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FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
NEW EDITION
PREPARED BY
BR. MATHAI
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
GRAMMAR IS THE SCIENCE THAT TEACHES US HOW TO SPEAK AND WRITE A LANGUAGE IN CORRECT FORM
PREPARED BY
BR. MATHAI
MONTFORT BROTHERS OF ST GABRIEL
Published by: MONTFORT BROTHERS OF ST GABRIEL
MONTFORT BROTHERS OF ST GABRIELhave been greatest sources of my inspiration
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or any means without permission from the publisher
PREFACE
This book is intended to use by students working alone or as supplementary drill material in a class. It has been written with a view of teaching the fundamentals and basic principles of functional grammar.
Functional grammar is incidental grammar which is acquired by the pupils unconsciously by imitation or consciously by observation and deduction. In the very process of learning the correct sentence patterns, the pupil is learning grammar. This disguised and unformulated grammar is called functional grammar
Every attempt has been made to make the study of grammar appealing and interesting to young students. The grammar has been introduced is a beautiful synthesis of the traditional grammar and the modern structural approach. Such a happy blend will surely enable pupils to learn all the language skills in a proper way.
All the topics of this book are treated in a simple and clear way, presented for students of Secondary Schools in Tanzania, and other countries in East Africa. The author has taken lot of pain to refer different grammar books to collect information and put them in a simple and understandable manner as a request from many students. It is a very useful book mainly for Form One students of Tanzania, because this book has been prepared mostly following the syllabus of Form One. All the exercises are already worked out to make the students' work easier. Teachers can make use of same exercises or can construct similar ones as exercises.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis book bears the imprint of many persons.
I am extremely grateful to my Superiors and Brothers for theirconstant support and encouragement throughout my endeavor
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGES I. THE SENTENCE
II. PARTS OF SPEECH
III. TENSES
IV. ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ( PHONETICS)
V. DICTATION FOR COMPREHENSION
VI. DIALOGUE
VII. COMPOSITION
VIII.CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
I. THE SENTENCE
SENTENCE: A group of words that gives complete meaning is called a sentence.
Example: I am writing.
I, am - Is it a sentence?
No. It is not a sentence, because there is only a group of words which doesn't give complete meaning. Therefore we should arrange them properly according to the subject and predicate.
I / am writing.
I - Subject
am writing - Predicate
SUBJECT: A subject is a name of the person or thing we speak about. (Who?)
Example: I / am writing
EXERCISE: Rearrange these words into meaningful sentences and underline the subjects.
1. study, we. We study.
2. writing, are, we We are writing.
3. work, do, we We do work.
4. pen, bought, a, I I bought a pen.
5 door, opens, the, he He opens the door.
6. sleeping, is, she She is sleeping.
7. chair, on, sit, we, the We sit on the chair.
8. english, talk, students Students talk English.
9 mouse, caught, cat, a, the The cat caught a mouse.
10. book, a, reads, boy, the The boy reads a book.
PREDICATE: A predicate is what the person or thing does.
Example: I / am writingam writing - Predicate
EXERCISE: Rearrange these words into meaningful sentences and underline the predicate.
1 school, to, go, students Students go to school.
2. shop, the, into, went, man, a A man went into the shop.
3. window, closed, Juma, the Juma closed the window.
4. english, teaches, teacher, the The teacher teaches English.
5. me, bit, dog, that That dog bit me.
6. me, at, looking, is, she She is looking at me.
7. hungry, was, very, man, the The man was very hungry.
8. shop, the, to, going, girl, the, is The girl is going to the shop.
9. garden, the, in, working, was, he He was working in the garden.
10. class, the, of, back, the, at, sat, teacher, the The teacher sat at the back of the class.
VERB: Verb expresses action of the person, or thing.
Example: We study English. study - verb
EXERCISE: Rearrange these words into meaningful sentences and underline the verbs 1. boy, a, bit, snake, the The snake bit a boy.
2. letter, a, writes, she She writes a letter.
3. the, going, students, are, class, to Students are going to the class.
4. book, a, reading, is, he He is reading a book.
5. grass, eat, cows, the The cows eat grass.
6. coming, are, we, town, from We are coming from the town.
7. tea, the, sells, supermarket, a A supermarket sells the tea.
8. foot, on, school, to, come, I I come to school on foot.
9. box, the, sister, my, opened. My sister opened the box.
10. apple, an, ate, George George ate an apple.
OBJECT: The object is the person or thing that action happened to. The object is the receiver of the action. (What? Whom?)
Example: The dog bit a boy. A boy - object
EXERCISE: Rearrange these words into meaningful sentences and underline the objects.
1. bell, the, rang, monitor, the The monitor rang the bell.
2. her, I, beat I beat her.
3. ball, the, kicked, he He kicked the ball.
4. thief, caught, a, we We caught a thief.
5. boy, a, bit, snake, a A snake bit a boy.
6. fish, eat, we We eat fish.
7. vegetable, cuts, cook, the The cook cuts vegetable.
8. cat, the, killed, dog, the The dog killed the cat.
9. foot, his, hurt, boy, little, the The little boy hurt his foot.
10. meat, sells, butcher, the The butcher sells meat.
When we arrange the words into meaningful sentences, the subject should come at first, then the verb and the object follows.Example: I / write / a letter.
I - subject
write – verb
a letter - object
I / write a letter.
I - subject
Write a letter - predicate
EXERCISE: Rearrange these words into meaningful sentences.
1. english, speak, we We speak English.
2. notes, writing, are, students, the The students are writing notes.
3. fish, the, ate, cat, the The cat ate the fish.
4. door, the, closed, Shani Shani closed the door.
5. fly, birds, air, the, in Birds fly in the air.
6. school, to, goes, Margaret Margaret goes to school.
7. netball, are, playing, girls, the The girls are playing netball.
8. my, listen, I, to, teacher I listen to my teacher.
9. me, likes, mother, my My mother likes me.
10. food, cooks, mother, my My mother cooks food.
KINDS OF SENTENCES
There are four kinds of sentences
1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCE
2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCE: A sentence that makes statement is called an Assertive Sentence.
Examples:
1. The earth moves around the sun.
2. The earth is not flat.
3. The sun rises in the east.
4. The sun sets in the west.
5. The people can talk.
6. Man is a rational person.
7. It rains in the rainy season.
8. Everybody eats food.
9. We drink water.
10. Students go to school.
Note: An Assertive Sentence begins with a capital letter and there will be a full stop at the end (.)
2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE: A sentence that asks question is called an Interrogative sentence.
Examples
1. What is your name?
2. Where do you stay?
3. What are you doing?
4. Who is your friend?
5. When will you come again?
6. How is your health?
7. Where is the teacher?
8. How do you come to school?
9. Where is your school?
10. What do you learn in English class?
Note: A question mark (?) is placed at the end of every Interrogative sentence.
EXERCISE: Complete the following sentences by filling these words.
(Can, Which, Who, Where, What, How, Do, Have, Is, Are)
1. Is Mary sick?
2. Are you going to school?
3. Which book is yours?
4. Who is the monitor?
5. Do you ride a bicycle?
6. Where is your house?
7. What are you writing?
8. How do you come to school?
9. Can you speak English?
10. Have you checked your mail?
EXERCISE: Change these statements into questions
1. My name is James.
What is your name?
2. I can speak other languages.
Can you speak other languages?
3. She learnt French at Burundi.
Where did she learn French?
4. Jane is making noise.
Who is making noise?
5. They are tired.
What happened to them?
6 I come to school every day.
Do you come to school every day?
7. The classes begin at 8 0' clock.
When do the classes begin?
8. I come to school on foot.
How do you come to school?
9. Her letter is on the table.
Where is her letter?
10. The headmistress is in the office.
Where is the headmistress?
EXERCISE: Change these Questions into statements.
1. How are you?I am fine.
2. What are they doing?They are writing.
3. Are you happy?I am happy.
4 Can you speak English?I can speak English.
5. Where is your house? My house is in the town.
6. Who rings the bell?The monitor rings the bell.
7. Where are you going?I am going to the school.
8. What are you reading?I am reading a story.
9. How is your friend?My friend is fine.
10. Do you like English class?I like English class.
3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE: A sentence that expresses a command, a request or a desire is called an Imperative sentence.
Examples
1. Stand up.
2. Sit down.
3. Come here.
4. Get out.
5. Come in.
6. Listen carefully.
7. Open your book.
8. Close your book.
9. Look at the blackboard.
10. Be silent.
Note: An Imperative sentence ends with a full stop. (.)
EXERCISE: Make commands using these words.
1. door, open, the
Open the door.
2. book, soon, bring, the
Bring the book soon.
3. at home, exercise, do, carefully
Do exercise carefully at home.
4. tomorrow, homework, bring
Bring homework tomorrow.
5. talking, stop, now
Stop talking now.
6. on next page, all the questions do
Do all the questions on next page.
7. your name, top of this paper, write, on the
Write your name on the top of this paper.
8. at post office, post letters
Post letters at post office.
9. Your exercise book, to school, bring
Bring your exercise book to school.
10. the ball, kick, the goal, into
Kick the ball into the goal.
EXERCISE: Provide the correct commands for the following situations.
1. A student enters into the classroom without permission. Teacher- Get out.
2. Pupils are making noise in the class.Monitor- Keep quiet.
3. A thief is running away after stealing.Police- Stop.
4. An important visitor enters the class room.Teacher- Stand up.
5. Exam time is over and some students are still writing.Invigilator-Stop writing.
6. It is time for the class, yet students are still playing.Teacher- Go to your class.
DIALOGUE
Police: Stop. Do you know how to ride a bicycle?
John: No sir, I'm learning.
Police: Learning! On the main road! Whose bicycle is this?
John: It's my father's.
Police: OK. You don't know how to ride a bicycle. Therefore we are keeping it at the station.
John: Oh! I'm sorry sir; may I take it home with me? I won't do it again.
Police: Not at all. Go and tell your father to come to the station.
REQUESTS- POLITE EXPRESSIONS.
In order to be polite when you are speaking English, you need to use these phrases correctly.
Excuse me: You say excuse me to somebody you do not know, when you want to attract their attention.
EXAMPLES:
1. Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the station?
2. Excuse me, is anyone sitting here?
Sorry: You say sorry when you need to apologize for something.
EXAMPLES:
1. Sorry, I am late.
2. I am sorry; do you think you could move your car?
Pardon: You may pardon when you did not hear what somebody said and want them to say it again.
EXAMPLES:
1. Pardon, could you say it again.
2. Pardon me, (excuse me) I did not see you there.
Note: It is not polite to say what? …if you have not heard or understood something.
Please: You say please when you ask for something. This is a request.
EXAMPLES
1. Please, may I have your pen?
2. May I borrow your ruler please?
Thank you: You express your gratitude by saying, thank you.
EXAMPLES
1. Thank you very much. Answer: That's all right or that's okay or don't mention it or you are
welcome.
2. How about another cup of coffee? Answer: Thank you or thanks or yes please.
3. Would you like some more cake? Answer: No, thank you or No thanks.
EXERCISE: Request the following
1. To borrow a pen from your friend. May I borrow your pen please?
2. To show where you can buy a dictionary.Excuse me, could you show me where I can buy a dictionary?
3. To lend you some money. Could you lend me some money?
4. To close the window.Would you close the window, please?
5. To help you.Could you help me please?
6. To go out.Please, may I go out?
7. To come in. Excuse me, may I come in?
8. To show where the library is.Excuse me, Could you show me where the library is?
9. To explain it again.Excuse me, please explain it again.
10. To ask a question.Excuse me, may I ask you a question?
11. To say it again.Excuse me, please say it again.
12. To come with you for a walk.Would you like to come with me for a walk?
13. To allow you write down his address.Will you allow me to write down your address?
14. To come and see him afterwards.Would you mind, if I come and see you afterwards.
15. To close the door.Could you close the door please?
EXERCISE: Change these sentences into requests
1. Give me your pencil.May I borrow your pencil please?
2. Close the book.Would you mind closing the book?
3 Lend me some money.Could you lend me some money please?
4. I want to play football. Will you allow me to play football?5. I want a book. (to the Librarian) Excuse me; may I borrow a book please?
