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Fungal CharacteristicsFungal Characteristics 1)Cell wall made of Chitin 2)Heterotrophs and major Decomposers 3)Body is made of Long filaments of hyphae
which form a mycelium 4)Reproduce sexually and asexually
Asexually by sporesSexually by mating of hyphae filaments
An example of Fungi You know
Mushrooms – “Club Like” Fungi or Basidiomycete Fungi
Bracket Fungi – Basidiomycete Fungi
Bread Mold – a Zygomycete Fungi
Cup Fungi – Ascomycete Fungi
Note the cup shapes and orange peel colour
Kingdom Fungi – you must know 5 Major Phyla
1. Phylum Zygomycota = the Bread Molds
Rhizopus – black bread mold
2. Oomycota = the Water Molds
Water mold, potato blight, mildew
3. Phylum Ascomycota = the Sac Fungi
Yeast, morels, truffles
4. Phylum Basidiomycota = the Club Fungi
Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts, toadstools
5. Phylum Deuteromycota = the Fungi Imperfecti
-are primarily decomposers
-asexual spores may be produced in sporangia
-sexual reproduction occurs between + and – strains forming a 2n zygote; a zygospore develops and may lie dormant for a long period of time; meiosis occurs just before germination
-only the zygote is diploid; all hyphae and asexual spores are haploid
Zygomycota (Rhizopus) the Common Molds
Zygomycota – common molds
The fungal mass of hyphae, known as the MYCELIUM penetrates the bread and produces the fruiting bodies on top of the stalks
Mycelia = a mass of hyphae or filaments
Rhizoids = root-like hyphae
The zhizoids meet underground and mating occurs between hyphae of different molds (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)
Zygomycota (Rhizopus)
Lifecycle of a Zygomycete Fungi – Asexual then Sexual
Ascomycota – Cup Fungi Life Cycle
Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus
Truffles are round, warty, fungi that are irregular in shape. They vary from the size of a walnut to that of a man's fist. Since the times of the Greeks and Romans these fungi have been used in Europe as delicacies, as aphrodisiacs, and as medicines. They are among the most expensive of the world's natural foods, often commanding as much as $250 to $450 per pound.
Truffles are harvested in Europe with the aid of female pigs or truffle dogs, which are able to detect the strong smell of mature truffles underneath the surface of the ground. The female pig becomes excited when she sniffs a chemical that is similar to the male swine sex attractant. The use of dogs to find truffles is also and option.
Morels are Ascomycete Fungi
Basidiomycete or Club Fungi
Life Cycle of Basidiomycete Fungi
Bracket Fungi
Puff Balls
Mushrooms
Jelly Fungi
Basidiomycete Fungi that all produce Basiospores
Other Basidiomycetes Rusts and Smuts
Rust infecting
wheat leaves Rust infecting a Leaf
Whitrot Smut digesting old wood
-Regarded as imperfect because they exhibit no sexual stage has been observed in their life cycle
-Members are not closely related and are not necessarily similar in structure or appearance; do not share a common ancestry, polyphyletic = coming from many ancestors – hmm weird
Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
Deuteromycota – the Fungi Imperfecti
• Resemble Ascomycetes, but their reproductive cycle has never been observed
• Different from Ascomycetes because there is a definite lack of sexual reproduction, which is why they are called Imperfect Fungi
Penicillium fungi
Up Close
Water Molds -- OomycotaThe water molds are better known as the MILDEWS. Fish tank fuzz is an example.
Protist-like mold because share common characteristics with plant-like protists, such as the cell wall
LifeCycle of Oomycota
Things to Know about Oomycete Fungi
1. Water molds or mildews
2. Cause diseases such as potato blight
3. Cell walls made of cellulose (like plant)
4. Hyphae have multiple nuclei! Because the cell walls do not fully close off.
5. Spore swims away like a flagellate, which is why it is protist like (think of Euglena)
Irish Potato Famine of 19th Century
Devastated potato crops, causing devastating starvation in Ireland
Phylum Ex’s Characteristics
Asexual Sexual
Oomycota Mildew
Spud blight
Cellulose cell walls, 2N hyphae
Flagellated oospores from sporangia
Gametes fuse in gametangia creating oospores
Zygomycota Rhizopus a dung fungus
Chitin cell walls
Coenocytic = hyphae lack crosswalls
Unflagel. spores drop from sporangia
Gametangia fuse to create zygospore
Ascomycota Yeast, morels, truffles
Conidia on conidophores
Hyphae + & - fuse to create ascospores in ascus
Basidiomycota Mushrooms
Puffballs, rusts, smuts
Cross walls in hyphae
Asexual by way of Conidophores which produce conidiospores
Sexual when hyphae fuse in BASIDIA to produce
basidiospores
Fungi Imperfecti
Deuteromycota
Penicillium,
Athlete’s Foot
fungus,
Tomato Blight
Similar
To
Basidio and
Zygomy
Asexual by conidia which
produce conidophores
Sexual repro
Not known
Cross Walls of Hyphae
coenocytic
having multiple nuclei embedded in cytoplasm without cross walls; nonseptate
Coenocytic hyphae where the nucleis of each cell is embedded in the cytoplasm without a cell wall
Eg. Zygomycota, Oomycota
Hyphae with cross walls
Eg. Basidiomycota, Ascomycota
Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic organisms. They have an ____________ fungus and a _________ or cyanobacterial portion. There are three lichen growth forms which are predominant in nature: __________________________________________________
LichensLichens
Crustose
Foliose
Fruticose
Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae means “fungus-root”; mutualistic relationship between plant and fungi
The plant photosynthesizes while the fungus more efficiently takes up nutrients and water from the rhizosphere than the roots would alone.
Plant benefits include:•Improved nutrient/water uptake •Improved root growth •Improved plant growth and yield •Improved disease resistance •Reduced transplant shock •Reduced drought stress
Soredia are the asexual reproductive part of lichens, containing both symbionts. Rhizines may be present to anchor the lichen. Notice the distinctive algal layer and the fungal layer present in the above illustration.
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