Fundamentals of Operating Systems (COMP355/L )€¦ · The following describes how to defragment your hard drive using Windows XP’s disk defragmentation program, which is a free

Fundamentals of Operating

Systems (COMP355/L )

A Student's Manual for Computer Lab Works

(COMP355L)

Dr. Mohamed Aissa [email protected]

Room 11 i 13

2

Observations

1. Linux is used in all the conducted lab works.

2. In many lab works, you have to fill tables with the appropriate

commands and to execute these commands.

3. In some exercises, you should write your observations or comments

Fundamentals of Operating Systems

(COMP355L )

Lab Work #1

Dr. Mohamed Aissa

[email protected]

Office # 11 i 13

Lab Work # 1 Information Maintenance

Dr. Mohamed Aissa Student's Lab Works COMP355L

4

Lab Work #1 Information Maintenance

Related Chapter Chapter Title

2 Operating-System Structures

STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this computer lab, a successful student will be able to:

explain system calls,

get and set time or date

get and set system data

get and set process, file, or device attributes

determine the number of current users,

display the version number of the operating system

Execute many operations on information maintenance.

Information maintenance

Many system calls exist simply for the purpose of transferring information between the

user program and the operating system. We can distinguish the followings types of calls:

get time or date, set time or date

get system data, set system data

get and set process, file, or device attributes

the number of current users,

the version number of the operating system,

the amount of free memory or disk space, and so on



5

# Command Description Output

1. $ uname -r

The uname command prints information

relating to the kernel version, machine

name, processor type and node name. It

is most commonly used to identify which

version of the kernel a machine is

running

2. $ date;

3. $ date -I To print the date in format yy-month-

date

4. $ cal To print the month calendar

5. $ cal -y To print the calendar of the current year

6. $ cal 2014 To print the calendar of the year 2014

7. `

$ history $ history 10 (ten last commands) $ history –c (clear command history) $ !! (reexecute last command

To view the list of previously typed

commands you can use the bash

built-in command history

Activity #1



6


8. $ ls -h show file sizes in human readable format, ie. Formatted for easy reading

9. $ find /home –user student

Find all files under /home

owned by the user student

10. $ find /home –type f -size -100k

Find all files under /home which

are less than 100 KB

11. $ find /home –type f -size +100k

Find all files under /home which

are bigger than 100 KB

12. $ ps ux Show all processes run by

the user

13. $ ps T Show all processes run

under the current terminal

by the user

14. $ ps aux Show all processes on the

system

Activity #2



(COMP355L )

Lab Work #2

Dr. Mohamed Aissa

[email protected]

Office # 11 i 13

Lab Work # 2 File Concept


8

Lab Work #2 File Concept


2 Operating-System Structures

6 File-System Interface



Explain file attributes,

Execute many operations on files



9

# Command Description Application

1. touch Create files

Exercise 1 Use a text editor to create the following files: MyData: in this file write your ID, name, major, …. MyCollege: in this file write your University, College, Department, ….

Answer

$ touch MyData MyCollege Now use text editor

2. touch File1 gets the time attributes of file2

Exercise 2

Assign the time attributes of the file MyCollege to the file MyData

Answer

$ touch MyData -r MyCollege

3. ls To see what files you have stored in your current directory

Exercise 3 List the file stored in your current directory Desktop

Answer

$ ls

4. 5. `

cat Displaying the Contents of a File

Exercise 4 Display the content of the file MyData

Answer

$ cat _____________

Activity #1



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Command Description Application

mv Renaming a File

Exercise 5 Rename the file MyData to MyData1

Answer

$ mv ___________ _____________

cp Making a Copy of a File

Exercise 6 Making a Copy of the file MyCollege and name it MyCollege1

Answer

$ cp ________ ______________

rm Removing a File

Exercise 7 Remove the file MyCollege1 from your current directory MyDesktop.

Answer

$ rm ____________

rm Removing .more than one file

Exercise 8 Making a Copy of the file MyCollege and name it MyCollege1 Remove the file MyCollege1 from your current directory MyDesktop.

Answer

$

$ rm ____________ __________

mv Moving Files Between Directories

Exercise 9 Remove the file MyCollege1 from your current directory MyDesktop

Answer

$ mv ____________ / ______________

Observation

You recall that the mv command can be used to rename a file. However, when the two

arguments to this command reference different directories, the file is actually moved from

the first directory into the second directory.