6. What did you say?I beg your pardon.
7. Show me where can I buy an exercise book?Could you show me where can I buy an exercise book?
8. Help me?Could you help me please?
9. I want to go to the toilet.May I go to the toilet?
10. Get out.Could you go out please?
DESIRE
1. I wish to get first class.
2. God save me.
3. Help me, O God.
4. Have mercy on me. 4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES: A sentence that expresses strong or sudden feeling is called an exclamatory sentence. EXAMPLES:
1. How lovely you are!
2. What a shame!
3. What a dirty place it is!
4. What a pity!
5. How cold it is!
EXERCISE: Change these sentences into Assertive sentences.
1. How hot it is!It is very hot.
2. How cold the night was!The night was very cold.
3. What a clever girl you are!You are a clever girl.
4. What a beautiful picture it is!It is a very beautiful picture.
5. What a wonderful idea it is!It is a wonderful idea.
6. How beautiful the night was!The night was very beautiful.
7. What a wonderful creature an elephant is!An elephant is a wonderful creature.
8. How cold you are!You are very cold.
9. What delicious flavor these mangoes have! These mangoes have a delicious flavor.
10. What a beautiful scene it is!It is a very beautiful scene.
II. PARTS OF SPEECH
Words are divided into different kinds or classes are called parts of speech.
PARTS OF SPEECH ARE EIGHT IN NUMBER
1. NOUN
2. PRONOUN
3. VERB
4. ADVERB
5. ADJECTIVE
6. PREPOSITION
7. CONJUNCTION
8. INTERJECTION
1. NOUN: A noun is a word used as name of a person, a place, a thing, an animal or an idea.
(a) Name of a person: John, Mathew, Mark, Peter etc.
(b) Name of a place: Tanzania, Kenya, America etc.
(c) Name of a thing: chair, table, pen, book etc.
(d) Name of an animal: dog, cat, rat, cow etc.
(e) Name of an idea: information, truth, answer, peace etc.
EXERCISE: Underline the nouns that name people from these sentences.
1. John is my teacher.
2. The boy saw his brother.
3. My sister is a clever girl.
4. The teacher speaks to his pupils.
5. This boy is my friend.
6. There is a man and woman in the house.
7. Three teachers are teaching in this class.
8. The man opened the door for his wife.
9. The little girl is my daughter.
10. The chemist has a shop in that street.
EXERCISE: Underline the nouns that name places from these sentences
1. Dar es Salaam is a big city in Tanzania.
2. People work in the villages.
3. There are many schools in the cities.
4. His house is in a small town.
5. People are poor in the villages.
6. There is an Airport in Nairobi.
7. Dodoma is a capital of Tanzania.
8. Many people are staying in Serengeti.
9. Some people are happy in the cities.
10. Which is the biggest city in Tanzania?
EXERCISE: Underline the nouns that name things from the sentences.
1. There is a pen on the desk.
2. The boy kicked the ball.
3. The chalk is in the box.
4. There are some apples and oranges.
5. The car went very fast.
6. The new pencils are in the bag.
7. You can buy tea and sugar in the shop.
8. There are four windows in this room.
9. The driver stopped the bus.
10. There are some mangoes on the tree.
EXERCISE: Underline the nouns that name animals, birds, fish and insects.
1. Lions hunt animals.
2. Bees make honey.
3. Snakes are dangerous.
4. Crickets are insects.
5. Camels store water.
6. The cat is waiting for a rat
7. The bird is singing in the tree.
8. Here is a hen with ten chickens.
9. He caught a lot of fish from the lake.
10. The kittens and puppies are playing.
EXERCISE: Complete these sentences with these ideas (journey, time, answer, peace, news, noise, price, winter, truth, information).
1. What is the answer to this question?
2. Winter is a very cold season.
3. We measure time in hours.
4. What is the price of these shoes?
5. Everybody wants peace not war.
6. Please don't make so much noise.
7. Have you heard the news?
8. They arrived at the end of their journey.
9. We should have some information about it.
10. Everybody should speak truth always.
EXERCISE: Underline all the nouns in this story.
To cure headache
A man went into a chemist's shop and said, "I want something for a bad headache".The chemist took a bottle from a shelf held it under man's nose and opened it.The smell was so strong that tears came into the man's eyes and ran down to his cheeks."What did you do that for?" he said angrily, as soon as he could get back his breath. "But that medicine has cured your headache, hasn't it?" said the chemist.
"You fool" said the man. "It's my wife that has headache, not me".
NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL
EXAMPLES:
Boy - boys
Girl - girls
Dog - dogs
Cat - cats
Man - men
Woman - women
EXERCISE: Underline the singular nouns from these sentences.
1. The hen has ten chickens.
2. My books are in my bag.
3 There is an apple in this plate.
4. There is a table in this classroom.
5. The boy kicked the ball.
6. I like this lesson.
7. Give me your pen.
8. The dog is playing with a cat.
9. I have a picture.
10. He goes to the market every Sunday.
EXERCISE: Underline the plural nouns from these sentences
1. All students are present.
2. The boys are playing with the girls
3. How many eyes have you got?
4. Open your books and read the sentences.
5. The girls are playing netball.
6. The students are standing outside.
7. My brothers don't live here.
8. There are mice in the room.
9. The men go to town every week.
10. Children like games.
NOUNS: IRREGULAR PLURALS
1. Nouns that end in a 'hissing' sound (sh, ch, x, s) make plurals by adding - 'es'
brush - brushes dish - dishes
church - churches watch - watches
box - boxes tax - taxes
bus - buses boss - bosses
2. Some nouns that end in 'o' from their plurals by adding - 'es'.
Potato - potatoes negro - negroes
Hero- heroes mango - mangoes
3. Nouns that end in 'f ' or 'fe' generally change the ending to-ves for the plural.
Leaf - leaves half - halves
Wolf - wolves wife - wives
Knife - knives thief - thieves
4. Some nouns that end in 'y' change the 'y' into 'ies' for the plural. (But not the nouns end - ay, ey, and oy. They add 's'
baby - babies army - armies
lady - ladies city - cities
fly - flies body - bodies
5. A few nouns don't follow any of these rules. Here are some of them
man - men woman-women
goose - geese mouse - mice
child - children sheep - sheep
foot - feet deer - deer
ox - oxen tooth - teeth
6. A few nouns ending in 'o' generally those which are less common use and abbreviations, merely add -'s'
dynamo - dynamos photo - photos
piano - pianos ratio - ratios
solo - solos stereo - stereos
memento - mementos
EXCEPTIONS
chief - chiefs proof - proofs
roof - roofs belief - beliefs
7. Some nouns are used only in the plural.
1. Names of instruments which have two parts forming a pair.Bellows (organ), scissors, pincers, spectacles etc.
2. Names of certain articles of dress.Trousers, breeches etc.
3. Names of games.Billiards, droughts etc.
4. Names of diseases.Measles, mumps etc.
5. Certain other names.Annals, thanks, tidings, assets etc.
8. The following plural forms are commonly used in singular.
Mathematics, physics, machines, politics, news etc.
9. Compound nouns generally form its plural by adding “s” to the principal word.
Commander in chief - Commanders in chief
Son in law - Sons in law
Daughter in law - daughters in law
Passer by - Passers by
Looker on - Lookers on
Man of war - Men of war
Step daughter - Step daughters
Maid servant - Maid servants
EXERCISE: Change the nouns in the following sentences from singular to plural.
Plural doesn't have 'a' or 'an'.
1. The boy had a knife.The boys had knives.
2. A nurse gives an injection.Nurses give injections.
3. The child came into the room.The children came into the rooms.
4. A man looked into a shelf.Men looked into shelves.
5. The lady gave a key to the child.The ladies gave keys to the children.
6. A cat catches a mouse.Cats catch mice.
7 The leaf fell from a tree.The leaves fell from trees.
8. The foot of the deer crushed the flowers.The feet of the deer crushed the flowers.
9. A woman had a sheep.Women had sheep.
10. The chief did not see the policeman.The chiefs did not see the policemen.
EXERCISE: Change the nouns in the following sentences from plural to singular.
1 Her teeth are white. Her tooth is white.
2. Rats are dirty animals.A rat is a dirty animal.
3. Flowers are beautiful.A flower is beautiful.
4. There are flies in the cities. There is a fly in the city.
5. Men had many wives.A man had a wife.
6. The countries did not have armies.The country did not have army.
7. Potatoes cut by knives.A potato is cut by knife.
8. The policemen found thieves.The policeman found a thief.
9 Oxen ate the grass.An ox ate the grass.
10. The wolves killed the sheep.A wolf killed the sheep.
11. Children rode on donkeys. A child rode on a donkey.
12. The women told the children the stories.A woman told the child a story.
THE NOUN: GENDERS
In English there are three genders:
1. Masculine Gender
2. Feminine Gender
3. Neuter Gender
1. Masculine Gender: A noun that denotes male is called a Masculine Gender.
Examples: man, boy, actor, master etc.
2. Feminine Gender: A noun that denotes female is called a Feminine Gender.
Examples: woman, girl, actress, mistress etc.
3. Neuter Gender: A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female.
Examples: book, pen, pencil, table etc.
GENDERS
MASCULINE GENDER FEMININE GENDER
Abbot abbess
Actor actress
Author authoress
Bachelor spinster
Baron baroness
Benefactor benefactress
Boy girl
Brother sister
Bull calf cow calf
Bull cow
Cock sparrow hen sparrow
Cock hen
Conductor conductress
Dog bitch
Drake duck
Drone bee
Duke duchess
Emperor empress
Executor executive
Fox vixen
Gander goose
Gentleman lady
Giant giantess
Grand father grandmotherHe goat she goatHero heroineHorse mareHost hostessHunter huntressHusband wifeInstructor instructressJack ass jenny assKing queenLand lord land ladyLion lionessMale femaleMan servant maid servantMan womanManager manageressMaster mistressMilk man milk maidMonk nunMurderer murderessNephew niecePatron patronessPea cock pea henPoet poetessPrince princessProphet prophetessRam eweShepherd shepherdessSir madamSon daughterSultan sultanaTiger tigressTutor governessUncle auntWaiter waitressWidower widowWizard witch
EXERCISE: Change all masculine genders into feminine genders and underline them.
1. His father was a hero.
Her mother was a heroine
2. My nephew talked to him.
My niece talked to her.
3. His uncle is a poet.
Her aunt is a poetess.
4. The landlords chased the hunters.
The landladies chased the huntresses.
5. The children's tutor is a widower.
The children's governess is a widow.
6. The king ordered the prince to be punished.
The queen ordered the princess to be punished.
7. The manager and waiter were killed.
The manageress and waitress were killed.
8. The hunter killed a lion and a tiger.
The huntress killed a lioness and a tigress.
9. We killed a ram for the monk's birthday.
We killed a ewe for the nun's birthday.
10. The grandfather behaves like a gentle man.
The grandmother behaves like a lady.
THE NOUN: KINDS OF NOUNS
1. PROPER NOUN: A proper noun is the name of a person, a place, or a thing. Proper noun is written in capital letters.
(i) Persons: John, Grace, Flora, Joseph etc.
(ii) Places: London, America, Tanzania, India etc.
(iii) Things (Names of days and months): Monday, March, Friday, April etc.
EXERCISE: Underline the proper nouns in these sentences and write capital letter where necessary.
1. harry lives in london.
Harry lives in London.
2. singapore is a beautiful place.
Singapore is a beautiful place.
3. My brother's name is george.
My brother's name is George.
4. We flew to america.
We flew to America.
5. The sudan lies to the south of egypt.
The Sudan lies to the south of Egypt.
6. william shakespeare was one of england's greatest poets.
William Shakespeare was one of England's greatest poets.
