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Fungia. Chytridiomycota- Chytridsb. Zygomycota- Molds c. Glomeromycota- Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Alma Khan and Shannon Hayes
Basic Structure of Fungi• Most species of fungi are multicellular• Most common body structures are multicellular
filaments and single cells (yeasts)• Multicellular fungi are made up of hyphae• Hyphae may contain septa (divide hyphae into
different cells, but contain pores)• Cells walls composed of chitin (some also
include polysaccharides)• Fungi are composed of Eukaryotic cells.• Some fungi can maintain 2 different nuclei per
cell, and some don’t have mitochondria.
StructureChytridiomycota:• Cells walls made mostly of
chitin (but some are made of polysaccharide)
• Only type of fungi to have flagella
• Ribosomes are around a nuclei (not enclosed in a nuclear cap)
• Smallest and simplest fungi.• Lack Septa
Zygomycota: • Cell walls composed mostly of
chitin (sometimes polysaccharide)• Have a continuous mycelium
containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei.
• Lack Septa
Glomeromycota: • Lack Septa • Some form arbuscular
mycorrhizae
Diversity Chytridiomycota:• Sexual and asexual reproduction• Motile with Flagellated sporesZygomycota:• Sexual spores are thick, therefore resisting
zygospores• Long multinucleate haploid hyphaeGlomeromycota:• Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants
Basics of Nutrition
• Heterotrophs• Gain food by secreting powerful hydrolytic
enzymes into their surroundings which brake down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds that the fungi can absorb and store.
• Can act as decomposers, parasites or have a mutualistic relationship.
Mode of NutritionChyridiomycota: • They derive nutrients from
decaying in water and damp organic enriched habitats.
Zygomycota: • Derives nutrients from the organic
material it molds on.
Glomeromycota: • Get nutrients from their mutualistic
relationship with the plant they’ve pushed their hyphae into.
Basics of Reproduction
• Fungi reproduce by producing spores, either sexually or asexually.
• Fungal nuclei are normally haploid, except for when they’re diploid during sexual reproduction.
• Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of hyphae from different mating types (communicated through pheromones)
• Process of asexual reproduction varies widely among fungi (some grow filamentous fungi that produces haploid spores by mitosis while in others, theirs is ordinary cell division or by the pinching of small “bud cells” of a parent cell.
Ecological SignificanceChytridiomycota: • Causing a global decline in amphibian
species that inhabit freshwater ecosystems by causing fatal fungal infections.
• Beneficial forms include the fungi found in the intestines of cattle that help them process the plant matter they eat.
Zygomycota: • Live close to plants, usually in
soil or decaying matter.• Contribute to the carbon cycle
by decomposing soil, plant matter, and waste.
• Cause serious infections in humans (specifically harmful for diabetics and those with weakened immune systems), such as Zygomycosis.
Glomeromycota:• Form a mutualistic relationship with
almost 90% of all plant species through Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (supplies minerals and other nutrients to the roots of the plant, and “food” the fungus.)
UniquenessChytridiomycota: • Smallest and simplest fungi.• First found in northern
Russia.• Believed to be the earliest
fungal group to diverge from other fungi.
• Only fungal group to have flagellum present.
• Spores called zoospores
Zygomycota: • Make up about 1% of
fungi.• Most primitive terrestrial
fungi.• Named for their sexually
produced zygosporangia.• Some have structures that
can withstand excessive droughts or extreme temperatures.
Glomeromycetes:• Once considered Zygomycetes• Form arbuscular mycorrhizae
ExamplesChytridiomycota:
• Orpinomyces joyonii- found in the intestines of cattle.
• Allomyces anomalus- can withstand extreme temperatures.
• Synchytrium endobioticum- a species that causes the “potato wart”.
Examples
Glomeromycota:
1. Mycorrhizae formed by Glomeromycota are found in the majority of plants found on land.
2. Not as diverse as other types of fungi.
NameMotile (move with flagella/undulipodia)
Habitat Cell Organization Reproductive Structures
# of Species Known
Septa Between
Cells?
Chytridiomycota Yes Mostly Aquatic Unicellular or Filamentous
Microscopic Sporangium 1,000 No
Zygomycota No Mostly Terrestrial Filamentous Zygospores 1,000 No
Glomeromycota No Mostly Terrestrial (Plants) Filamentous
Spores that resemble
Zygospores160 No
ReferencesBibliographyCampbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2008). Biology 8th Edition. New York: Benjamin-
Cummings Pub Co.Chytridiomycota. (2010, August 7). Retrieved Febuary 21, 2012, from
MicrobeWiki: http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/ChytridiomycotaFarabee, M. (2010, May 18). Biological Diversity: Fungi. Retrieved Febuary 21,
2012, from Biological Diversity 4: www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookdiversity_4.html
Slot, J. (2005, August 31). Mushrooms, Molds, and Much More: an introduction to fungal biology. Retrieved Febuary 21, 2012, from Teaching the Fungal Tree of Life: http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/TFTOL/content/1introprogress.html#chytridiomycota
Zygomycota. (2010, August 7). Retrieved Febuary 21, 2012, from MicrobeWiki: http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Zygomycota