first he gets to go first. It looks like there is no one around, so you can go now

Compiling patternsCondense sequences by removing reliable intermediate steps(see: shaggy animal say: Its a dog)(hear: Its a dog. represent: dog) see: shaggy animalrepresent: dogCompiling out echoic situations yields direct encoding:Compiling in narrative patterns enhances perception:(see: bird hear: Its a bird!)(hear: What shape is its beak? look: at beak)see: birdlook: at beak

ANIMAL MOTIVATIONNeeds:Underlying proto-symbolic systemObjects representing spatial-temporal lociProperties characterizing the objectsRelations between objects and placesReflexes for generating for motions

Innate base casesSegmentation: color, depth, texture, motion, loudness, pitchComparison: hue, brightness, template match, nearness, acoustic spectrumInterest: Bright lights, loud noises, colorful objects, high motion

Methods for extending each to produce and interpret more complex representations

Segmentation

ComparisonChecking if some situation matches a precondition:Measure intrinsic feature similarityCount number of exactly matching featuresEstimate compatibility of partsdogBrown is an intrinsic mismatch to white, but everything else is exactBrown is close to black, but both subparts mismatchDecide whether the beagle example matches the poodle or the cat

InterestGuides systems overall activity

Traditional goal-driven systems are brittleMany respond only to human-imposed goalsDo not spontaneously take the initiative if stuckSit idle if no goal (as opposed to exploring, etc.)

Indirect control systems are more robustPolicies: sets of free-running situation-action rulesInterest: general goals in terms of desired situationsDirectives: activate policies (K-lines) likely to achieve situationAffordances: detect that environment offers certain opportunities?

Autonomous controlS = prevailing sensory contextE = exciting affordance sensedA = action selected to takeI(x) = system is interested in xD(x) = system intends to achieve x

Bootstrap rulesWalking by pond and hear splash!Interesting event occurred (splash)So remember situation (pond) and event (walk-by) S & E & A & I(E) See a pond and interested in splash noisesRemembered pattern mostly matches current conditions (pond)And interested in remaining portion (splash)So set a directive to obtain that portion (splash) & S & I(E) D(E)Want a splash and near pondIntend to obtain condition (splash)And current conditions match remembered context (pond)So do associated action in record (walk-by) D(E) & & S AWant a splash and remember about dropping rocksIntend to obtain condition (splash)And condition happened in another memorySo become interested in the context of that memory (drop-rock)D(E) & I(S)

SummaryHuman-level AI requires languageMakes learning classifications fasterMakes learning procedures easierInternalized dialog can guide cognition

An interpreter can be built on an animal substrateUse operant conditioning to obtain groundingNeeds proto-symbolic structures to work with

Self-motivation is essential to animals (& humans)Actions not necessarily driven by explicit or imposed goalsNeeds some innate segmentations, comparisons, and interests Bootstrap procedure can make progressively more complex