7. The nile is a longer river than the themes.
The Nile is a longer river than the Thames.
8. paris is the capital of france.
Paris is the capital of France.
9. My birthday is on thursday, the 15th of may.
My birthday is on Thursday, the 15th of May.
10. Is delhi in pakistan or in india?
Is Delhi in Pakistan or in India?
2. COMMON NOUN: A common noun is a name given to all people, places, or things of same kind.
(i) People: people, men, women, students etc.
(ii) Places: city, village, town, ground etc.
(iii) Things: tables, blackboard, pens, pencils etc.
EXERCISE: Underline common nouns in these sentences.
1. There are doctors and patients.
2. How many children have you?
3. There are many people staying in cities.
4. How many rivers are there?
5. How many people are staying on that hill?
6. There are many desks and chairs in this class.
7. The doors and windows are made of wood.
8. Clean the glass after using.
9. The boys are playing football.
10. Many people of that village are farmers.
3. COLLECTIVE NOUNS: A collective noun is the name of persons, or things together as a whole.
EXAMPLES: crowd, gang, choir, bunch, swarm, pack, team, group, congregation, mob, herd, flock, army, family, union, committee, library etc.
EXERCISE: Fill the blanks and underline the collective nouns in these sentences.
I. I saw a crowd standing in the street.
2. There is a flock of sheep in the pasture.
3. A gang of thieves entered into a house.
4. A choir of singers is singing in the hall.
5. I have a bunch of keys.
6. I watched a swarm of bees flying in the air.
7. The boy has a pack of playing cards.
8. A team of basket ball players went for a match.
9. A group of students are standing out side the class.
10. This school is run by the congregation of the MONTFORT BROTHERS.
4. ABSTRACT NOUNS: An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action or state considered a part from the object to which it belongs.
Quality: goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, honesty, wisdom, bravery etc.
Action: laughter, theft, movement, hatred, judgment etc.
State: childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness, death, poverty etc.
5. COUNTABLE NOUNS: Countable nouns are the Nouns that can be counted.
Examples: boys, chairs, babies, children, people, men, stones, books, pens, pencils etc.
EXERCISE: Underline the countable nouns in these sentences.
1. Our students are very clever.
2. Our teachers don't use canes.
3. The babies cry when they are hungry.
4. Those witches are strange people.
5. Carpenters measure the doors.
6. There are mice in the rooms.
7. The shop keeper pours oil.
8. People eat tomatoes.
9. Calves drink milk.
10. A woman buys sugar.
6. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: Uncountable nouns are those that cannot be counted.
Examples: water, milk, oil, sugar, information, electricity, rain, tea, flour etc.
EXERCISE: Under line the uncountable nouns in these sentences.
1. A table is beautiful furniture.
2. A cake is made of flour.
3. I bought some sugar from the shop.
4. We drink milk every day.
5. She eats biscuits with tea.
6. The house was filled with smoke.
7. People feel difficult to walk in darkness.
8. We got some information about the thief.
9. The birds are flying in the air.
10. We should drink a lot of water.
NOUNS: POSSESSIVE
The possessive form of singular noun is made by putting an apostrophe's or s' after the Noun, that stands for the possessor.
1. To make a possessive singular noun we just add an s' at the end of the noun.
Examples:
1. The cat of Mary.
Mary's cat.
2. The house of Jack.
Jack's house.
3. The foot of the girl.
The girl's foot.
4. The book of the boy.
The boy's book.
5. The shirt of the man.
The man's shirt.
2. If the plural ends in "s" we just add an apostrophe at the end of the noun.
Examples
1. The house of the boys.The boys' house.
2. The hats of the girls.The girls' hat.
3. The legs of the chickens.The chickens' leg.
4. The eyes of the cats.
The cats' eye.
5. The milk of the cows.
The cows' milk.
3. If the plural does not end in's' we add's' at the end of the noun.
Examples
1. The toilet of the men. Men's toilet.
2. The compartment of the women.Women's compartment.
3. The game of the children.The children's game.
4. The association of the women.Women's association.
5. The work of the ocean.The ocean's work.
4. We use the possessive (s) to the form of nouns that name people and animals
Examples:
1. The teacher's lesson; not lesson of the teacher.
2. The mother's dress; not dress of the mother.
3. The dog's foot; not the foot of the dog.
4. The lion's tail; not the tail of the lion.
5. The possessive form of nouns are not generally used for nouns name things.
Examples:
1. The color of the book; not the book's colour.
2. The roof of the house; not the house's roof.
3. The name of the village not the village name.
4. The cover of the vessel: not the vessels cover.
Exercise: Write down the possessive form of the following.
1. The cat of my brother.
My brother's cat.
2. The hat of the man.
The man's hat.
3. The leg of the boy.
The boy's leg.
4. The home of the girl.
The girl's home.
5. The stick of John.
The John's stick.
6. The wing of the bird.
The bird's wing.
7. The face of the baby.
The baby's face.
8. The daughter of the man.
The man's daughter.
9. The voice of the child.
The child's voice.
10. The friend of my brother.
My brother's friend.
Exercise: Write down the possessive form of the following.
1. The home of the boys.The boy's home.
2. The legs of the horses.The horses' legs.
3. The voice of the pupils.The pupils' voices.
4. The shouts of the men.The men's shouts.
5. The cries of the children.
The children's cries.
6. The songs of the women.The women's songs.
7. The friends of the ladies.The ladies' friends.
8. The institute of the women.Women's institute.
9. Club of the children.Children's club.
10. Choir of the ladies.Ladies' choir.
2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Examples: I, we, you, they, he, she, it, me, us, your, their, his, her, its, my, mine, ours, yours, theirs, them, hers etc.
Exercise: Underline the pronouns in the following
1. John is a boy. He is at home.
2. Mary is a girl. She is in the class.
3. They are brothers and sisters.
4. We know them very well.
5. They stayed with us last year.
6. John is a clever boy. I like him.
7. They have a bicycle. It is yellow.
8. He goes to school by bicycle.
9. Do you know how to ride a bicycle?
10. They have asked me to visit them next year.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
I PERSON: - The person speaking
II PERSON: - The person spoken to
III PERSON: - The person spoken about
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Exercise: Change these pronouns into possessive pronouns.
1. This is my room.This room is mine.
2. It is our cat.The cat is ours.
3. This is your class.This class is yours.
4. This is their dog.This dog is theirs.
5. Those are her boots.Those boots are hers.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS EXPRESS OWNERSHIP
Exercise: - Change the pronouns in these sentences from singular to plural.
1. I come to school everyday.We come to school every day.
2. He is hungry.They are hungry.
Person Singular Plural Possessive Singular
Possessive Plural
I Person I, me We, us Mine Ours
II Person You You (pl) Yours Yours
III Person He, she, it
They, them
Its, his, her
theirs
3. She can sing very well.They can sing very well.
4. He told me a story.They told us a story.
5. He doesn't see him.They don't see them.
6. She doesn't sing well.They don't sing well.
7. The teacher asked him a lesson.The teachers asked them a lesson.
8. She doesn't eat food.They don't eat food
9. My brother doesn't live here. Our brother doesn't live here.
3. VERBS
A verb is a word used to say what people and things do. Verbs express an action.
Example:
1. I write a letter.
2. We read a lesson
3. You speak English.
4. She eats food.
5. It goes out.
Exercise: Underline the verbs which express an action.
1. The boy ran out of the class.
2. You study everyday.
3. I walk to school.
4. They swim in the sea.
5. He smokes every evening.
6. She opened the door.
7. Birds sing in the morning.
8. The car came to our door.
9. I received a letter.
10. The girls danced.
Exercise: Complete these sentences with these verbs. Use them only once. (goes, gave, wrote, eats, opened, painted, go, bought, cooks, washed)
1. The boy opened the door.
2. The dog eats meat.
3. Linda cooks her dinner.
4. The woman washed her dirty clothes.
5. I bought these apples at the shop.
6. We go to school everyday.
7. I painted a picture on the paper.
8. The aero plane goes from Tanzania to Kenya.
9. The chemist gave the man a bottle.
10. The teacher wrote the words on the blackboard.
Some verbs do not express an action. They just say people or things are something.
Examples: -
1. He is a boy.
2. You are honest.
3. She was very sad.
4. It is a pen.
5. This is my book.
Some verbs help the main verbs. They are called helping verbs
Examples:-
1. They are writing a letter.
2. The girls are singing a song.
3. I shall be going tomorrow.
4. The sun is shining.
5. He is cutting an apple.
Exercise: - Underline the two word verbs in these sentences.
1. The students are running to the class.
2. The teacher is teaching English.
3. The camel is carrying a big load.
4. I will write a letter in English.
5. He can speak any language.
6. I have seen my teacher.
7. They are having their breakfast.
8. The pupils have opened their books.
9. You are looking at the blackboard.
10. Richard is climbing a tree.
KINDS OF VERBS
There are two kinds of verbs
1. Transitive verbs
2. Intransitive verbs
1. TRANSITIVE VERBS: verbs that have objects are called Transitive verbs
Examples:
1. The dog killed the cat. The cat – ObjectKilled – Transitive verb
2. We eat food.Food – objectEat – transitive verb
3. She bought an apple.An apple – objectBought – transitive verb
4. He drinks tea.Tea – objectDrinks – transitive verb
5. The boy killed a bird.A bird – objectKilled – transitive verb
1. INTRASITIVE VERBS:- Verbs that don't have objects are called Intransitive verbs
Examples: -
1. The rat died. (No object)
Died – Intransitive verb
2. The baby cries. (No object)
Cries – Intransitive verb
3. The girl smiles. (no object)
Smiles – Intransitive verb
4. He is sad. (No object)
Is – Intransitive verb
5. The teacher is angry. (No object)
Is – Intransitive verb
Exercise: - Underline the verbs from the sentences and write down Transitive and Intransitive verbs.
1. The boys played football.Played – transitive verb
2. Richard is sleeping.Is sleeping – Intransitive verb
3. John is killing a snake.Is killing – Transitive verb
4. The water is boiling. Is boiling – Intransitive verb
5. The farmer is cutting a tree.Is cutting – Transitive verb
6. The dog is barking. Is barking – Intransitive verb
7. The students are writing notes.Are writing – Transitive verb
8. You are laughing.Are laughing – Intransitive verb
9. I am writing a letter. Am writing – Transitive verb
10. They are singing a song.Are singing – Transitive verb
USES OF AUXILIARY VERBS
An auxiliary verb is a verb used to form the tenses, moods, voices etc. of other words. The following are some of the auxiliaries.
am, is, are, was, were, (be),
have, has, had,
do, does, did
shall, should
will, would
can, could
may, might
must, ought, need, dare, used.
AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE (BE)
1. In the formation of the continuous tenses.
Examples: -
1. I am working.
2. He is reading.
3. They are singing.
4. I was coming.
5. You were eating.
2. In the formation of passive voice.
Examples:-
1. I am surprised to see you here.
2. English is spoken all over the world.
3. Sweets are liked by children.
4. The gate was opened.
5. They were told to stay.
3. To indicate a plan, arrangement or agreement.
Examples: -
1. I am going to Arusha tomorrow.
2. She is getting married next week.
3. You are going for a picnic next month.
4. I am going to town after the class.
5. We were agreed to come in the evening.
HAVE, HAS, HAD
1. In the formation of the perfect tenses
Examples:-
1. I have cleaned the blackboard.
2. He has been to Kenya.
3. We had come to see you.
DO, DOES, DID
1. To form the negative and Interrogative of the simple present and simple past tenses.
Examples: -
1. Do you eat fish? No I don't eat fish.
2. Does she climb the tree? No, she doesn't climb the tree.
3. Did you come yesterday? No, I didn't come yesterday.
2. To avoid repetition of a previous ordinary verb.
Example:-
1. Do you know him? Yes, I do.
2. Does she sing well? Yes, she does.
3. Did you meet him? Yes, I did.
SHALL, SHOULD
1. Shall is used in the first person to give information about future.
Examples: -
1. I shall help you.
2. We shall go together.
3. I shall ask you tomorrow.
4. We shall go together.
2. Shall is the second and third persons used to denote a promise.
Examples:
1. You shall come and meet me later.
2. You shall have a gift if you win.
3. He shall be rewarded if he comes first in the class.
3. To express a command.
Examples: -
1. You shall not steal.
2. I shall go away.
3. You shall love your neighbors as yourself.
4. To express a threat.
Examples:
1. If you do this you shall be dismissed.
2. He shall be punished, if he does that again.
3. You shall not be allowed into the class, if you are late.
5. To express determination.
Examples:
1. You shall go there.
2. You shall obey me.
3. You shall apologize for that.
6. To express compulsion.
Examples:
1. You shall come to school at 7 AM.
2. Students shall pay their fees tomorrow.
3. You shall pay fine, if you are late.
7. Shall indicate simple futurity, permission or desire of the person spoken to in the first persons.
Examples: -
1. Shall you go there? (futurity)
2. Shall I be wasting my time? (futurity)
3. Shall I go out? (permission)
4. Shall I thread the needle for you? (desire)
5. Shall I open the window (permission)
6. Shall we carry the box into the house for you (desire)
1. The past tenses of shall is used as should. To express duty on obligation in all persons.
Examples: -
1. We should help the poor.
2. We should obey the rules of the country.
3. You should control your temper.
4. You should keep your promise.
5. You should come to school on time.
6. Children should obey their teachers.
7. You should not quarrel with your friend.
8. We should love our neighbors.
2. Duty in the part is expressed by should have.
Examples:
1. I should have attended the meeting yesterday, but I forgot all about it.
2. You should have paid the money long ago.
3. He should have used the money for paying his debts.
3. Giving or asking advice
Examples:
1. You should not laugh at her mistakes.
2. I think you should apologize.
3. You should not give the child a knife to play with.
4. To indicate disapproval of something that was done in the past.
Examples:
1. You should not have beaten him.
2. You should not have come today.
5. To express purpose and result.
Examples:-
1. We put up a fence so that our neighbors should not overlook us.
2. We hid it carefully so that no one should see it.
3. I did it in order that all should be satisfied.
WILL, WOULD
1. Will indicates simple future in the second and third persons.
Examples: -
1. He will come next week.
2. You will be able to do it in no time.
3. She will be here at time.
4. They will show you the way.
2. Will in the first person is used to denote Determination:
Examples:
1. I will do as I like.
2. We will not come again.
3. I will succeed in the attempt.
3. A Promise
Examples:
1. I will help you.
2. I will send a letter next week.
3. I will give you a gift.
4. A threat
Examples:
1. I will punish you if you behave badly.
2. I will dismiss you if you come late again.
3. I will charge you fine if you commit same. mistake.
5. A wish
Examples: -
1. I will go home.
2. I will visit the National park.
3. I will be back soon.
4. I will visit you next week.
6. Willingness
Examples:-
1. I will lend you my pen.
2. I will do this for her sake.
3. I will try to come again. 7. In Interrogative sentences as requests
Examples: -
1. Will you sing tomorrow?
2. Will you speak to her?
3. Will you go to town?
4. Will you open the door?
5. Will you have another cup of tea?
WOULD – is the past form of will
1. To express a wish and request (polite)
Examples:
1. Would you lend me your pen?
2. Would you mind waiting here until I return?
3. Would you like to see that book?
4. Would you like to come to the library with me?
5. Would you mind if I shut the window?
2. To express past habit
Examples:
1. She would sit for hours in her garden.
2. After lunch he would generally have a nap.
3. He would talk upon the subject for hours.
CAN, COULD
1. To express ability and inability
Examples;
1. I can kill a lion. ( I am able to)
2. I can't kill a lion. (I am unable to)
3. I can climb a tree. ( I am able to)
4. I can't climb a tree. ( I am unable to)
2. COULD is used as less positive versions.
Examples:-
1. I could attend the party.
2. If she had gone early, she could have seen him.
3. Could you pass me the salt? (request)
4. Could I borrow your bicycle? (request)
MAY, MIGHT
1. May is used to express possibility
Examples:
1. It may rain today.
2. He may be at home.
3. You may be true.
4. He may come later.
2. May is used to express permission (request)
Examples:
1. May I go out?
2. May I borrow your pen?
3. May I write down your address?
4. May I borrow your book?
3. Might is used as the past equivalents of may
Examples:-
1. He said that I might go. (permission)
2. I thought he might be at home. (possibility)
3. She wondered whether it might be true. (possibility)
4. The child might become president. (possibility)
5. He might refuse to answer. (possibility)
MUST, OUGHT, NEED, DARE, USED
1. Must is used to express compulsions strong moral obligation and determination
Examples:-
1. We must keep our promises.
2. We must obey the rules of the school.
3. You must finish this work even if it takes whole night.
4. Pupils must not chew gum in the class.
5. We must hurry, otherwise we will miss train.
6. We must not tell lies.
7. You must not make noise in the class.
8. You must do as you are told.
9. I must have any money back. ( determination)
10. I must have my say in this matter. (Determination)
2. Ought is used to express desirability, moral obligation and duties.
Examples: -
1. We ought to love our neighbors.
2. I ought to visit my sister tomorrow.
3. You ought to get better marks.
4. Everybody ought to love his country.
5. We ought not to abuse a beggar.
3. Need refers to in need of or require
Examples:
1. I need to work harder.
2. I need a holiday.
3. We need many things for our journey.
4. She needs a little rest.
5. She doesn't need new shoes.
4. Dare is used as verbs.
1. PRESENT TENSE
1. I dare to declare that what she says is not true.
2. I never dare to say things like that.
3. I am surprised that he dares to play jokes on the Headmaster.
4. He doesn't dare to refuse what you ask.
5. Does she dare to jump out of the window?
2. The third person singular in Present Tense
1. He dare not take such a foolish step.
2. He dare not oppose us.
3. He dare not punish the child.
4. He dare not ask again.
3. PAST TENSE
1. They dared not to say such things again.
2. They dared not to take their cars out.
3. They dared not to go very fast.
4. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES:-
1. How dare you ride a bicycle without brake?
2. How dare you speak against your teacher?
3. How dare you insult me like this?
5. The past tense used to expresses what was repeatedly seen or done during a period of time in the past
Examples:
1. I used to go to the market on Saturdays.
2. We used to play cards.
3. My brother used to work in Dodoma.
4. We used to go to the villages on Sundays.
5. Mary's grandfather used to stay here.
6. I am not used to a cold climate.
7. I am not used to drink tea without sugar in it.
8. They used to go swimming every morning.
9. I am not used to this kind of treatment.
10. She used to play cards before marriage.
4. ADVERBS
An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Examples:-
1. He walked quickly.
2. They have come here.
3. We have sometimes power cuts at our place.
4. I will do the work tonight.
5. Surely, I will come tomorrow.
KINDS OF ADVERBSThere are seven kinds of Adverbs1. Adverbs of manner (how?)
Example: quickly, slowly, fast, will, sadly etc.
2. Adverbs of place (where)Example: there, here, up, down, near etc
3. Adverb of frequency (how often)Examples: often, normally, usually, never, generally, sometimes,always, twice etc.
4. Adverb of certainty (How?)Examples: certainly, surely, definitely, absolutely, obviously, etc.
5. Adverbs of Time ( when)Examples: now, yet, still, then, today, during, soon, tomorrow,yesterday, etc.
6. Adverbs of Degree (which degree?)Examples: very, rather, quite, too, hardly etc.
7. Adverbs of Interrogative (questions)Examples: when? Where? Why? Which?
Exercise: Underline the Adverbs in these sentences and write what kind of Adverb it is.
1. The birds sang sweetly. (manner)
2. Please come here. (place)
3. I often speak English. (frequency)
4. You must come tomorrow. (time)
5. Definitely you will pass the examination. (certainty)
6. You must work hard.(manner)
7. Why did they come? (Interrogative)
8. The girl shouted suddenly. (manner)
9. I often drink beer at home. (frequency)
10. I saw Jane today. (time)
11. I have frequently forgotten to lock the front door. (frequency)
12. We usually have lunch in the afternoon. (frequency)
ADVERBS RELATIVES(when, where, why, what, in which, for which)
Examples:
1. Friday is the day we have the party.Friday is the day when we have the party.
2. This is the place the accident happened.This is the place where the accident happened.
3. He didn't tell us the reason he couldn't come. He didn't tell us the reason why he couldn't come.
4. He forgot the things which he was going to say.He forgot what he was going to say.
5. That is the village I used to live.That is the village in which I used to live.
6. Are those the reasons why you went to England?Are those the reasons for which you went to England?
Exercises: Complete the following with suitable relatives (where, when, why, what, whose, which, that, whom, who)
1. Can you remember where you left your keys?
2. Do you know why she wanted to see me about?
3. Do you think they understood what I was saying?
4. The book which she wrote is not good.
5. This is the girl who helped us.
6. The student whose pen is broken is crying.
7. She showed the fruit that she bought.
8. The boy to whom you wrote has come to see you.
9. The University where Julius K. Nyerere studied is famous.
10. She killed the dog which bit the child.
11. His sister, who was very clever, died of malaria.
12. Tell me when you want my pen.
5. ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun.
Examples:
1. Dar es Salaam is a big city.
2. He is an honest man.
3. The foolish old crow tried to sing.
4. I ate some rice.
5. The hand has five fingers.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
1. Adjectives of quantity – It shows how much of a thing is meant
Examples:
1. He showed much patience.
2. He has little intelligence.
3. I have ten books.
4. There are not many apples.
5. He did not eat any rice.
Exercise: Underline the Adjectives of quantity
1. I have two eyes.
2. We have had enough exercise.
3. He has lost all his wealth.
4. Few cats like cold water.
5. You have no sense.
6. He did not eat any banana.
7. All people must die.
8. There has not been sufficient rain this year.
9. Here are some ripe mangoes
10. Sunday is the first day of the week
2. Adjectives of quality: This shows the kind or quality of a person or thing
Examples:
1. He is a fat man
2. She is a thin girl.
3. This is a good egg
4. I have a heavy box.
5. It is a beautiful picture.
6. It is a new book.
Exercise: - underline the Adjectives of quality
1. It is a long journey.
2. This is a light baggage.
3. I saw a white rabbit.
4. This is a red flower.
5. He is a brave man.
6. We have a big dog.
7. We bought a bitter lemon.
8. A small leak may sink a great ship.
9. There was a black dog.
10. We have a small cat.
3. Demonstrative adjectives. - It points out which person or thing is meant.
Examples:
1. This boy is stronger than the other.
2. These mangoes are sour.
3. That girl is very happy
4. Those thieves must be punished.
5. I like that car.
Exercise: Underline the Demonstrative Adjectives
1. These books are old.
2. I bought those pens.
3. I want that pencil.
4. I like this lesson.
5. These students are happy.
4. Interrogative Adjective: - What, Which, who and whose are used with nouns to ask questions are called Interrogative Adjective.
Examples:
1. What is the price of the eggs today?
2. Who can answer this question?
3. Whose house is that?
4. What kind of person he is?
5. Which book do you like?
Exercise: Underline the Interrogative adjectives
1. What is the cost of the book?
2. Which house is yours?
3. Whose pen is this?
4. Which flower is better?
5. Whose book is that?
Exercise: - Underline adjectives in the following and write what kind of Adjective each one is.
Examples:Whose car is that red Toyota?
