Functional Groups

Chemistry 11

Functional Groups

There are several different groups that can be added to a hydrocarbon in order to change it into a different type of organic compound

It will be important to be able to differentiate between the different functional groups and the compounds they form

Alcohol

An alcohol is created when a hydroxyl group (OH) is added to a carbon

The hydroxyl group can be in the middle of the compound or on a terminal carbon

By convention, if the hydroxyl group is on the terminal carbon, it is draw on the right hand end of the compound

An alcohol takes the root of the compound but adds the suffix “ol”

Carboxylic Acid

Is created when the carobxyl group (COOH) is part of a hydrocarbon

This group appears on a terminal carbon and include a carbon oxygen double bond and then an OH group

To name a carboxylic acid, the root remains but the suffix becomes “oic acid”

Aldehydes & Ketones

Aldehydes are created when a formyl group (double bonded oxygen) is bonded to a terminal carbon

It is named using the suffix “al” Ketones are created when a carbonyl group

(doubled bonded oxygen) is bonded to a non-terminal carbon

It is named using the suffix “one”

Esters

Esters have both a double bonded oxygen and single bonded oxygen in the middle of the compound

They are normally created from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester and water

They are named by giving the alcohol group an alkyl name and using the suffix “oate” with the carboxylic acid

Amines and Amides

Amines contain a nitrogen bonded in the carbon chain (may appear at the end of the carbon chain)

Named by adding “amine” to the root Amides also contain a nitrogen but it must be

bonded to a carbon that has a double bonded oxygen

Named by adding “amide” to the root

Practice Problems

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