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Thermodynamics FE review
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7/18/2019 Fundamentals Exam Review - Thermodynamics
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fundamentals-exam-review-thermodynamics 1/84
+FEFE
ThermodynamicThermodynamicss
ReviewReview
Dr. Omar MezaDr. Omar Meza
Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Department of MechanicalDepartment of MechanicalEngineeringEngineering
7/18/2019 Fundamentals Exam Review - Thermodynamics
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fundamentals-exam-review-thermodynamics 2/84
+Topics coveredTopics covered
Thermodynamics LawThermodynamics Law 11stst and 2and 2ndnd lawlaw
Energy , heat and workEnergy , heat and work
Availability and reversibilityAvailability and reversibility CyclesCycles
Ideal gasesIdeal gases
i!t"re o# gasesi!t"re o# gases
$hase change$hase change %eat Trans#er %eat Trans#er
$roperties o#&$roperties o#& enthalpyenthalpy entropyentropy
7/18/2019 Fundamentals Exam Review - Thermodynamics
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+Tips #or taking e!amTips #or taking e!am
'se the re#erence handbook'se the re#erence handbook (now what it contains(now what it contains (now what types o# problems yo" can "se it #or (now what types o# problems yo" can "se it #or (now how to "se it to solve problems(now how to "se it to solve problems
)e#er to it #re*"ently)e#er to it #re*"ently ork backwards when possibleork backwards when possible
E e!am is m"ltiple choice with single correct answer E e!am is m"ltiple choice with single correct answer $l"g answers into problem when it is convenient to do so$l"g answers into problem when it is convenient to do so Try to work backwards to con#irm yo"r sol"tion as o#ten asTry to work backwards to con#irm yo"r sol"tion as o#ten as
possiblepossible $rogress #rom easiest to hardest problem$rogress #rom easiest to hardest problem
-ame n"mber o# points per problem-ame n"mber o# points per problem Calc"lator tipsCalc"lator tips
Check the .CEE- website to con#irm yo"r model is allowedCheck the .CEE- website to con#irm yo"r model is allowed Avoid "sing it to save time/Avoid "sing it to save time/ any answers do not re*"ire a calc"lator 0#ractions vs decimalsany answers do not re*"ire a calc"lator 0#ractions vs decimals
7/18/2019 Fundamentals Exam Review - Thermodynamics
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems
%andbook page&%andbook page&
or a simple s"bstance,or a simple s"bstance,
speci#ication o# anyspeci#ication o# any twotwointensive, independentintensive, independent
propertiesproperties is s"##icient tois s"##icient to
#i! all the rest#i! all the rest
7/18/2019 Fundamentals Exam Review - Thermodynamics
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems
%andbook page&%andbook page&
A s"bstance that has aA s"bstance that has a
#i!ed chemical#i!ed chemicalcomposition thro"gho"tcomposition thro"gho"t
is called ais called a p"re s"bstancep"re s"bstance
7/18/2019 Fundamentals Exam Review - Thermodynamics
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystemsA s"bstance whose properties are "ni#orm thro"gho"t isA s"bstance whose properties are "ni#orm thro"gho"t is
re#erred to asre#erred to as
AAA solidA solid
44An ideal s"bstanceAn ideal s"bstanceCCA p"re s"bstanceA p"re s"bstance
55A standard s"bstanceA standard s"bstance
A s"bstance whose properties are "ni#orm thro"gho"t isA s"bstance whose properties are "ni#orm thro"gho"t is
re#erred to asre#erred to asAAA solidA solid
44An ideal s"bstanceAn ideal s"bstance
CCA p"re s"bstanceA p"re s"bstance
55A standard s"bstanceA standard s"bstance
7/18/2019 Fundamentals Exam Review - Thermodynamics
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems
7/18/2019 Fundamentals Exam Review - Thermodynamics
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems 6iven&6iven& -team at 27 k$a is sat"rated at 189-team at 27 k$a is sat"rated at 189 ooC In whatC In what
state will the steam be at :7state will the steam be at :7 ooC i# the press"re is 27 k$a;C i# the press"re is 27 k$a;
Analysis&Analysis&
< $ = 27 k$a, T< $ = 27 k$a, Tsatsat = 189= 189ooCC
TTsatsat > T> T ?s"perheated vapor@?s"perheated vapor@
Tsat= 189Tsat= 189ooCC
T= :7T= :7ooCC
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems ind the vol"me occ"pied by 27 kg o# steam at 7: $a,ind the vol"me occ"pied by 27 kg o# steam at 7: $a,
:77:77ooCC
At 7: $a the TAt 7: $a the Tsatsat=1:2=1:2ooC appro!imately It means that theC appro!imately It means that the
steam is in thesteam is in the s"perheated regions"perheated region
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems
%andbook page&%andbook page&
)eal gases e!hibit ideal3)eal gases e!hibit ideal3
gas behavior at relativelygas behavior at relativelylow press"res and highlow press"res and high
temperat"restemperat"res
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystemsAll real gases deviate somewhat #rom ideal gas behavior& $=All real gases deviate somewhat #rom ideal gas behavior& $=
m)T or which o# the #ollowing conditions is the deviationm)T or which o# the #ollowing conditions is the deviation
the smallest;the smallest;
AA
%igh temperat"re and low vol"me%igh temperat"re and low vol"me44%igh temperat"re and low press"res%igh temperat"re and low press"res
CC%igh press"res and low vol"mes%igh press"res and low vol"mes
55%igh press"re and low temperat"res%igh press"re and low temperat"res
hen the vol"me o# an ideal gas is do"bled while thehen the vol"me o# an ideal gas is do"bled while the
temperat"re is halved, what happens to the press"re;temperat"re is halved, what happens to the press"re;AA$ress"re is do"bled$ress"re is do"bled
44$ress"re is halved$ress"re is halved
CC$ress"re is *"artered$ress"re is *"artered
55$ress"re is *"adr"pled$ress"re is *"adr"pled
4
P
=X
T
Xv4=
)2/ T(
)v2(X=
T
Pv
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems
%andbook page&%andbook page&
7/18/2019 Fundamentals Exam Review - Thermodynamics
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems
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+$roperties o# -ingle3Component$roperties o# -ingle3Component
-ystems-ystems
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
( ) ( ) PEΔ+KEΔ+UΔ=Wout-Win+Qout-Qin
ormal sign convention: Heat transfer to asystem and work done by a system are
positive; heat transfer from a system and workdone on a system are negative.