Whose – Interrogative adjective
That – demonstrative adjective
Red – Adjective of quality
1. There were four apples on the plate.four – Adjective quantity
2. This book is a good one.This – demonstrative adjectiveGood – adjective of quality
3. A clever boy can soon do these exercises.clever – adjective of qualitythese – demonstrative adjective
4. There are not many students in the class. Many- adjective of quality
5. I saw four birds in the tall tree.four – adjective of quantityTall - adjective of quality
6. We haven't much time to do this long exercise.much – adjective of qualitythis – demonstrative adjectivelong – Adjective of quality
7. I wish my mother would buy me that big new bicycle.That – demonstrative adjectiveBig new – adjective of quality
8. Which bicycle do you want?Which-interrogative adjective
9. What price is that bicycle?What – Interrogative adjectiveThat– demonstrative adjective
10. Those four boys are brothers.Those – demonstrative adjectiveFour – adjective of quality
11. Whose pencil is on the desk?Whose – Interrogative adjective
12. I think this new watch is good one.This – demonstrative adjectiveNew – adjective of quality
13. There are not many books.Many – Adjective of quality
14. There are ten watches on the table.Ten – adjective of quantity
DETERMINERS: POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
The possessive adjectives are used with nouns and do the work of an Adjective.
Examples: - My, our, your, her, their, etc.
When we use a possessive adjective with a noun the noun doesn't have any other determiner (a, an, the, this, some)
Exercise: Fill the blanks with the possessive adjectives and then the personal pronouns.
1. I have a book.This is my book. I have brought it with me
2. You have a book. This is your book. You have bought it with you
3. He has a book.This is his book. He has bought is with him
4. She has a book.This is her book. She has bought it with her
5. It (the dog) has a bone.This is its bone. It has brought it with it
PERSONS SINGULAR PLURAL I Person My Our II Person Your Your(pl) III Person Is, her, it Their
6. We have a book.This is our book. We have brought it with us
7. They have a book.This is their book. They have bought it with them
Exercise: Fill the blanks with possessive adjectives.
1. I have a name; my name is tom.
2. We have a name; our name is students.
3. You have a name; your name is Pauline.
4. They have a name; their name is boys.
5. He has a name; his name is John.
6. She has a name; her name is Suzan.
7. It has a name; its name is Jack.
Exercise: Write these sentences with possessive adjectives instead of the words underlined
1. The mother told the mother's little girl a story.The mother told her little girl a story.
2. Tom rode by Tom's bicycle to school.Tom rode by his bicycle to school.
3. The little bird builds the little bird's nest in the tree.The little bird builds its nest in the tree.
4. Suzan gave a present to Suzan's friend.Suzan gave a present to her friend.
5. I have lost the knife that belongs to me.I have lost my knife.
6. Juma and Rehema have just gone to Juma and Rehema's house.Juma and Rehema have just gone to their house.
7. We have sold the car that belonged to us.We have sold our car.
8. The dog is in the basket that is the dog's. The dog is in its basket.
9. I want the book that belongs to me not the book that belongs to you.I want my book not your book.
10. This is the key that belongs to me.This is my key.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
In English grammar, there are three forms of adjectives
1. POSITIVE
2. COMPARATIVE
3. SUPERLATIVE
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
(as …..as) (……….than) (the …………)as long as longer than the longestas tall as taller than the tallestas short as shorter than the shortestas quick as quicker than the quickestas old as older than the oldestas hot as hotter than the hottest as fat as fatter than the fattestas big as bigger than the biggestas thin as thinner than the thinnestas long as longer than the longestas fine as finer than the finestas pretty as prettier than the prettiestas happy as happier than the happiestas heavy as heavier than the heaviest as clever as cleverer than the cleverestas cheap as cheaper than the cheapestas dry as drier than the driest as fast as faster than the fastestas great as greater than the greatest
IRREGULAR COMPARISON:
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
(as……..as) (………..than) (the…………..)as good as better than the bestas bad as worse than the worstas little as less than the leastas far as farther than the farthestas much as more than the mostas late as later than the latest
COMPARISON OF LONG ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Important more important than the most importantDangerous more dangerous than the most dangerousWonderful more wonderful than the most wonderfulCheerful more cheerful than the most cheerfulBeautiful more beautiful than the most beautifulDifficult more difficult than the most difficultGenerous more generous than the most generous Handsome more handsome than the most handsome
COMPARING ONE THING WITH ANOTHER
I. With the positive we use as or so before the adjective and as after it.
Examples:
1. Today is as hot as yesterday.
2. This stick is not as long as that one.
3. John is not so tall as his father.
Exercise. Complete the following sentences using the position form of the adjective
1. This month is (dry) it usually is.This month is as dry as it usually is.
2. His writing is (untidy) mine.His writing is as untidy as mine.
3. She is not (fat) her mother.She is not so fat as her mother.
4. My mark was (high) yours.My mark was as high as yours.
5. My new watch is not (accurate) my old one.My new watch is not as accurate as my old one.
6. The bus did not leave (early) yesterday.The bus did not leave as early as yesterday.
7. The dictionary is not (useful) the one we had last year.The dictionary is not as useful as the one we had last year.
8. He speaks English (well) French.He speaks English as well as French.
9. Today's weather is (bad) yesterday.Today's weather is as bad as yesterday.
10.This exercise is not (difficult) I expectedThis exercise is not as difficult as I expected.
II. With the comparative we use “than” after the adjectives
Examples:
1. Anna is taller than Lucy.
2. English is more interested than History.
3. Arusha is cooler than Tanga.
Exercise: Complete the following sentences using comparative form of the adjectives
1. This exercise is (easy) than next one.This exercise is easier than the next one.
2. Swimming is (good) than walking.Swimming is better than walking.
3. To travel by plane is (quick) than by train.To travel by plane is quicker than by train.
4. She is feeling (well) today than yesterday.She is feeling better today than yesterday.
5. He came back (soon) than I expected.He came back sooner than I expected.
6. Videos are (expensive) than cassettes.Videos are more expensive than cassettes.
7. Plastic chairs are (cheap) than wooden ones.Plastic chairs are cheaper than wooden ones.
8. Peter is (bad) than Ally at English.Peter is worse than Ally in English.
9. This dress is (beautiful) than that dress.This dress is more beautiful than that dress.
10.She came (early) than you.She came earlier than you.
III. With the Superlative we use the: est. or most.
Examples:
1. Stella is the tallest of all.
2. This is the best of the three.
3. That was the most exciting book I have ever read.
Exercise: Complete the following sentences using superlative form of the adjective. Put “the” always before the superlative.
1. Siloam is the (good) boy in the class.Siloam is the best boy in the class.
2. The elephant is the (large) of all the animals.The elephant is the largest of all the animals.
3. What is the (late) news?What is the latest news?
4. This girl is the (tall) in the class.This girl is the tallest in the class
5. He speaks (good) English than others.He speaks the best English than others.
6. She was the (little) concerned of everybody.She was the least concerned of everybody.
7. This pair of shoes is (cheap) of all.This pair of shoes is the cheapest of all.
8. He is the (handsome) boy in the class.He is the most handsome boy in the class.
9. Which is the (short) way to go to School?Which is the shortest way to go to school?
The correct use of some Adjectives.
1. Some, any: - To express quantity or degree is used in affirmative (agreement) sentences.
2. Any. In negative or interrogative sentences
Examples:
1. I shall buy some mangoes.
2. I don't buy any mangoes.
3. Have you bought any mangoes?
4. I haven't bought any mangoes or I have bought none.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with 'some' or 'any'
1. I don't want any tea thank you.
2. Have you got any pen?
3. I met him in town selling some newspapers.
4. They bought some news to their teachers.
5. Would you mind giving me any paper?
2. Each, every: Each refers to one of the two or more things. Everyrefers to more than two things
Examples:
1. My sisters and I each ordered a cup of tea.
2. I was away for ten days and it rained each day.
3. Five boys were seated each bench.
4. Every teacher in this school punishes the students.
5. He came to see me every three days.
6. Each one of these chairs is broken.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with 'each' and 'every'
1. Give these fruits to each one of them.
2. Each of the two boys was fined.
3. Every man wants to rise in the world.
4. The two soldiers had each a gun.
5. Every man wishes to be happy.
3. Little, a little, the little
Little =not much (hardly any). Little has a negative meaning
Examples:
1. There is little hope of his recovery.
(he is not likely to recover)
2. He showed little concerned to his nephew.
3. Little water is enough for me.
A little = some, though not much. A little has a positive meaning
Examples:
1. A little knowledge is dangerous thingThe little= not much, but all there is.
Examples:
1. The little information he had was not quiet reliable.
2. The little knowledge of carpentry he possessed stood him in goodstead.
3. He wasted the little money he had.
Exercise: fill in the blanks little, a little or the little.
1. My father has given me a little money. It isn't enough.
2. I have little time now, I won't see you.
3. The little money he had was all stolen.
4. He has the little money with him.
5. He takes little interest in me.
6. She has a little time now and she will try to help you.
4. Few, a few, the fewFew = not many, hardly any. Few have a negative meaning. Notenough
Examples;1. Few people can keep secret.
2. My goat has few teeth. It can't chew anything.
3. Few people are free from faults.
A few = some. A few has positive meaning and is opposed to none. It is small number, but it is enough
Examples;
1. There were a few people in the church.
2. A few lines are correct.
3. If I get a few nails, I will make a stool.
The few = not many but all there are
Examples:
1. The few friends he has are all poor.
2. The few clothes they had are all torn.
3. The few are rich, the many are poor.
Exercise: Fill in blanks with few, a few or the few
1. The few members came to borrow books. We were pleased.
2. He has read few books. He did not answer the test.
3. He has a few friends. They help him.
4. The few donates not many.
5. He lost the few friends he had.
5. Much, ManyMuch = is used for uncountable Nouns
Examples:
1. How much water is there?
2. My aunt doesn't use much water.
3. How much does it cost?
Many = is used for the countable nouns
Examples:
1. There were many people in the church.
2. How many books did the teacher bring?
3. They met many white people in Kenya.
Exercise Fill the blanks with much and many
1. I didn't realize how much time you need.
2. Are there many mangoes on the tree?
3. She didn't feel much pain after operation.
4. How much money do you have?
5. That old lady has many rabbits.
ARTICLES
The Adjectives a or an and the are usually called articles.
There are two kinds of articles
1. Definite Articles
2. Indefinite Articles
I. Definite Articles: - “The” is called definite article because:-
1. It points out some particular person or thing
Examples:
1. He saw the doctor. (some particular doctor)
2. I dislike the person.
3. The book you want is out of print.
4. Let us go to the club.
2. When a singular noun is meant to represent whole class
Examples:
1. The cow is a useful animal.
2. The horse is a noble animal.
3. The cat loves comfort.
4. The rose is a beautiful flower.
Note that the two nouns man and woman used in general sense to denote the whole class never has either article.
Examples:-
1. Man is the only animal that uses fire.
2. Woman is man's mate.
3. With names of rivers, seas, oceans, groups of islands and mountainranges.
Examples;-
1. The Nile River.
2. The Red Sea.
3. The Indian Ocean.
4. The Atlas Mountains.
4. Before common nouns which are names of things when there isonly one thing.
Examples:The sun, the moon, the sky, the North Pole, the headmaster, the middle, the T.O.D etc.
5. The is used before ordinal numbers and superlatives
Examples: - The first, the second, the third, the fourth, the highest, the nearest, the greatest, the longest, the best etc.
6. The is used before a name which describes a company, a unionand a college
Examples:
1. The .T.T.C.L
2. The Union of South Africa.
3. The University of Dar es salaam.
4. The Marangu TTC.
7. The is used to name plural nouns of the people of a country.
Examples:-
The Tanzanians, the Zambians, the Kenyans, the Indians
Note: In a singular we must say a Tanzanian, a Zambian, a Kenyan, and an Indian.
8. The is used after the verb 'play' before the names of musical instruments but not before the names of games
Examples:
1. I play the guitar.
2. Juma plays the drums.
3. Hadija plays the organ.
4. Hamisi plays the flute.
5. We play football.
6. The girls play netball.
7. John plays table tennis.
8. Ally plays cards.
II. INDEFINITE ARTICLES
'A' or 'An' is called Indefinite Article, because it leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of
Examples: A doctor, a beggar, a book etc. It means any doctor, any beggar, and any book.