Activity

#2

Dr. Mohamed Aissa Student's Lab Works COMP355L Fall 2015

11


(COMP355L )

Lab Work #3

Dr. Mohamed Aissa

[email protected]

Office # 11 i 13

Lab Work # 3 Disk Maintenance


12

Lab Work #3 Disk Maintenance (Under Windows)


8 Mass Storage Structure


Upon completion of this lab work, a successful student will be able to:

clean the hard disk,

launch error-checking operation,

launch error-checking operation,

execute the defragmentation operation

Disk Properties

Disk Cleanup The Disk Cleanup tool helps you free up space on your hard disk by searching your disk

For files that you can safely delete. You can choose to delete some or all of:

temporary Internet files

downloaded program files, such as ActiveX controls and Java applets

the Recycle Bin

temporary Windows files

optional Windows components that you are not using

installed programs that you no longer use.

The following provides step-by-step instructions on how to use the Disk Cleanup tool

under Windows.

Activity #1



13



14



15



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Hard Disk Maintenance – Error Checking using Windows

ScanDisk tools

Chkdsk.exe is a utility which verifies the logical integrity of a file system. In the event of

the utility encountering logical inconsistencies in file system data, it will perform the

necessary actions to repair the file system data. The equivalent utility in earlier versions of

Windows was referred to as ScanDisk. The following describes how to perform error-

checking of a hard drive under Windows XP. Launch disk error checking by double-

clicking My Computer, right-clicking the hard disk drive you want to have checked,

clicking Properties



17

and selecting the Tools tab. Click Check Now.

Defragmenting the Hard Drive with Windows

In older file system architectures, if a file could not be stored contiguously, it could not be

saved to the disk. Newer architectures intentionally divide files into multiple pieces so as

to make more efficient use of disk storage space.

Since files are constantly being written, deleted, and resized, fragmentation is a natural and

ongoing occurrence. However, it is also one that has significant performance implications.

When a file is spread out over several locations, it takes longer to read and write. In fact,

the effects of fragmentation can be more widespread than that, causing long boot times,

random crashes and system freeze-ups.

Defragmentation is a time-consuming process, the more so the greater the extent of

fragmentation. It is therefore important to terminate any programs, including those running

in the background like firewalls and anti-virus programs – before starting the

defragmentation process. Failure to do so will mean that it is constantly interrupted,

adversely impacting the time the process takes possibly to the extent of it failing to

complete.

The following describes how to defragment your hard drive using Windows XP’s disk

defragmentation program, which is a free built in component of the operating system.

http://www.pctechguide.com/glossary/disk-storage



18

Note that you cannot defragment a hard disk that is completely full, and that the less free

space there is, the longer defragmentation will take. This is because the defragmentation

utility need some room in which to temporarily store fragments as it reassemble files.

If your hard disk is relatively full, it is therefore good practice to run Disk Cleanupbefore

attempting to defragment a drive.

Launch the Defragmenter Tool, either via

http://www.pctechguide.com/store



19

Backup

Disk Quota



20


(COMP355L )

Lab Work #4

Dr. Mohamed Aissa

[email protected]

Office # 11 i 13

Lab Work # 4 Directory Implementation


22

Lab Work #4 Directory Implementation (under DOS)





understand directory structure,

understand single-level directory,

understand two-level directory,

understand tree-level directories,

execute many operations on directories,

display the current directory,

change, make and delete directories,

Move a file from one directory to another



23


1. dir/w Display your current directory content

Exercise 1 Display your current directory content

Answer

D:\> dir/w

2. md Create directories

Exercise 2 Under root directory, create a directory "university" and then inside "university", create a subdirectory "college". Check that the operation was executed successfully.

Answer

D:\> md university D:\> cd university D:\university > md college

3. cd Access to directory

Exercise 3 Enter the directory college from the current directory university

Answer

D:\university >cd college D:\university\college >

4. cd .. Changing directories

Exercise 4 Return back to the directory university.

Answer

D:\university\college > cd..

D:\university >

Activity #1



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5. ` copy Copy a file

Exercise 5 Copy a file file1 from the directory university to the subdirectory "college" under the name file2.doc . Check that the operation was executed successfully.

Answer

D:\university >copy file1.doc \college\file2.doc

del Delete a file

Exercise 6

Delete the file file1.doc from the subdirectory "college". Check that the operation was executed successfully.

Answer

D:\university >del \college\file1.doc

6. ` rd Delete a directory

Exercise 7 Display the content of the directory "university". Delete the subdirectory college.

Answer

D:\university >rd college

Observations

You can remove a directory with the rd command. The stipulation involved in removing a

directory is that no files be contained in the directory. If there are files in the directory

when rd is executed, you will not be allowed to remove the directory.

