FUNDAMENTALS OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE

Rohit JIGYASU

UNESCO Chair holder Professor

Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,

Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan

President, ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness (ICORP)

CENTRAL ITALY EARTHQUAKE, 24TH AUGUST 2016

CHAUK EARTHQUAKE, 24 AUGUST, 2016

HERITAGE SITE OF BAGAN, MYANMAR

Nepal Earthquake: 7.8 Magnitude on 25th April 2015 and 7.4 Magnitude on 12th May 2015

NATIONAL MUSEUM : DAMAGE TO MAIN

STORAGE

Kobe Earthquake 1995

POST EARTHQUAKE FIRE IN KOBE, 1995

https://tomostyle.wordpress.com/tag/japan-earthquake/

(●:Earthquake, ●: Cultural and Mixed Heritage, ●: Natural Heritage)

By Institute of Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto Japan

World Heritage Sites Located in the Earthquake Zones

EASTERN JAPAN TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

MARCH 11, 2011

FIRE IN WANGDUEPHODRANG DZONG, BHUTAN, 24 JUNE, 2012

WORLD HERITAGE TOWN OF LIJIANG, CHINA

11 MARCH, 2013

http://www.gokunming.com/en/blog/item/2923/lijiang_blaze_destroys_old_town_businesses

FIRE IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, DELHI , INDIA 26TH APRIL, 2016

SOUTHWARK MUSEUM & LIBRARY FIRE, 25 MARCH 2013

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-21928861

FIRE IN ISTANBUL’S HISTORIC HAYDARPASATRAIN STATION, 28 NOVEMBER 2010

Photos : Zeynep Gul Unal

600 year old Namdaemun (South Gate) in Seoul, S.Korea severely damaged by Arson in 2008

Borobudur World Heritage Site, Java, Indonesia

POWERFUL VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN INDONESIA KILLS 3, FORCES 100,000 TO EVACUATE, SHUTS 7 AIRPORTS

Ash rises from Mt. Kelud’s eruption, Java, Indonesia, 14 February 2014Source: www.ibtimes.co.uk

FLOODING IN PARIS, 8 JUNE 2016EVACUATION OF COLLECTIONS FROM LOUVRE MUSEUM

BALKAN FLOODS, 2014

FLOODS IN ROME, DECEMBER 2008

Source CNN.Com

AYUTTHAYA, THAILAND FLOODS, 2011

Bigio et. Al. , The World Bank, 2011

Bigio et. Al. , The World Bank, 2011

STORMS IN WESTERN EUROPE , 28 FEB 2010

HURRICANE SANDY, 22 OCTOBER 2012

http://www.ericimphotography.com

http://www.baltimoresun.com

CLOUDBURST IN LEH, INDIA, 2010

Bush Fires, Greece, August 2007

World Heritage Site of Parthenon, Greece

CLIMATE RELATED DISASTERS

• 1990–1999: around 200 climate‐related disasters per year.

• 1999–2009: 350 climate‐related disasters on average per year.

• 2000–2009: 55 million people affected on average by

climate‐related disasters annually.

• 2000–2009: 789 billion US dollars estimated damage as a result

of climate‐related disasters.

UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2014

Urban Heritage under Tremendous Pressure

BAALSHAMIN TEMPLE, WORLD HERITAGE SITE OF PALMYRA, SYRIA

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34036644

http://worldculturalheritagevoices.org/baal-shamin-temple-in-palmyra-destroyed-by-isis/

TIMBUKTU SHRINES AND MOSQUES, MALI

http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/120702010239-shrine-horizontal-gallery.jpg

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/About/General/2012/7/2/1341232012982/Timbuktu-008.jpg

Iraq War, 2003

Damage to National Archives

Source - ICBS

DEMOLITION BEFORE PROPER ASSESSMENTS

COORDINATION WITH CIVIC DEFENCE AGENCIES & OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IN POST DISASTER

RESPONSE AND RECOVERY

Traditional Building Knowledge for Disaster Mitigation

Traditional Open Spaces for Emergency Refuge

Heritage as an asset for

building resilience

MINAMISANRIKU-CHO IN DISASTER

AFFECTED TOHOKU AREA,

JAPAN

Heritage as Refuge

during Emergency

TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR RECOVERY

Ensuring Safety vs. Protecting Heritage Values

– Extreme Positions or a middle ground?