1. The choice between a and an is determined by sound. Before a word beginning with a vowel sound an is used
Examples: an animal, an ass, an army, an enemy, an inkstand, an orange, an umbrella etc.
2. It will be noticed that the words hours, honest, begin with a vowel sound as the initial consonant sound 'h' is not pronounced.
Examples: an hour, an honest man, etc.
3. Before a word beginning with a consonant 'a' is used.
Examples: a boy, a girl, a yard, a whole etc
4. Words begin with a consonant sound of 'w'
Examples: Such a one, a one eyed man etc.
5. Words begin with consonant sound that of 'yu'
Examples: a University, a Union, a European.
6. Before words beginning with 'h' and not accented on the first syllable, 'an' is often used.
Examples: An historical novel.
OMISSION OF THE ARTICLES
1. The article is omitted before a common noun used in its widest sense.
Examples: (i) Man is mortal (must die)(ii) What kind of flower it is?
2. The article is omitted before name of materials.
Examples: (i) Gold is a precious metal
(ii) Cotton grows in India, America and Egypt3. The article is omitted usually before proper noun.Examples: (I) Dar es Salaam is a big city.
(ii) Newton was great philosopher.4. The article is omitted before the Abstract nouns used in a general
sense.Examples: (i) Wisdom is the gift of heaven.
(ii) Honesty is the best policy.
5. The Article is omitted before the languages unless the word languageimmediately follows.
Example:
1. I am learning English.
2. He knows Swahili.
3. We speak the English language.
4. She doesn't know the Swahili language.
6. The Article is omitted before the names of games.
Examples
1. I play football.
2. The girls play netball.
7. The Article is omitted before school, college, church, bed, table, hospital, market, Prison. When these places are visited or used for their primary purpose.
Examples:
1. I learnt French at school.
2. We go to church on Sundays.
3. He stays in bed till nine every morning.
4. My uncle is still in hospital.
8. The is used with these words when we refer to them as a definite place, building or object rather than to the normal activity that goes on there.
Examples:
1. The school is very near to my home.
2. I met him at the church.
3. The bed is broken.
9. The Article is omitted before names of relation like father, mother, aunt, uncle and also cook and nurse, meaning our cook, our nurse.
Examples;
1. Father has returned.
2. Aunt wants to see her.
3. Cook has given notice.
Exercise. Fill in the blanks with the, a and an where required
1. Rajabu went to visit his brother who is studying at the University of Dar es Salaam.
2. The highest mountain in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro.
3. The sun rises in the east.
4. The brave soldier lost an arm in the battle.
5. The doctor says it is a hopeless case.
6. I like to live in the open air.
7. Where did you buy the umbrella?
8. Have you ever seen an elephant?
9. Have you told him about the accident?
10. What a beautiful scene this is?
11. He likes to picture himself as an original thinker.
12. John wants ___milk and Flora wants ___coffee.
13. Please give me an orange and a mango.
14. Please get me a glass of ____water.
15. ___gold is more precious than __silver.
16. The Pope is the Head of Roman Catholic church.
17. Zanzibar is an island in the Indian Ocean.
18. The only important river in __Egypt is the Nile.
19. I am playing the drums, he is playing __football.
20. The Lake Victoria is one of the deepest lakes in the world.
Note: When we mention a thing at first time we say 'a' or 'an' then we continue with 'the'
Exercise: complete the following by using a, an and the
Juma is an African boy. He lives in an Ujamaa village. He has a dog whose name is Bobby. Bobby likes meat. Yesterday it caught a rabbit. It wanted to eat it. Juma saw Bobby with the rabbit. He chased it. The dog ran and dropped the rabbit. Juma took the dead animal home. He roasted it and ate it. Bobby got the bones.
QUESTION TAGS
Question tag is generally used when we want the listener to confirm what we have said.
Examples:
1. Peter works hard, doesn't he?
2. She came home late, didn't she?
3. He doesn't like reading, does he?
4. She can't see very well, can she?
We see that when the statement is positive the tag is negative, when the statement is negative, the tag is positive.
Exercise: Add appropriate Question Tags to the following
1. You are coming tomorrow, aren't you?
2. He can't understand English, can't he?
3. You shouldn't tell lies, should you?
4. You know her well, don't you?
5. He hasn't finished his work yet, has he?
6. You have met her before, haven't you?
7. She doesn't look well, does she?
8. He came early in the morning, didn't he?
9. She won't help us, will she?
10. She didn't come late, did she?
11. A farmer is an important person, isn't he?
12. She doesn't speak English, does she?
13. All the students have done well, haven't they?
14. They won't come tomorrow, will they?
15. Missionaries are devoted persons, aren't they?
16. Neema doesn't make chapatti, does she?
6. PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing stands in relation to something else.Examples: at, in, on, off, across, about, around, between, among, throughout, over, below, alone, under, beneath, underneath, inside, outside, beside, near, by, against, behind, back of, in front of, ahead of, beyond, along, after, before, into, up, toward, for, since, until, from etc.
RULES FOR PREPOSITIONS
1. Use in before.
(a) months – in May, in June, in July
(b) years – in 1954, in 1961, in 1995
(c) times of day – in the morning, in the evening
(d) season – in winter, in the rainy season
2. Use 'in' before places:
(e) streets – in Uhuru street
(f) village, towns, cities – in Musoma, in Dar
(g) countries – in Tanzania, in Kenya, in Zambia
(h) continents – in Africa, in Asia, in Europe
3. Use on before:-
(a) days – on Friday, on Sunday, on Easter day
(b) dates – on July 28th; on May 1st
4. Use at before:-
(a) time – at 5 o'clock, at noon, at night, at dawn
(b) place – at school, at church, at home
(c) address & no.- at 13 Samora Avenue
5. We usually say: for, at, to, with
1. John is waiting for a bus
2. The child looks at its mother
3. Jane listens to the teacher
4. Betty is speaking with Joseph
6. Using good at, bad at
1. He is very good at maths but bad at English
2. Are you good at Geography?
3. When I was in school I was good at game
7. We travel by bus, train, lorry, pick-up, sea, air
1. We walk on foot. Or we go on foot
2. We cycle or we go on bicycle or by bicycle
8. We can be at home, at work, at school, at the office, at a certain point.
1. We can be in country, in a street, in a room, in a forest, or any place which is enclosed as boundaries, when we mean at this point rather than inside use at.
Note: I am in the building means I am inside it.
3. I am at the building means I can be outside nearby.
4. I am in the river means I am in the water.
5. I am in the river means I am beside the river.
9. Home is a special case
Usually we do not use preposition after verbs of motion followed by home (that is coming, going, leaving, arriving, returning etc.)
1. He left home for good.
2. We went home early.
3. I arrived home at midnight.
4. They returned home late.
5. Is your mother at home?
6. There is nobody at home today.
10. Using with
1. He was with his friend. (Pamoja na)
2. He cut it with a knife. (Kwa kutumia)
3. The man with the beard. (Mwenye)
11. Using 'of' afraid of, scared of, ashamed of, tired of, fond of, terrified of
1. I am afraid of you.
2. He is fond of mangoes.
3. We are tired of speaking English.
4. I am ashamed of myself.
5. He was terrified of his father.
12. By = not later than, that time
1. You must be at the bus station by six o'clock.
2. If you don't arrive by 5 o'clock I won't wait for you.
3. Will lunch be ready by 12.o'clock?
4. I have to be at the meeting by ten.
13. In or on are not used before the wordsToday, yesterday, tomorrow, last, next, the day after tomorrow
1. We are going shopping tomorrow.
2. He is leaving next Friday.
3. I saw him last week.
4. I will help you today.
14. Using in and into
1. The people are putting the bricks into the lorry.
2. Now the bricks are in the lorry.
3. The woman is pouring milk into the jugs.
4. Now the milk is in the jugs.
Exercise: Put in the correct preposition, where necessary
1. The bus left at 7 o'clock.
2. Jane is afraid of snakes.
3. If the food is not ready by twelve, I shall go without it.
4. My teacher used to go there on foot.
5. I cut my orange with a knife.
6. If I work hard in class I will be good at English.
7. The school board meeting will be held on Tuesday.
8. The war between Uganda and Tanzania began in 1978.
9. The doctors must be in the hospital at eight o'clock.
10. They closed the school on Wednesday.
11. My brother lives in Bukoba.
12. Last year I stayed with my sister.
13. She is ashamed of her teacher.
14. I refused to go__ home.
15. Are you going on foot or by train?
16. The man with the broken hand is a thief.
17. Our English teacher is giving us a test ___ next week.
18. We go ___home in the evening.
USE OF FOR, DURING, AND SINCE
For expresses duration of time, and is used with an hour or a part of an hour. A day, a week, a month, a season, or a year.
Examples:
1. He was in France for the month of July. (he spent the month )
2. He was sick for a week.
3. He has been studying English for a year.
4. He stayed for just five minutes.
5. Are they staying at the lake for the summer?
During, expresses duration of time, but it expresses intermittent (stops and starts again) time. During also express habitual action
Examples:
1. He was in France during July. ( he was not necessarily in France for whole month)
2. The maid is here during the day. (everyday)
3. It rained during the night.
4. I see him once or twice during the year.
5. They went to Europe during the summer.
Since tells when an action began. It is normally used with the present perfect or past perfect with phrase. It is always followed by a reference to a specific point in time not to an expression of duration of time
Examples:
1. She had been studying since 10 o'clock.
2. He has lived in United States since 1962.
3. I haven't seen him since 8 o'clock.
4. They have been studying English since last year.
5. I haven't seen him since March.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with for, during or since
1. They stayed for six months in France.
2. During the day, you can telephone her at the office.
3. Rehema has lived in the same house since 1932.
4. We played tennis for a couple of hours.
5. Everybody is busy during the Christmas season.
6. He hasn't been feeling well since last night.
7. Did he leave a good time during his trip?
8. We have been working in the garden since long time.
9. I asked them to come and stay for a weekend.
10. They have been helping us since Sunday.
7. CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences
Example: Although, because, but, and, if, or, until, etc.
Exercise: Underline the conjunctions in these sentences
1. I ran fast but missed the bus.
2. Trust in God and do the right.
3. Choose a watch or a clock.
4. Margaret and grace are sisters.
5. He didn't come to school, because he was sick.
6. He stayed in the bus stop until he got a bus.
7. He will pass if he works hard.
8. She came to me and spoke against her husband.
9. Will you have the gold axe or will you have the silver axe?
10. The woodcutter looked at the golden axe but he refused to take it.
KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS
1. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: - The conjunction joins together two statements or Clauses of equal rank are called co-coordinating Conjunction.
Examples:
1. He cuts the grass and digs the soil.
2. He was both fined and imprisoned.
3. He as well as his brother is intelligent.
4. He no less than his brother is guilty.
5. He was not only fine but also expelled.
2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning.
Examples:
1. He ran away because he was afraid.
2. Answer the first question before you proceed further.
3. You will pass if you work hard.
4. Tell them that I will come.
5. He finished first though he began late.
6. Will you wait till I return?
3. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions which are used in pairs are called Correlative conjunctions.
Examples:
1. He is neither rich nor poor.
2. Though he is poor, yet he is honest.
3. We both loved and honored her.
4. He is not only a priest but also a doctor.
5. No sooner did the bell ring than the boys left the class.
6. He is either a rogue or a fool.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with these conjunctions
No sooner…..than, not only…..but also, neither….nor, either….or, both… and, as though, as well as, as much, though as, still, therefore, however, nevertheless, on the other hand
1. He was found stealing, therefore he was arrested.
2. You may have either tea or coffee.
3. My student will neither obey nor co-operate with the others.
4. No sooner had she heard the news than she started off.
5. She as well as her father is teacher.
6. He walks as though he is slightly lame.
7. He not only washed his face, but also combed his hair.
8. I was annoyed, still I kept quiet.
9. He finished first though he began late.
10. He was a thief; nevertheless, he had his good points.
11. We have cleaned it already however, if you say we will do it again.
12. You should be careful with money; on the other hand, don't be mean.
13. I like her as much as I like you.
14. We have both a son and a daughter.
15. Either write him a letter or go and see him.
16. He is not young; on the other hand, he has great experience.
17. He worked hard; nevertheless, the harvest was poor.
7. INTERJECTION
An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feelingExamples: Hallow! Harrah! Oh! Ah! Good heavens! How wonderful! How pretty! Alas!
