Upload
edison
View
73
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Fundamental of Microcontrollers. Waghmare Rahul G. Introduction. Purpose Provides an introduction to microcontrollers including usage and selection Objectives: Describes the functions of a microcontroller Briefly explains the history of microcontrollers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Fundamental of Microcontrollers
Waghmare Rahul G.
Purpose◦ Provides an introduction to microcontrollers including
usage and selection Objectives:
◦ Describes the functions of a microcontroller◦ Briefly explains the history of microcontrollers◦ Describes the main components of microcontroller◦ Talk about trends seen in the microcontroller industry◦ Describe the current microcontroller offerings◦ Describe the some of the steps in first using a
microcontroller◦ Show usage of an Evaluation kit◦ Provide insight into how to choose a microcontroller for
your application
Introduction
Microcontroller◦ Single chip device◦ System decision based on external
signals◦ Controls the behavior of a system
Always Contains:◦ Processor Core◦ Memory (RAM, ROM)◦ Input/output (I/O) Capability
Serial I/O interface◦ Various On-Chip Peripherals such as:
Timers Analog to digital converters Pulse width Modulators Many others
What is Microcontroller
MemoryI/O Peri
perals
Processor Core (CPU)
Everywhere◦ Any application that has real world inputs and
outputs Examples:
◦ Washing Machine◦ ECG Machine◦ Networking equipments◦ PCOs◦ etc..
Where are Microcontrollers?
What is difference between a Microcontroller and a Microprocessor?
CPU core with memory and peripherals integrated on chip
CPU core connects to external memory and peripherals
What is difference between a Microcontroller and a DSP?
History of the Microcontrollers
History of the Microcontroller:Early Time
General Instruments:◦ The famous PIC◦ Spun out chip Division - Microchip
Hitachi◦ 6300 line◦ Combined with Mitshibushi Electric to form
Renesas Zilog
◦ First the Z – 80 processor, then Z – 8 MCU
History of the Microcontroller:Other Early Entries
Architecture
CPU◦ Reads and Stores
data◦ Performs Basic Math
Operations◦ Performs Logical
functions (OR, AND etc)
◦ Controls flow of program execution
Processor Core
Microcontroller bit definition
CISC V/S RISC
Complex Instruction Set Computer
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Harvard V/S von Neumann
Hardware to handle interrupt signals Important in real time system Interrupt latency in important to consider
◦ Hardware and software (OS) determine interrupt latency
◦ Interrupt service routine (ISR) is the part of OS
Interrupt controller
ROM – Read-only Memory – for program storage◦ Masked ROM
Programmed during manufacture◦ PROM
Programmed by blowing fuse after manufacture◦ EPROM – Erasable ROM
Electrically programmed – Erased by UV light◦ OTP – One Time Programmable
PROM EPROM that is encapsulated
◦ EEPROM – Electrically Erasable ROM Electrically programmed – Erased with higher voltages
◦ FLASH Similar to EEPROM Write/Read/Erase in large blocks
System Memory: ROM
RAM – Random Access Memory◦ Volatile or Non-permanent memory◦ Can be written to many times◦ Stores Temporary or changeable data◦ “Embedded” in MCUs
Types of RAM◦ SRAM
Static RAM Fast Access times / More Silicon area Common in MCUs
◦ DRAM Dynamic RAM Slower access time / Lesser Silicon area Less common in MCUs
System Memory: RAM
Allow Communication with other devices◦ USB (Universal Serial Bus)◦ CAN (Controller Area Network)◦ SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)◦ I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit)◦ UART (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter)◦ LIN (Local Interconnect Network)◦ Ethernet◦ Also Wireless Interfaces
ZigBee Bluetooth
I/O: Serial Interface
Timers LCD Controllers Touch screen
Controllers Keypad Controllers GPIO pins A/D Converter D/A Converter Analog Comparator Pulse Width Modulator
On chip Peripherals
Trends andCurrent Offerings
Low Power◦ Dynamic Power◦ Static Power◦ Low Power Modes◦ Lower Supply Voltage
Higher Integration◦ More Feature Incorporated
Microcontroller Trends
32 bits◦ More Processing power
Flash Memory◦ May replace the traditional ROM
DSP Functionality◦ DSP or Microcontroller
Multi-core◦ Not just for PCs
Microcontroller Trends
8051◦ NXP, Atmel, Silicon Labs, Dallas/Maxim, ST,
Rabbit and others ARM
◦ NXP, ST, Free-scale, Atmel, Samsung, Texas Instruments, OKI, Energy Micro and others
MIPS◦ Microchips
Sampling of Microcontroller offerings:Licensed cores
NXP Renesas Microchip Free scale Atmel Infineon
Texas Instruments Samsung & ST
Microelectronics NEC Toshiba
Sampling of Microcontroller offerings:Broad range Vendors
Analog Devices Cyan Maxim / Dallas Zilog Silicon Labs Cypress Energy Micro Rabbit
Sampling of Microcontroller offerings:Broad range Vendors (more..)