Maximisation or Optimisation

On what basis do we test the endurance of

traditional technology. Past history of

additions/alterations may have made these

more vulnerable

Importance of Investigation and

Analysis of Traditional Materials

and Technology

ENGAGING LOCAL CRAFTSMEN AND RENEWING/UPGRADING THEIR SKILLS

CULTURAL RECOVERY IS CRUCIAL IN NEPAL: CHALLENGE IS HOW TO BUILD BACK MATTER WHILE RETAINING THE TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE VALUES

LIVING MONUMENTS

HOW TO ENSURE CONTINUATION OF SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS PRACTICES

ASSOCIATED WITH TRADITIONAL SPACES?

Cultural issues in Post Disaster Recovery?

WHAT IS A CONFLICT AND HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM A DISASTER?

BANDA ACEH, INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI, DECEMBER 2004

HAITI

First Independent nation in Latin

America 1804

Poorest country in the region

Had an armed rebellion in 2004; UN

peacekeepers in the country since then

Between 2002-2010, 8 natural disasters

have occurred including the

earthquake on January 12, 2010 that

killed 316000 people

DISASTERS ARE INCREASINGLY COMPLEX

Conflicts Natural disasters

Complex Emergencies

Disasters result from a complex interaction of:

mutliple hazards, exposure and vulnerability

Bohol , Philippines, 2014

INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF URBAN CULTURAL HERITAGE

• Multiple hazards

• Multiple Vulnerabilities

• Degree of Exposure

• Potential Impacts

- on heritage attributes and the associated values

- on People’s Safety

- on Economy and Livelihoods

- on Social Structure

WHAT KIND OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS DISASTERS CAN HAVE

ON CULTURAL HERITAGE?

• Damage due to slow and progressive agents

may manifest itself as risk to cultural heritage

after many years? For example chemical impact

• Important to consider short, medium and long

term impacts?

RISK TO HERITAGE VALUES OF THE SITE

Degree of Potential Loss of Values associated with

various attributes of the site

The First Step is Value Assessment

for your Urban Heritage

TYPES OF ATTRIBUTES: IMMOVABLE, MOVABLE, TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE

• Historic/Traditional Buildings

• Historic/Traditional Spaces

• Historic /Traditional Routes /Ritual Paths

• Historic / Traditional Objects

• Urban Landscape Elements (hard)

• Urban Landscape Elements (soft)

• Socio Spatial Mapping

• Traditional Water Bodies (lakes, canals, wells etc.)

• Traditional Livelihoods/Economy

WHAT CAN WE DO FOR DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT OF OUR CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES?

Risk

Assessment

Risk

Management

PREVENTION,

MITIGATION &

PREPAREDNES

S

RECOVERY &

REHABILITATION

Event

EMERGENCY

RESPONSE /

FIRST AID

Before After

During

DISASTER

Risk Assessment

Risk Prevention & Mitigation

Equipments for Emergency Response

Emergency Access & Evacuation Routes

Emergency Team & Drills

People’s Rescue, Relief & Salvage of Heritage

Immediate Damage Assessment

Immediate Protection of damaged heritage

Treatments (Repairs, Restoration, Retrofitting etc.)

Detailed Damage Assessment

Recovery & Rehabilitation

Build back better

DRR in all

parts of the

cycle

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT CYCLE

PREVENTION & MITIGATION MEASURES

STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION

Takeyuki OKUBO (Ritsumeikan Univ.)