Examples
1. Hurrah! We have won the match.
2. Oh! That hurt me.
3. Hallo! I haven't enough money to buy a car.
4. Ah! This is the book I wanted.
5. How interesting! I did not expect to meet you here.
PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALS
Punctuation means the right use of putting in points or stops in writing.
The following re principal stops: -
1. Full stop (.)
2. Comma ( ,)
3. Semicolon (;)
4. Colon (:)
5. Note of Interrogation (?)
6. Note of Exclamation (!)
7. Inverted commas (“ ”)
8. The capital letter (A)
9. The apostrophe (, )
1. THE FULL STOP (.)
The full stop or period represents the longest pause. It is used.
1. To mark the end of an Assertive or imperative sentence.
Examples
1. He is very happy.
2. Shut the door.
2. After abbreviation and initials.
Example: B.A., M.A., M.L.A., M.V.
2. THE COMMA (,)
The comma marks the shortest pause; it is used
Examples: (1) I tell you madam, I have read it.
(2) Having done his work, he went to bed.
3. THE SEMICOLON (;)
The semicolon represents a pause greater than that indicated by comma. It is used
1. To separate the clauses of compound sentences if they contain commas;
Examples:
1. He was a brave, large hearted man; and we all honored him.
2. As he loved me I love her; as she was fortunate, I rejoice at it.
2. To separate a series of loosely connected clauses;
Examples: - Reading makes a full man; speaking a ready man; writing an exact man.
4. THE COLON (:)
The colon represents a pause still longer than that indicated by the semicolon. It is used before enumeration
Examples:
1. The principal parts of a verb in English are: the present tense, the past tense and the past participle.
2. To introduce a quotation. It is often followed by the dash (-)
Examples:
1. Shakespeare says:- “Sweet are the uses of adversity”( trouble)
5. THE NOTE OF INTERROGATION (?)
The note of interrogation is used to mark direct questions; it should not be used in indirect speech
Examples: What is wrong with you?She said, “Who is there?”
6. THE NOTE OF EXCLAMATION (!)
The note of exclamation is used after Interjections. Exclamatory phrases and exclamatory sentences.
Examples: Alas! Ah! Well-done!
7. INVERTED COMMAS (“………”)
Inverted commas or Quotation marks are used to mark the exact words of a speaker or a quotation
Examples: 1. He said, “I am guilty”2. I am sorry, I forgot! “replied Mary”
8. THE USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS ( A, B,….)
1. A capital letter is used to begin a sentence
Examples:
1. Work hard.
2. We know the way.
2. To begin each fresh line of poetry
Examples: This is my prayer to thee my Lord. Strike, strike at the root of penury in my heart.
3. To begin all proper Nouns and Adjectives formed from them.
Examples: Musoma, December, Saturday, France etc.
4. For all Nouns and Pronouns which indicate God,
Examples: 1. O God, my Creator.
2. I love You with whole my heart.
5. To write the pronoun 'I' and the Interjection “O' Examples: Oh! I got such a fright.
9. THE APOSTROPHE (')
1. An apostrophe is used to show that one or more letters have been left out.
Example: It is a pity, he's not here (It is pity, he is not here)1. An apostrophe is used to show possession
Example: - That is John's book.The girls' refectory. (Many girls one refectory)
2. The apostrophe is used to point out a person's shop or homeExamples:
1. I stayed at Juma's. (Juma's home)
2. I am going to the tailor's. ( The tailor's place of work)
3. The apostrophe is used to show a specific length of time
Examples:
1. There will be an hour's delay.
2. He wants a month's notice.
4. The apostrophe is used to show measure
Examples:-
1. A dollar's worth of petrol.
2. 1,000 shilling's worth of rice.
N.B: Give Punctuation for H/W
ASKING QUESTIONS 1. What is your name?
My name is John.
2. Where do you come from?I come from Arusha.
3. How old are you?I am sixteen years old.
4. What is your father?My father is a Doctor.
5. What does your mother do?My mother is a teacher.
6. Where do you go to school?I go to school in Moshi.98
7. Who cleans the room?The girl cleans the room.
8. Who are singing?The girls are singing.
9. How do the people go to town?The people go to town by bus.
10. How do you go to church?I go to church on foot.
11. What do the children eat?The children eat ripe bananas.
12. What are the students doing?The students are writing notes.
13. What does the woman need?The woman needs a needle.
14. When does the teacher give exercises?The teacher gives exercises everyday.
15. When do the parents pay fees?The parents pay fees at the beginning of the term.
16. When does the parent get a report?The parent gets a report at the end of the term.
17. Where are the ladies plaiting their hair?The ladies are plaiting their hair in the Saloon.
18. Why do tourist carry camera?The tourists carry cameras to take pictures.
19. Why is Anna writing a letter?Anna is applying for a Job.
20. Why are the girls dancing?The girls are dancing because they are happy.
21. What do the women carry?The women carry their children.
22. When does the teacher ask questions?The teacher asks questions at the end of the lesson.
Exercise: Make questions from the following statements.
1. The girls are asking questions. (Who)Who are asking question?
2. Anna is selling eggs. (what)What is Anna selling?
3. The men are chopping firewood (what)What are the men doing?
4. Juma is making a basket. (what)What is Juma making?
5. The gardener buries leaves. (who)Who buries leaves?
6. Students read the books. (what)What do the students read?
7. The women plant the seeds. (who)Who plants the seeds?
8. The carpenter buys nails. (What)What does the carpenter buy?
9. The children swim in the river. (where)Where do the children swim?
10. The man goes to church on foot. (how)How does the man go to church?
CHANGE OF VERBS IN DIFFERENT TENSES(See Next Page)
III. TENSES
The word tense means the time.
PRESENT TENSEThe word that refers to present time is said to be present tense
I. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
We use simple present tense when we talk about things we do all the time or regularly.
Note: A verb with's' form is used in the third person singular only.
1. Positive sentences Interrogative sentences Négative sentences
I write. Do I write? I don't write.We write. Do we write? We don't write.You write. Do you write? You don't write.They write. Do they write? They don't write.He writes. Does he write? He doesn't write.She writes. Does she write? She doesn't write.It writes. Does it write? It doesn't write.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
I go to school everyday.
We go to school everyday.
You go to school everyday.
They go to school everyday.
He goes to school everyday.
She goes to school everyday.
It goes to school everyday.
3. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Do I go to school everyday?
Do you go to school everyday?
Do we go to school everyday?
Do they go to school everyday?
Does he go to school everyday?
Does she go to school everyday?
Does it go to school everyday?
4. NEGATIVE SENTENCES
I don't go to school everyday.
We don't go to school everyday.
You don't go to school everyday.
They don't go to school everyday.
He doesn't go to school everyday.
She doesn't go to school everyday.
It doesn't go to school everyday.
H/W. Make like these sentences using these verbs.
Come – I come to school everyday.
Read – I read books everyday.
The actions below all happens everyday, usually, generally, sometimes, or more than once. They are not happening now. To show this difference, we use the simple present tense.
DRILL:
I get up at about six o'clock. I wash myself carefully, clean my teeth and have a cup of tea. I leave my house to go to school about quarters to seven. I sometimes meet a friend on my way to school, and then we talk about all sorts of things until we reach the school.
Teacher: - Do I get up at about six o'clock?
Pupil: - Yes, you do.
Teacher: - Do I get up now?
Pupil: - No, you don't.
Teacher: - Do I get up at four o'clock?
Pupil: - No, you don't.
Teacher: - Do I get up at four o'clock or six o'clock?
Pupil: - You get up at six o'clock.
Teacher: - What do I do soon after getting up?
Pupil: - You wash yourself carefully and clean your teeth.
Teacher: - What do I drink?
Pupil: - You drink a cup of tea.
Teacher: - At what time I leave my house?
Pupil: - You leave your house about quarter to seven.
Teacher: - Do I leave my house at seven?
Pupil: - No, you don't.
Teacher: - Where do I go about quarter to seven?
Pupil: - You go to school about quarter to seven.
Teacher: - Whom do I meet on my way to school?
Pupil: - You meet your friend on your way to school.
Teacher: - Do I meet my friend everyday?
Pupil: - No you don't meet your friend everyday.
Teacher: What do I talk when I meet my friend?
Pupil: - You talk about all sorts of things.
Teacher: - When do I stop my talk with my friend?
Pupil; - You stop your talk with your friend until youreach the school
Teacher: - Who talks with my friend?
Pupil: - You talk with your friend.
Exercise: Write the following underlined words into singular and make any other necessary changes.
1. They make toys that look like animals.He makes toys that look like animals.
2. My sisters grow vegetables in the country; they bring them to town everyday and sell them.My sister grows vegetables in the country; she brings them to town everyday and sells them.
3. They give their children presents when they behave well.He gives his children presents when they behave well.
4. They wash their hands and dry them.She washes her hands and dries them.
5. The boys take their pencils and rulers when they go to school.The boy takes his pencils and rulers when he goes to school.
6. Green oranges are very sour.Green orange is very sour.
7. These girls eat sweets in class every morning. This girl eats sweets in class every morning.
8. Their daughters spend a lot of money on clothes. Her daughter spends a lot of money on clothes.
9. Young birds leave their nests when they fly. Young bird leaves its nest when it learns to fly.
10. Are these boys his children?Is this boy his child?
Exercise: The following are untrue. Make them truthful by adding not
1. Fish have feathers.Fish doesn't have feathers.
2. A cow lays eggs.A cow doesn't lay eggs.
3. The Masai grows bananas.The Masai doesn't grow bananas.
4. His father eats snakes.His father doesn't eat snakes.
5. Pineapples grow under the ground.Pineapples don't grow under the ground.
6. Our rainy season lasts a long time.Our rainy season doesn't last a long time.
7. Books grow on trees. Books don't grow on trees.
8. Pius spends his money quickly.Pius doesn't spend his money quickly.
9. We drink oil.We don't drink oil.
10. You work hard.You don't work hard.
Exercise: Complete the following sentences with one of the verbs in the list. (leaves, freezes, begin, contains, starts, sets, takes in, need, rises, boils, carry, meet).
1. The school holidays begin next week.
2. The sun rises in the East.
3. A plant takes in carbon dioxide.
4. The meeting starts at 7 o'clock.
5. Water freezes at 0º
6. The sun sets at 6.30P.M.
7. Water boils at 100ºC.
8. The Mombassa train leaves at 10 o'clock.9. All animals need oxygen.10. The air contains hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide.11. Mosquitoes carry Malaria.12. We usually meet at break-time.
Exercise: change the following sentences into Interrogative sentence.
1. The girl sings every day.Does the girl sing every day?
2. The lions kill antelopes.Do the lions kill antelopes?
3. Richard rides the bicycle.Does Richard ride the bicycle?
4. I drink banana juice.Do I drink banana juice?
5. You write correctly.Do you write correctly?
Exercise: Make the following statements into questions
1. I don't like to drink beer.Do you like to drink beer?
2. The cooks fry meat.Do the cooks fry meat?
3. Children do not read fastDo the children read fast?
4. We don't know his name.Do we know his name?
II: PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSEPresent continuous tense is used to talk about what is happening now.
1. Positive Sentences Interrogative Sentences Négative Sentences
I am writing. Am I writing? I am not writing.
We are writing Are we writing? We are not writing.
You are writing. Are you writing? You are not writing.
They are writing. Are they writing? They are not writing.
She is writing. Is she writing? She is not writing.
He is writing. Is he writing? He is not writing.
It is writing. Is it writing? It is not writing.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
I am sitting on a chair.
You are sitting on a chair.
