FundamentalsofInformationSystems,SeventhEdition

1FundamentalsofInformationSystems,SeventhEdition

Chapter 7Knowledge Management

and Specialized Information Systems

PrinciplesandLearningObjectives

• Knowledgemanagementallowsorganizationstoshareknowledgeandexperienceamongmanagersandemployees– Discussthedifferencesamongdata,information,andknowledge

– Describetheroleofthechiefknowledgeofficer(CKO)

– Listsomeofthetoolsandtechniquesusedinknowledgemanagement

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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives(continued)

Artificialintelligencesystemsformabroadanddiversesetofsystemsthatcanreplicatehumandecisionmakingforcertaintypesofwell-definedproblems– Definethetermartificialintelligenceandstatetheobjectiveofdevelopingartificialintelligencesystems

– Listthecharacteristicsofintelligentbehaviorandcomparetheperformanceofnaturalandartificialintelligencesystemsforeachofthesecharacteristics

– Identifythemajorcomponentsoftheartificialintelligencefieldandprovideoneexampleofeachtypeofsystem

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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives(continued)

• Expertsystemscanenableanovicetoperformatthelevelofanexpertbutmustbedevelopedandmaintainedverycarefully– Listthecharacteristicsandbasiccomponentsofexpertsystems

– Outlineandbrieflyexplainthestepsfordevelopinganexpertsystem

– Identifythebenefitsassociatedwiththeuseofexpertsystems

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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives(continued)

• Multimediaandvirtualrealitysystemscanreshapetheinterfacebetweenpeopleandinformationtechnologybyofferingnewwaystocommunicateinformation,visualizeprocesses,andexpressideascreatively– Discusstheuseofmultimediainabusinesssetting– Definethetermvirtualrealityandprovidethreeexamplesofvirtualrealityapplications

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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives(continued)

• Specializedsystemscanhelporganizationsandindividualsachievetheirgoals– Discussexamplesofspecializedsystemsfororganizationalandindividualuse

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WhyLearnAboutKnowledgeManagementandSpecialized

InformationSystems?• Knowledgemanagementandspecializedinformationsystemsareusedinalmosteveryindustry

• Learningaboutthesesystems:–Willhelpyoudiscovernewwaystouseinformationsystemsinyourday-to-daywork

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KnowledgeManagementSystems

• Dataconsistsofrawfacts• Information:– Collectionoffactsorganizedsothattheyhaveadditionalvaluebeyondthevalueofthefactsthemselves

• Knowledge:– Awarenessandunderstandingofasetofinformationandthewaysthatinformationcanbemadeusefultosupportaspecifictaskorreachadecision

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KnowledgeManagementSystems(continued)

• Knowledgemanagementsystem(KMS):– Organizedcollectionofpeople,procedures,software,databases,anddevices

– Usedtocreate,store,share,andusetheorganization’sknowledgeandexperience

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KnowledgeManagementSystems

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OverviewofKnowledgeManagementSystems

• Explicitknowledge:– Objective– Canbemeasuredanddocumentedinreports,papers,andrules

• Tacitknowledge:– Hardtomeasureanddocument– Typicallynotobjectiveorformalized

• Manyorganizationsattempttoconverttacitknowledgetoexplicitknowledge

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DataandKnowledgeManagementWorkersandCommunitiesof

Practice• Dataworkers:– Secretaries,administrativeassistants,bookkeepers,dataentrypeople,etc.

• Knowledgeworkers:– Create,use,anddisseminateknowledge– Professionalsinscience,engineering,orbusiness;writers;researchers;educators;corporatedesigners;etc.

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DataandKnowledgeManagementWorkersandCommunitiesof

Practice(continued)• Chiefknowledgeofficer(CKO):– Top-levelexecutivewhohelpstheorganizationuseaKMStocreate,store,anduseknowledgetoachieveorganizationalgoals

• Communitiesofpractice(COP):– Groupofpeoplededicatedtoacommondisciplineorpractice

– Maybeusedtocreate,store,andshareknowledge

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Obtaining,Storing,Sharing,andUsingKnowledge

• Knowledgeworkers:– Oftenworkinteams– Canusecollaborativeworksoftwareandgroupsupportsystemstoshareknowledge

• Knowledgerepository:– Includesdocuments,reports,files,anddatabases

• Knowledgemappointstheknowledgeworkertotheneededknowledge

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Obtaining,Storing,Sharing,andUsingKnowledge(continued)

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TechnologytoSupportKnowledgeManagement

• EffectiveKMS:– Isbasedonlearningnewknowledgeandchangingproceduresandapproachesasaresult

• Dataminingandbusinessintelligencecanhelpcaptureanduseknowledge

• IBMLotusNotesandMicrosoftDashboard,WebStoreTechnology,andAccessWorkflowDesignerareknowledgemanagementtools

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TechnologytoSupportKnowledgeManagement(continued)

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AnOverviewofArtificialIntelligence

• Artificialintelligence(AI):– Computerswiththeabilitytomimicorduplicatethefunctionsofthehumanbrain

