Fundamental Fundamental Design ToolsDesign Tools

Chapter 2Chapter 2

An intro to several techniques used…

BrainstormingBrainstorming

Five to fifteen individualsFive to fifteen individuals Discussion leader restates problem Discussion leader restates problem

and reiterates rules of discussionand reiterates rules of discussion Individuals suggest ideasIndividuals suggest ideas Evaluate ideas at conclusion of Evaluate ideas at conclusion of

discussiondiscussion Useful for new ideas / deadlock Useful for new ideas / deadlock Drawback: relies on willingness to Drawback: relies on willingness to

speak upspeak up

Class Design ProblemClass Design Problem

Ear WaxEar WaxAn example brainstorming exercise -

Grade in Design? Grade in Design? (Concept Map)(Concept Map)

Each individual writes Each individual writes down three ideasdown three ideas

Tablets are exchanged, Tablets are exchanged, ideas are elaborated, ideas are elaborated,

or new ideas are generatedor new ideas are generated

Five exchanges Five exchanges take placetake placeMethod 635Six

individuals

Drawback: Drawback: isolation, no isolation, no group group synergysynergy

Useful in Useful in systematic systematic approach approach and large and large numbers of numbers of ideasideas

Delphi ModelDelphi Model

Polling process

Resultant Resultant response list response list is reordered is reordered and and evaluatedevaluated

Useful in situations Useful in situations where future of process where future of process is of concernis of concern

Drawback: relies Drawback: relies on high response on high response raterate

Suggestions Suggestions are regrouped are regrouped and returned and returned to paneliststo panelists

Expert Expert panel panel generates generates starting starting pointspoints

Synetics

Problem is Problem is presented to a presented to a small groupsmall group

Analogies of Analogies of terms are terms are examined and examined and relationships relationships forcedforced

Group Group familiarizes familiarizes itself with the itself with the problemproblem

Also utilizes Also utilizes variations such variations such as randomly as randomly choosing words choosing words from a from a dictionary and dictionary and forcing a fitforcing a fit

Useful when problem to be solved has an Useful when problem to be solved has an analogy and group is willing to explore bizarre analogy and group is willing to explore bizarre

trains of thoughttrains of thought

Class Design ExampleClass Design Example

Right to left heart shunt that needs to be Right to left heart shunt that needs to be closed – minimally invasive technology.closed – minimally invasive technology.

When doing catheterization, need to go with When doing catheterization, need to go with the flow…the flow…

Cannon droops when rapidly fired.Cannon droops when rapidly fired.

Need to get a ladder through a small space Need to get a ladder through a small space and up in an alleyway.and up in an alleyway.

Web-based and Print Web-based and Print LiteratureLiterature

Web-based search enginesWeb-based search engines www.amazon.com – search for recent www.amazon.com – search for recent

booksbooks www.uspto.gov & search for granted www.uspto.gov & search for granted

or pending patents or pending patents Trade magazines & web sites, Trade magazines & web sites,

especially www.cancom.com especially www.cancom.com And www.google.com (or And www.google.com (or

scholar.google.com), search for topics scholar.google.com), search for topics ……

Process Charts: Process Charts: SymbolsSymbols

Operations

Inspection

Transportation

Delay

Storage

See http://vubme.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/King/powerpoint_slide_shows_for_cours.htm for a process diagram package -

Process ChartProcess ChartS

tep

Op

erat

ion

Tra

nsp

ort

Insp

ect

Del

ayS

tora

ge

Dis

tan

ce(f

eet)

Tim

e(m

in)Description

ofprocess

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Unload apples from truck

Move to inspection station

Weigh, inspect, sort

Move to storage

Wait until needed

Move to peeler

Apples peeled and cored

Soak in water until needed

Place in conveyor

Move to mixing area

Weigh, inspect, sort

TotalPage 1 0f 3 480

30

5

20

15

360

30

20

190 ft

20 ft

20 ft

50 ft

100 ft

Date: 9-30-00

Analyst: TLR

Location: Graves Mountain

Process: Apple Sauce

Date: OfficeAnalyst: Apply Band Aid

Ste

p

Op

era

tio

n

In

sp

ec

tio

n

Tra

nsp

ort

ati

on

Dela

y

Sto

rag

e

Description of Process

1Obtain Band Aid

2Open Band Aid

3Apply Band Aid

4Inspect Application, go to 5 if needed, else 7

5Remove if necessary

6Go to 2

7Remove trash

8Wait for next customer

August 8,2007 Location: King Process:

Apply Band Aid!!!!!!!!!!

FlowchartingFlowcharting

Activity

DecisionYesYes

NoNo

Start or end

D

FlowchartingFlowcharting

Assists in understanding processes to Assists in understanding processes to modify or improve them.modify or improve them.

Broad range of charts- from simple Broad range of charts- from simple process charts to fairly complicated process charts to fairly complicated combinations of signal, material, and combinations of signal, material, and information flows.information flows.

Dr. King at the doctorDr. King at the doctor

Flowcharting OverviewFlowcharting Overview

Clinic Flow ChartsClinic Flow Charts

Linear system-Each event must be complete prior to the next beginning

Patient Sign-in

Wait for room(5-10 minutes)

Weight & Medication Check

(1)

Waiting Room(2-20)

Blood Pressure Check

(2)

Wait for room(5-20)

Go to roomWait for MD

(5-20)See MD

(5)

Update Meds, Sign out

(2)

Flowcharts with Decision Flowcharts with Decision PointsPoints

Patient Sign-in Data Needed?Collect weight, BP,

Meds info(1)

MD needed?Waiting room, wait

for MD(5-20)

MD Interaction(5)

Sign out, reschedule

RN Needed?Waiting room, wait

for RN(5-10)

RN interaction(5)

Update Meds(2)

Yes

NoYes

No

Yes

Decisions: Selection Decisions: Selection ChartChart

Choice

Demand # Fountain

Pen

Pencil Chalk Marker

1. Writes on paper + + ? +

2. Won’t stain hands - + + -

3. Damp paper tolerant ? + ? ?

Summary no go go recheck no go

Selection Matrix: “Writes in a damp environment” (School)

Evaluation ChartEvaluation Chart

Commercial airline Ocean Liner

“wish” weight value product value Product

High speed 3 5 15 2 6

Convenience 5 4 20 5 25

Comfort 5 3 15 5 25

Low cost 2 2 4 3 6

Food & Drink 5 1 5 5 25

Total 59 87

Daddy Warbucks goes New York to Rome

Objective Tree: Objective Tree: Why go to Why go to college?college?

Quality Function Quality Function Deployment Diagrams Deployment Diagrams

(QFD)(QFD)

Example Student Work

TRIZTRIZ Russian acronym based upon series of Russian acronym based upon series of

papers on the theory of inventive problem papers on the theory of inventive problem solvingsolving

Method of reducing design process to a Method of reducing design process to a step-by-step procedurestep-by-step procedure

As difficulty increases, number of solution As difficulty increases, number of solution increasesincreases

Different themes of transition have finite Different themes of transition have finite variationsvariations

Negative interactions between desired Negative interactions between desired functionsfunctions

TRIZ - BasicTRIZ - Basic

ID ProblemID Problem Restate to elaborate Restate to elaborate

contradictionscontradictions Search for previously well solved Search for previously well solved

problemproblem Search for analogous solutions Search for analogous solutions