Designing with Microcontrollers
Editor◦ Text based window for editing high-level language
Compiler◦ Converts source code to object code
Assembler◦ Converts assembly code to binary code
Linker◦ Joins separate object code files for download
Simulator◦ Run linker output on a simulation of the MCU on host PC
Debugger◦ Allows engineer to monitor and halt program execution
Microcontroller Development Tools
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)◦ Software package that contains all software tools integrated
In-Circuit Emulator◦ Replaces MCU with tool to allow viewing and control of
program as seen within the chip JTAG
◦ Interface for test and debug Evaluation / Development Kits
◦ Low cost Easy-to-use Evaluation and development tool 3rd Party tools
◦ Various tools by Non-MCU vendor that help in all aspects of development including development including kits and JTAG Debugging
Microcontroller Development Tools
A software platform which manages task created by user◦ Design team may write their own OS
Drivers handle details of using I/O and peripherals◦ Makes programming easier; just call on drivers for I/O◦ Makes program reusable; MCU hidden from designer◦ Drivers control peripherals; simply pass data to them
Real time Operating System (RTOS)◦ Designed to execute multiple tasks with definite time
constraints and priorities
Operating System
Programming code Compiler Memory Highly Integrated Microcontrollers make circuit design
easy but…◦ Must be programmed in order to perform a function◦ Code development is more than half the product development
A program is a sequence of instructions using the microcontroller’s unique instruction set◦ Families of MCUs may have a common instruction set◦ Typical Instruction includes:
Adding two numbers, and saving the result Comparing two numbers and branching to different subroutines if
equal or not equal Reading the value of an external pins
Code Development
Compiler
Evaluation Kit◦ Low cast kits◦ Evaluating the microcontroller
Development Kit◦ More comprehensive◦ For developing the system around the
microcontroller Reference design kits
◦ Application specific reference designs already complete
Evaluation/Development/Reference design kits
Choosing a Microcontroller
Marketing analyzes market needs, Drivers & develops new product specification
Environment sensors, motors, LCD Display, Keypad, etc
Engineering determines what functions of microcontrollers are required to meet specifications
Engineering team searches for MCU & other system components that will deliver end system to specification
Basics of Designing a System
Up Front Design System◦ Spreadsheets◦ Feature Requirements◦ Tool Requirements◦ Evaluation boards
Hardware V/S Software◦ Complexity of MCU
Choosing a microcontroller:General Tips
Features / On chip Peripherals◦ ADC◦ DAC◦ Analog Comparator◦ PWM◦ LCD Control◦ Timers◦ JTAG◦ I/Os
Communication Interface◦ USB◦ CAN◦ UART◦ SPI◦ Others…
Packages◦ Size◦ Pins
Choosing a microcontroller:Parametric aspects
Power◦ Sleep Mode◦ Voltage◦ Current
Speed◦ Clock frequency◦ Critical Instruments◦ Interrupt latency
Reliability◦ Application demand
Memory◦ Size◦ Type
Familiarity◦ Personal experience◦ Senior Engineer
Choosing a microcontroller:Parametric aspects
Price◦ Device◦ Volume◦ Software tools
IDEs Debug Compiler OS
Available Kits◦ Evaluation Kit◦ Development Kit◦ Reference design kits
Support◦ Documentation
White Papers Reference design Example code User Guide Errata
◦ Application Engineers Response time
◦ Community Portability
◦ Roadmap◦ Large Family◦ Abstraction Layer
Choosing a microcontroller:Parametric aspects
Thank You