W b is positive for expansion
W b is negative for compression
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
5"ring a process, B7 o# work are done by a closed5"ring a process, B7 o# work are done by a closed
stationary system on its s"rro"ndings The internal energystationary system on its s"rro"ndings The internal energy
o# the system decreases by :7 D hat is the heat trans#er;o# the system decreases by :7 D hat is the heat trans#er;
( ) ( ) PE KE U ∆+∆+∆=Wout-Win+Qout-Qin
U ∆=Wout-Qnet
WoutQnet +∆= U
J J J 103040Qnet −=+−=
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
Calc"late the work done by a piston contained within aCalc"late the work done by a piston contained within a
cylinder with air i# 2mcylinder with air i# 2mBB is tripled while the temperat"re isis tripled while the temperat"re is
maintained at a constant T = B7maintained at a constant T = B7ooC The initial press"re isC The initial press"re is
$$11=:77 k$a absol"te=:77 k$a absol"te
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
Polytropic process in a closed system
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
A steam coil operating at steady state receives B7 kgmin o#A steam coil operating at steady state receives B7 kgmin o#
steam with an enthalpy o# 2F77 kkg i# the steam leavessteam with an enthalpy o# 2F77 kkg i# the steam leaves
with an enthalpy o# 1G77 kmin, what is the rate o# heatwith an enthalpy o# 1G77 kmin, what is the rate o# heat
trans#er #rom the coil;trans#er #rom the coil;
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
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+irst Law o# Thermodynamicsirst Law o# Thermodynamics
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
%andbook page&%andbook page&
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
+
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
+
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
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+
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+4asic Cycles4asic Cycles
+
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+Ideal 6as i!t"reIdeal 6as i!t"re
%andbook page&%andbook page&
+
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+Ideal 6as i!t"reIdeal 6as i!t"re
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+
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+Ideal 6as i!t"reIdeal 6as i!t"re
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
ollier 5iagramollier 5iagram
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
+
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+$sychrometrics$sychrometrics
+
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+Comb"stion $rocessesComb"stion $rocesses
+
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+Comb"stion $rocessesComb"stion $rocesses
+
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+Comb"stion $rocessesComb"stion $rocesses
+
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+Comb"stion $rocessesComb"stion $rocesses
+
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+Comb"stion $rocessesComb"stion $rocesses
+
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+-econd Law o# Thermodynamics-econd Law o# Thermodynamics
%andbook page&%andbook page&
+
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+-econd Law o# Thermodynamics-econd Law o# Thermodynamics
Part of the heat received by a heat
engine is converted to work, while the
rest is rejected to a sink.
This is a law.1.It is always observed in real heat engines.
.!ne cannot derive it from first principles.
".#o exceptions are known.
It is not j$st that we haven%t looked hard
eno$gh and that f$t$re discoveries will makeit possible to convert heat completely to work.
+
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+-econd Law o# Thermodynamics-econd Law o# Thermodynamics
+
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-econd Law o# Thermodynamics-econd Law o# Thermodynamics
The efficiency of a refrigerator isexpressed in terms of the
coe##icient o# per#ormance &'!P(.
The objective of a refrigerator is to
remove heat &QL( from the
refrigerated space.
'an the val$e of '!P)
be greater than $nity*
+
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-econd Law o# Thermodynamics-econd Law o# Thermodynamics
The work
s$pplied to a
heat p$mp is
$sed to
extract energy
from the cold
o$tdoors and
carry it into
the warm
indoors.
for fixed val$es of QL and QH
+- d # Th d i
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-econd Law o# Thermodynamics-econd Law o# Thermodynamics
+( 1--/0
( 2--/0
'( 3--/0
4( 1--/0
+- d L # Th d i
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-econd Law o# Thermodynamics-econd Law o# Thermodynamics
+( 5es( #o
'( #ot clear
4( #+
+E t
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EntropyEntropy
+E tE t
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EntropyEntropy
+( .6 k789( 2.62 k789
'( 6.1- k789
4( 6.1- k789
+
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Pregntas!Pregntas!"omentarios!"omentarios!
+
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MchasMchas
#racias $#racias $