67

USAGE OF FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT (WSS)

1st stage; in case of small fire

3rd stage; in case of spread control

2nd stage; firemen's firefighting

LIGHTENING PROTECTION

OTHER PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Maintenance and Monitoring

• Warning Systems

• Physical Planning at area regional level (land use,

transportation, infrastructure)

• Equipments for Disaster Prevention & Mitigation

Fire Hydrants in Residential Areas

REGULAR CHECKS

Heritage

Friendly

Sprinkler

System

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PROCEDURES

• Devising Evacuation

Routes, refuge areas,

temporary shelter for

people and salvaged

heritage

• Warning Systems

(Alarms, Public

Address etc.)

APPROPRIATE EMERGENCY SIGNAGE

CREATING EMERGENCY TEAM

• Team-Building and Coordination for effective relief,

rescue of visitors / staff and salvage of collections

EMERGENCY DRILL AT JANTAR

MANTAR WORLD HERITAGE SITE, JAIPUR, INDIA

Immediate Treatment of

Damaged Collections

RECOVERY PROCEDURES

• Special damage assessment forms for heritage

properties, which are linked to inventories.

• Long term repair, retrofitting treatment of damaged

buildings, fragments and collections

.

• Coordination system with other agencies involved in

recovery and rehabilitation.

• Recovery of social and economic activities associated

with cultural heritage

Cultural HeritageDisaster

Management

Disaster Management Cultural Heritage

Cultural Heritage Needs should be integrated into disaster management policies at national level

Disaster Management Plans/Systems should be introduced as part of management of cultural heritage sites using multi-hazard approach

OVERCOMING CRITICAL CHALLENGE OF MAINSTREAMING

REDUCING DISASTER RISKS FOR URBAN CULTURAL HERITAGE

Overcoming the Critical Challenge of Mainstreaming Heritage

INVENTORY OF SYSTEMS & ELEMENTS AT RISK: DATABASE & MAPS

URBAN SYSTEMSCALE

Neighbourhood Ward/Sub-City City/Region

Pe

op

le General Population

Vulnerable Populations

Bu

ildin

gs Housing

Other Buildings

Eco

logi

cal

infr

astr

uct

ure Land

Water & Env services

Food & Biomass

Ph

ysic

al

infr

astr

uct

ure Energy

Mobility

Information

Soci

al

infr

astr

uct

ur

e

Health

Education

Governance CU

LTU

RE

CULTURE

COORDINATION BETWEEN VARIOUS SECTORS

Urban

Development

Sector

Services

Land

use

Plannin

g

Housing

Public

Transpo

rt

Environ

ment

Disaster

Management

&

Climate

Change

Adaptation

Heritage

Conservation

&

Management

Cities

Rural

Peri-Urban

ADDRESSING RISK TRANSFER AT MULTIPLE LEVELS FROM LOCAL TO REGIONAL AND VICE VERSA : NEED FOR

TERRITORIAL PLANNING PERSPECTIVE

Disaster Risk

Management for

Cultural Heritage

Systems for

Protection and

Management of

Cultural

Heritage

Systems for

Disaster Risk

Reduction,

Response &

Recovery for the

city or region

FORMULATING DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR URBAN CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES/MUSEUMS

Sustainable Development

Climate Change Adaptation

Disaster Risk Reduction

Heritage Conservation & Management

WHAT WE WANT TO ACHIEVE?

• Focus on Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Reducing Disaster Risks

to cultural heritage that are integrated with planning and development

process.

• Enhanced Preparedness instead of only focussing on Response and

Recovery

• Better communication between different disciplines and departments from

cultural heritage, development and disaster management sectors

• Innovative technical knowledge that seeks to balance values with safety and

is economically and socially viable.

Need to further build capacity and regional, national and local levelsfor various types of target groups including decision makers.

Research and development of tools and guidelines for heritagemanagers and other actors

Innovative low cost and culturally sensitive technology for mitigatingdisaster risks to cultural heritage

Including representatives of cultural heritage institutions in postdisaster response and recovery initiatives (e.g. in damage assessment, salvage, restoration etc.)