• ComputersystemsthatusethenotionofAI:– PlayJeopardy– Helptomakemedicaldiagnoses– Pickandtradestocks

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ArtificialIntelligenceinPerspective

• Artificialintelligencesystems:– Includethepeople,procedures,hardware,software,data,andknowledgeneededtodevelopcomputersystemsandmachinesthatdemonstratecharacteristicsofintelligence

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TheNatureofIntelligence• TuringTest:– Determineswhetherresponsesfromacomputerwithintelligentbehaviorareindistinguishablefromthosefromahumanbeing

• Characteristicsofintelligentbehaviorincludetheabilityto:– Learnfromexperiencesandapplyknowledgeacquiredfromexperience

– Handlecomplexsituations– Solveproblemswhenimportantinformationismissing

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TheNatureofIntelligence(continued)

• Characteristicsofintelligentbehaviorincludetheabilityto(continued):– Determinewhatisimportant– Reactquicklyandcorrectlytoanewsituation– Understandvisualimages– Processandmanipulatesymbols– Becreativeandimaginative– Useheuristics

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TheBrainComputerInterface

• BrainComputerInterface(BCI):– Ideaistodirectlyconnectthehumanbraintoacomputerandhavehumanthoughtcontrolcomputeractivities

• Ifsuccessful:– TheBCIexperimentwillallowpeopletocontrolcomputersandartificialarmsandlegsthroughthoughtalone

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TheMajorBranchesofArtificialIntelligence

• AIisabroadfieldthatincludes:– Expertsystemsandrobotics– Visionsystemsandnaturallanguageprocessing– Learningsystemsandneuralnetworks

• Expertsystems:– Hardwareandsoftwarethatstoresknowledgeandmakesinferences,similartoahumanexpert

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TheMajorBranchesofArtificialIntelligence(continued)

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Robotics

• Developingmechanicaldevicesthatcan:– Paintcars,makeprecisionwelds,andperformothertasksthatrequireahighdegreeofprecision

• Manufacturersuserobotstoassembleandpaintproducts

• Contemporaryrobotics:– Combinebothhigh-precisionmachinecapabilitiesandsophisticatedcontrollingsoftware

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VisionSystems

• Hardwareandsoftwarethatpermitcomputerstocapture,store,andmanipulatevisualimagesandpictures

• Effectiveatidentifyingpeoplebasedonfacialfeatures

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NaturalLanguageProcessingandVoiceRecognition

• Processingthatallowsthecomputertounderstandandreacttostatementsandcommandsmadeina“natural”language,suchasEnglish

• Voicerecognition:– Convertingsoundwavesintowords

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LearningSystems

• Combinationofsoftwareandhardwarethat:– Allowsthecomputertochangehowitfunctionsorreactstosituationsbasedonfeedbackitreceives

• Learningsystemssoftware:– Requiresfeedbackonresultsofactionsordecisions

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NeuralNetworks

• Computersystemthatsimulatesfunctioningofahumanbrain

• Canprocessmanypiecesofdataatthesametimeandlearntorecognizepatterns

• Neuralnetworkprogram:– Helpsengineerssloworspeeddrillingoperationstohelpincreasedrillingaccuracyandreducecosts

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OtherArtificialIntelligenceApplications

• Geneticalgorithm:– Approachtosolvingcomplexproblemsinwhichanumberofrelatedoperationsormodelschangeandevolveuntilthebestoneemerges

• Intelligentagent:– Programsandaknowledgebaseusedtoperformaspecifictaskforaperson,aprocess,oranotherprogram

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AnOverviewofExpertSystems

• Computerizedexpertsystems:– Useheuristics,orrulesofthumb,toarriveatconclusionsormakesuggestions

• TheU.S.Army:– UsestheKnowledgeandInformationFusionExchange(KnIFE)expertsystemtohelpsoldiersinthefieldmakebettermilitarydecisions

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WhentoUseExpertSystems

• Peopleandorganizationsshoulddevelopanexpertsystemifitcan:– Provideahighpotentialpayofforsignificantlyreducedownsiderisk

– Captureandpreserveirreplaceablehumanexpertise

– Solveaproblemthatisnoteasilysolvedusingtraditionalprogrammingtechniques

– Developasystemmoreconsistentthanhumanexperts

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WhentoUseExpertSystems(continued)

• Peopleandorganizationsshoulddevelopanexpertsystemifitcan(continued):– Provideexpertiseneededatanumberoflocationsatthesametimeorinahostileenvironmentthatisdangeroustohumanhealth

– Provideexpertisethatisexpensiveorrare– Developasolutionfasterthanhumanexpertscan– Provideexpertiseneededfortraininganddevelopment

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ComponentsofExpertSystems

• Expertsystem:– Consistsofacollectionofintegratedandrelatedcomponents

• Knowledgebase:– Storesallrelevantinformation,data,rules,cases,andrelationshipsusedbyexpertsystem

– Createsknowledgebaseby:• Usingrules• Usingcases

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ComponentsofExpertSystems(continued)