Activity #2


(COMP355L )

Lab Work #5

Dr. Mohamed Aissa

[email protected]

Office # 11 i 13



26

Lab Work #5 Directory Implementation (Under Linux)





understand directory structure,

understand single-level directory,

understand two-level directory,

understand tree-level directories,

execute many operations on directories,

display the current directory,

change, make and delete directories,

Move a file from one directory to another



27


7. pwd Display your current directory

Exercise 1 Display your current directory.

Answer

$ $

8. cd Changing directories

Exercise 2

Go to the directory student.

Answer

$

$

9. mkdir Create directories

Exercise 3

Inside student directory, create a directory "university" and then inside "university", create a subdirectory "college". Check that the operation was executed successfully.

Answer

$ $

10. ` mv Move a file from one Exercise 4

Activity #1



28

directory to another Copy the file MyCollege from Desktop to the subdirectory "college". Check that the operation was executed successfully.

Answer

$ $ $

11. ` rmdir Delete a directory

Exercise 5 Display the content of the directory "university". Delete the directory university.

Answer

$ $ $

12. ` rm -r dir Delete a directory

Exercise 6 Recreate the directory "university" and its subdirectory "college. Delete the directory "university" using a shorter method.

Answer

$ $ $

Observations

1. You can remove a directory with the rmdir command. The stipulation involved in

removing a directory is that no files be contained in the directory. If there are files

in the directory when rmdir is executed, you will not be allowed to remove the

directory.

2. An alternate method for removing a directory and the files contained in it, is using

the -r option to the rm command.


29


(COMP355L )

Lab Work #6

Dr. Mohamed Aissa

[email protected]

Office # 11 i 13

Lab Work # 6 Protection


30

Lab Work #6 Protection





list the permissions assigned to all files and directories in a current directory,

assign permissions to users, groups and others

assign permissions to users, groups and others

create a file to direct the outputs of all the executed commands

Manage File Permissions and Ownership

Permission Types

Operation read write execute

Symbol r w x

Octal Value 4 2 1

Permissions can be presented in two ways:

Permissions apply to the user, the group and to others. An item has a set of 3 grouped permissions for each of

these categories.

User Group Other

rwx r-x r-x

4+2+1=7 4+1=5 4+1=5



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UNIX system create files and directories with standard permissions as follows:

Files 666 -rw-rw-rw-

Directories 777 -rwxrwxrwx

File and Directory Ownership

ownership for each file and

directory

user group other

Symbol u g o

Changing Permissions with chmod. Changing user and group with chown and chgrp

1. Fill in the following table with the appropriate data. For Description, write the

allowed operations (read, write, execute).

Permission Permission with ( ) for

clarity Digit Mode

Permission Description

Owner Group Other

-rwxrwxr-- -(rwx)(rwx)(r--)

-rw-rw-r-- -(rw-)(rw-)(r--)

2. Fill the following table "Activity #1.



32


1.

chmod

Execute a command to display the

permissions of all the files and

directories residing in the directory

/home/student

2. Give the user, the Group and others all

the permissions of a file (file1).

3. Prevent the group from the execution

permission of a file (file1).

4. Prevent Others from the writing

permission of a file (file1).

5. Prevent Others from the execution

permission of a file (file1)..

6. Add read and write permissions for

Others of a file (file1).

7. Add execution permission for Others of

a file (file1).

3. Create a file named "Protection" and include in this file all the previous commands.

The outputs should be directed to a file "File_pro" saved in same current directory. The file text along with its outputs should be attached.;

Activity #1

33


(COMP355L )

Lab Work #7

Dr. Mohamed Aissa

[email protected]

Office # 11 i 13

Lab Work # 7 CPU Scheduling Algorithms


34

Lab Work #7 First Come First Served Algorithm (FCFS)


5 CPU Scheduling Algorithm



Write FCFS algorithm

Implement this algorithm

Questions

1. Write FCFS algorithm

2. Implement this algorithm in C++ or in Linux

35


(COMP355L )

Lab Work #8

Dr. Mohamed Aissa

[email protected]

Office # 11 i 13

Lab Work # 8 Deadlocks


36

Lab Work #8 Banker's Algorithm


6 Deadlocks



Write Banker's algorithm

Implement this algorithm

Questions

3. Write Banker's algorithm

4. Implement this algorithm in C++ or in Linux

Documents

Fundamentals of Operating Systems (COMP355/L )€¦ · The following describes how to defragment your hard drive using Windows XP’s disk defragmentation program, which is a free