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FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE. CELLS. CELL THEORY . All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms. All cells come from preexisting, living cells. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
CELLS
CELL THEORY
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms.
All cells come from preexisting, living cells.
Usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientist like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory.
CELLS WERE FIRST DISCOVERED BY HIM IN 1665
ROBERT HOOKE
ROBERT OBSERVED :
Slice of cork resembled the structure of the honeycomb consisting of small compartments. Robert called these little compartments as cells.
CORK COMES FROM THE BARK OF THE
TREE
CORK SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE OF HOOKE
STRUCTURE OF CELL
Cells come in all shapes and sizes. While most of the cells are spherical in shape, cells of various other shapes are also found. Most of the cells are microscopic in size, i.e. it is impossible to see them with naked eyes. Some cells are fairly large, e.g. a neuron in human body can be as long as 1 meter.
COMPARING CELLSnerve cells can be 1m long
human egg cell is no bigger than the dot on this i
human red blood cells is 1/10 the size of a human egg cell
bacterium are even smaller-8000 can fit inside a human egg cell
DIFFERENT CELLS
BONE CELLNERVE CELL FAT CELL
SPERM BLOOD CELL
OVUM
CELL TYPES
PROKARYOTIC CELLSno membrane bound
structures
EUKARYOTIC CELLSmembrane-bound
structures
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
ORGANISMS THAT HAVE A SINGLE CELL- PROKARYOTIC CELLS. AMOEBA
PARAMOECIUM CHLAMYDOMONAS
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
ORGANISMS HAVING MORE THAN ONE CELL TO PERFORM VARIOUS FUNCTIONS- EUKARYOTIC CELLS.
ANIMALS
PLANTS
FUNGI
CELL WALL
found in plants, algae, fungi, most bacteria
tough, rigid outer coverings that protect the cell and give
it shape
plant cell walls are mainly made
of cellulose
what makes the cell walls rigid? Pectin and
lignin!
Protective layer around all cells
what does it do? regulate interactions between the cell and the environment
If a cell has a cell wall, then the cell membrane is inside of itfood particles and
some molecules enter and waste products leave through the cell membrane
water can move into and out of cell through the cell membrane
CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
Gelatin like substance that fills cells which is constantly moving
Contains a framework called the cytoskeleton - this helps maintain or change the shape of the cell.
Cytoskeleton helps some cells move
cytoskeleton is made up of thin, hollow tubes of protein and thin, solid protein fibers
ORGANELLES contained within the
cytoplasmWhat do organelles do?
★process energy★manufacture substances needed by the cell
★move materials★act as storage sites★are surrounded by membranes★nucleus is usually the largest organelle
NUCLEUS
is surrounded by a membrane
directs all cell activities
materials enter and leave through the membrane
contains instructions for
everything in
the cell, which
are found on
DNA
a nucleolus is also within the nucleus
NUCLEUS
ENERGY-PROCESSING ORGANELLES
cells need energy to: ✤process food✤make new substances✤eliminate wastes✤communicate with each other
PLANTS๏food is made in green organelles called chloroplasts
๏contain green pigment chlorophyll
๏chlorophyll captures light energy that is used to make glucose
ANIMALS๏energy in food is stored until it is released by the mitochondria๏organelles where energy is released from the breakdown of food into carbon dioxide and water๏muscle cells are more active, so they contain more mitochondria
GOLGI BODIESproteins are made and sent to the Golgi bodies
Golgi bodies sort proteins and other cellular substances and package them into membrane-bound structures called vesicles vesicles deliver cellular
substances to areas inside the cellRefrigerator - cells have membrane-bound
spaces called vacuoles for temporary storage of materials (water, waste products, food, and other cellular materials)
RECYCLING ORGANELLESactive cells break down and recycle substances
lysosomes contain digestive chemicals that help break down food molecules, cell wastes, and worn-out parts
lysosome membrane keeps the chemicals from leaking into the cell
when a cell dies a lysosome’s membrane disintegrates, releasing digestive chemicals that quickly breakdown the cell’s contents
PRESENTED BY
LIPIKA BISWAS, TGT (SCIENCE), K.V. - BALLYGUNGE