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TheInferenceEngine

• Purpose:– Toseekinformationandrelationshipsfromtheknowledgebase

– Toprovideanswers,predictions,andsuggestions,likeahumanexpert

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TheExplanationFacility

• Allowsauserordecisionmakertounderstandhowtheexpertsystemarrivedatcertainconclusionsorresults

• Example:– Adoctorcanfindoutthelogicorrationaleofadiagnosismadebyamedicalexpertsystem

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TheKnowledgeAcquisitionFacility

• Providesconvenientandefficientmeansofcapturingandstoringallcomponentsofknowledgebase

• Knowledgeacquisitionsoftware:– Canpresentusersanddecisionmakerswitheasy-to-usemenus

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TheKnowledgeAcquisitionFacility(continued)

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TheUserInterface

• Permitsdecisionmakerstodevelopandusetheirownexpertsystems

• Mainpurpose:– Tomakedevelopmentanduseofanexpertsystemeasierforusersanddecisionmakers

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ParticipantsinDevelopingandUsingExpertSystems

• Domainexpert:– Personorgroupwiththeexpertiseorknowledgetheexpertsystemistryingtocapture

• Knowledgeengineer:– Personwhohastrainingorexperienceinthedesign,development,implementation,andmaintenanceofanexpertsystem

• Knowledgeuser:– Personorgroupwhousesandbenefitsfromtheexpertsystem

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ParticipantsinDevelopingandUsingExpertSystems(continued)

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ExpertSystemsDevelopmentToolsandTechniques

• Theoretically,expertsystemscanbedevelopedfromanyprogramminglanguage

• Expertsystemshellsandproducts:– Collectionsofsoftwarepackagesandtoolsusedtodesign,develop,implement,andmaintainexpertsystems

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ExpertSystemsDevelopmentToolsandTechniques(continued)

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MultimediaandVirtualReality

• Useofmultimediaandvirtualreality:– Hashelpedmanycompaniesachieveacompetitiveadvantageandincreaseprofits

• Theapproachandtechnologyusedinmultimedia:– Isoftenthefoundationofvirtualrealitysystems

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OverviewofMultimedia• Multimediais:– Textandgraphics– Audio– Videoandanimation– Fileconversionandcompression

• Designingamultimediaapplication:– Requirescarefulthoughtandasystematicapproach

– Requiresthattheenduseofthedocumentorfilebecarefullyconsidered

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OverviewofVirtualReality

• Virtualrealitysystem:– Enablesoneormoreuserstomoveandreactinacomputer-simulatedenvironment

• Immersivevirtualreality:– Userbecomesfullyimmersedinanartificial,3Dworldthatiscompletelygeneratedbyacomputer

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InterfaceDevices

• Toseeinavirtualworld:– Oftentheuserwearsahead-mounteddisplay(HMD)withscreensdirectedateacheye

• Hapticinterface:– Relayssenseoftouchandothersensationsinavirtualworld

– Mostchallengingtocreate

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FormsofVirtualReality

• Immersivevirtualreality• Applicationsthatarenotfullyimmersive:– Mouse-controllednavigationthrougha3Denvironmentonagraphicsmonitor

– Stereoprojectionsystems– Stereoviewingfromthemonitorviastereoglasses

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VirtualRealityApplications

• Medicine:– VRprogramcalledSnowWorldhelpstreatburnpatients

• Educationandtraining:– Virtualtechnologyhasalsobeenappliedbythemilitary

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VirtualRealityApplications(continued)

• BusinessandCommerce:– Boeingusedvirtualrealitytohelpitdesignandmanufactureairplanepartsandnewplanes

• Entertainment:– MoviesuseCGItobringrealismtothesilverscreen

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SpecializedSystems

• Segway:– Usessophisticatedsoftware,sensors,andgyromotorstotransportpeople

• RadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)tags:– Containsmallchipswithinformationaboutproductsorpackages

– Canbequicklyscannedtoperforminventorycontrol

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SpecializedSystems(continued)

• Gametheory:– Involvestheuseofinformationsystemstodevelopcompetitivestrategiesforpeople,organizations,orevencountries

• Informatics:– Combinestraditionaldisciplines,suchasscienceandmedicine,withcomputersystemsandtechnology

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Summary• Knowledge:– Awarenessandunderstandingofasetofinformation

• Knowledgeworkers:– Peoplewhocreate,use,anddisseminateknowledge

• Artificialintelligence:– Broadfieldthatincludes:• Expertsystems,robotics,visionsystems• Naturallanguageprocessing,learningsystems,andneuralnetworks

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Summary(continued)

• Expertsystemconsistsofacollectionofintegratedandrelatedcomponents

• Inferenceengine:– Processestherules,data,andrelationshipsstoredintheknowledgebase

• Virtualrealitysystem:– Enablesoneormoreuserstomoveandreactinacomputer-simulatedenvironment

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Summary(continued)

• Virtualreality:– Canrefertoapplicationsthatarenotfullyimmersive

• Specializedsystems:– Segway– RadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)tags– Gametheory

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