They are sitting on a chair.
He is sitting on a chair.
She is sitting on a chair.
It is sitting on a chair. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Am I sitting on a chair?
Are we sitting on a chair?
Are you sitting on a chair?
Are they sitting on a chair?
Is he sitting on a chair?
Is she sitting on a chair?
Is it sitting on a chair?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
I am not sitting on a chair.
We are not sitting on a chair.
They are not sitting on a chair.
You are not sitting on a chair.
He is not sitting on a chair.
She is not sitting on a chair.
It is not sitting on a chair.
Note: Write like these sentences using these verbs in present continuous tense.
Write – I am writing the notes.
Look – I am looking at the blackboard.
DRILLTeacher: - Am I teaching English?Pupil: - Yes, you are teaching English.
Teacher: - Are you teaching Swahili?Pupil: - No, I am not teaching Swahili.
Teacher: - Are you learning English?Pupil: - Yes, I am learning English.
Teacher: - Are you looking outside?Pupil: - No, I am not looking outside.
Teacher: - Are you looking at me?Pupil: - Yes I am looking at you.
Teacher: - Is he going out?Pupil: - No, he is not going out.
Teacher: - Is he writing?Pupil: - Yes, he is writing.
Teacher: - Is she eating?Pupil: - No, she is not eating.
Teacher: - Am I standing?Pupil: - Yes, you are standing.
Teacher: - Am I closing the door?Pupil: - No, you are not closing the door.
Teacher: - Are you writing with a pen?Pupil: - Yes, I am writing with a pen.
Teacher: - Are you opening the window?Pupil: - No, I am not opening the window.
Teacher: - Are you listening to me?Pupil: - Yes, I am listening to you.
Teacher: - Are you playing football?Pupil: - No, I am not playing football.
Teacher: - Are you writing in a book?Pupil: - Yes, I am writing in a book.
Teacher: - Are you playing netball?Pupil: - No, I am not playing netball.
Teacher: - Is he sitting on a chair?Pupil: - Yes, he is sitting on a chair.
Teacher: - Are you writing a letter?Pupil: - No, I am not writing a letter.
Teacher: - Am I asking question?Pupil:- Yes, you are asking questions.
Teacher: - Are you driving a car?Pupil: - No, I am not driving a car.
Teacher: - Are you standing now?Pupil: - Yes, I am standing now.
Teacher: - Are you eating a mango?Pupil: - No, I am not eating a mango.
Teacher: - Is she drinking water?Pupil: No, she is not drinking water.
Teacher: - Are you sleeping?Pupil: - No, I am not sleeping.
Teacher:- Am I washing the cloth?Pupil: No, you are not washing the cloth.
Teacher: - Is he holding a pen?Pupil: - Yes, he is holding a pen.
Teacher: - Are you going to bed?Pupil: - No, I am not going to bed.
Teacher: - Am I lighting a lamp?Pupil: - No you are not lighting a lamp.
Teacher: - Are you killing a snake?Pupil: No, you are not killing a snake.
Teacher: - Are you sitting near the desk?Pupil: - Yes, I am sitting near the desk.
Teacher: - Are you throwing a stone?Pupil: - No, I am not throwing a stone.
Teacher: - Are you catching fish?Pupil: - No, I am not catching fish.
Teacher: - Is she dancing?Pupil: - No, she is not dancing.
Teacher: - Are you opening a box?Pupil: - No, I am not opening a box.
Teacher: - Are you feeding a baby?Pupil: - No, I am not feeding a baby.
Exercise: Drill: - This is a guessing game. A student pretends to be doing something without speaking. The class has to guess what he is doing. If the acting is still going on they ask e.g. Are you fishing? No I am not fishing. Allow them to ask questions until they get the answers.
Exercise: Fill the blanks with present continuous tense.
1. I say my prayers five times a day, but I am not saying them now.
2. I eat my breakfast everyday, but I am not eating now.
3. I go to sleep overnight, but I am not going to sleep now.
4. I sometimes play football, but I am not playing it now.
5. I often walk on my hands, but I am not walking on them now.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs
Look at that woman. She is walking (walk) into a shop. I wonder what she is going (go) to buy. She is asking (ask) the shopkeeper to show her some cloth. Now she is asking (ask) the price of different kinds of cloth. She is taking (take) out her money. She is counting (count) it. She is finding (find) out if she has enough. She is buying (buy) what she wants. Now she is coming (come) out of the shop.
Exercise: change into present continuous tense
1. I open the door.I am opening the door.
2. We work hard in the mornings.We are working hard in the mornings.
3. You wear beautiful dress.You are wearing beautiful dress.
4. They spend a lot of money.They are spending a lot of money.
5. He learns English everyday.He is learning English everyday.
6. It happens every morning.It is happening every morning.
7. She meets them very often.She is meeting them very often.
Exercise: Change into simple present tense
1. I am keeping books on a shelf.I keep books on a shelf.
2. We are having breakfast in the morning.We have breakfast in the morning.
3. You are living near the river.You live near the river.
4. They are refusing to take any money.They refuse to take any money.
5. He is ringing the bell.He rings the bell.
6. She is walking slowly.She walks slowly.
7. It is jumping on the table.It jumps on the table.
8. It is entering into the class.It enters into the class.
III. PRESENT PERFECT TENSEPresent perfect tense indicates that the activities have completed in the immediate past
1. Positive Sentences Interrogative Sentences Négative Sentences
I have done. Have I done? I haven't done.
We have done. Have we done? We haven't done.
You have done. Have you done? You haven't done.
They have done. Have they done? They haven't done.
She has done. Has she done? She hasn't done.
He has done. Has he done? He hasn't done.
It has done. Has it done? It hasn't done.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
I have beaten him.
We have beaten him.
You have beaten him.
They have beaten him.
He has beaten him.
She has beaten him.
It has beaten him.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Have I beaten him?
Have we beaten him?
Have you beaten him?
Have they beaten him?
Has she beaten him?
Has he beaten him?
Has it beaten him?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
I haven't beaten him.
We haven't beaten him.
You haven't beaten him.
They haven't beaten him.
He hasn't beaten him.
She hasn't beaten him.
It hasn't beaten him.
Exercise: Write like these sentences in present perfect tense using these verbs.
Go- I have gone out.
Bring – I have brought a pen.
DRILL
Child – Can I go and play please?Father – What about cleaning your shoes?
Child – I have cleaned them already.Father – What about washing the clothes?
Child – I have washed them already.Father – What about cleaning the house?
Child – I have cleaned it already.Father – What about doing your homework?
Child – I have done it already.Father – What about mending your shirt?
Child – I have mended it already.Father – What about feeding the child?
Child – I have fed it already.Father – What about fetching the firewood?
Child – I have fetched it already.Father – What about bringing the eggs?
Child – I have brought them already.Father – What about sweeping the room?
Child – I have swept it already.Father – What about making your bed?
Child – I have made it already. Father – What about buying the maize?
Child – I have bought it already.Father – What about calling your friends?
Child – I have called them already.Father – What about finishing all your works?
Child – I have finished them already.Father – All right. You can go and play.
Child – Thank you father.
Exercise: Change into present perfect tense
1. I am making a chair.I have made a chair.
2. We are putting our hands on our heads.We have put our hands on our heads.
3. You are taking the book out of your desk.You have taken the book out of your desk.
4. They are opening their desks.They have opened their desks.
5. He is taking pen from his desk.He has taken pen from his desk.
6. She is cleaning the blackboard.She has cleaned the blackboard.
7. It was on the table.It has been on the table.
8. I was in the class.I have been in the class.
9. She was very happy.She has been very happy.
10. I am writing a letter.I have been writing a letter.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks by the help of the verbs in the brackets.
1. I have been here for three hours. (be)
2. My brother has been away for a whole month. (be)
3. He has left since early this morning. (leaves)
4. I haven't seen him for weeks and weeks. (not see)
5. I haven't find him since last Sunday. ( not find)
6. We have just finished our home work. (finish)
7. She has not brought her books. (bring)
8. He has been here up to today. (be)
9. Have you brought your school fees? (bring)
10. He has gone just now. (go)
Exercise: change into present perfect tense adding the words from the brackets
1. Did you read “Things fall apart”? (ever) Have you ever read “Things fall apart”?
2. Tom went into his house. (just)Tom has just gone into his house.
3. I saw George. (just)I have just seen George.
4. Did you finish your homework? (already)Have you finished your homework already?
5. We didn't see him at all. (this morning) We haven't seen him at all this morning
6. I didn't go to hospital. (never)I have never gone to hospital.
7. I received your letter. (now)I have received your letter now.
FOR, SINCE
Since always needs a perfect tense. It needs the present perfect when it means from a point into the past up to now
Example: I have waited here since four o'clock (and I am still here)
For, also need a present perfect tense, when the period of time means up to now.
Example: - I have waited for three hours. (And I am still here)
“SINCE” is used when point of time is mentioned Example: - since four o'clock
“FOR” is used when a length of time is used Example: - for three hours
Exercise: Complete the following sentences by adding for or since
1. She has waited for two hours to see you.
2. He has waited since nine o'clock to see you.
3. I have not seen him since last year.
4. They haven't had anything to eat since early this morning.
5. We haven't eaten for ten hours.
6. He hasn't been here for several days.
7. We haven't seen him since I left school.
8. We have been learning to write since we first went to school.
IV: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The present perfect continuous tense is used for an action which began at sometimes in the past and still continuing.
1. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I have been cleaning.
2. We have been cleaning.
3. You have been cleaning.
4. They have been cleaning.
5. He has been cleaning.
6. She has been cleaning.
7. It has been cleaning.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
1. Have I been cleaning?
2. Have we been cleaning?
3. Have they been cleaning?
4. Have you been cleaning?
5. Has she been cleaning?
6. Has he been cleaning?
7. Has it been cleaning?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I have not been cleaning.
2. We have not been cleaning.
3. They have not been cleaning.
4. You have not been cleaning.
5. She has not been cleaning.
6. He has not been cleaning.
7. It has not been cleaning.
2. POSITIVE SENTNCES
1. I have been standing since morning.
2. We have been standing since morning.
3. You have been standing since morning.
4. They have been standing since morning.
5. He has been standing since morning.
6. She has been standing since morning.
7. It has been standing since morning.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Have I been standing since morning?
2. Have we been standing since morning?
3. Have you been standing since morning?
4. Have they been standing since morning?
5. Has he been standing since morning?
6. Has she been standing since morning?
7. Has it been standing since morning?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I haven't been standing since morning.
2. We haven't been standing since morning.
3. You haven't been standing since morning.
4. They haven't been standing since morning.
5. She hasn't been standing since morning.
6. He hasn't been standing since morning.
7. It hasn't been standing since morning.
Exercise: Write like these sentences using the following verbs.
Search – I have been searching my pen.
Speak – I have been speaking English
Fill in the blanks the correct form from the brackets
1. He has been working here for the last five years. (work) (and still working)
2. We have been studying English for five years. (study) (a still studying)
3. The baby has been crying all morning. (cry) (still crying)
4. He has been sleeping for five hours. (sleep) (still sleeping)
5. They have been building the bridge for several years. (build) (and still building)
6. They have been playing since four o'clock. (play) (still playing)
7. I have been teaching since 8 o'clock. (teach) (still teaching)
8. You have been studying English since January. (study) (still studying)
9. He has been smoking since 1998. (smoke) (still smoking)
PAST TENSE
The verbs that refers to past time is said to be past tense
I. SIMPLE PAST TENSEThe simple past tense is used to indicate an action completed in the past
1. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I went to the market.
2. We went to the market.
3. You went to the market.
4. They went to the market.
5. He went to the market.
6. She went to the market.
7. It went to the market.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Did I go to the market?
2. Did we go to the market?
3. Did you go to the market?
4. Did they go to the market?
5. Did he go to the market?
6. Did she go to the market?
7. Did it go to the market?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES.
1. I did not go to the market.
2. We did not go to the market.
3. You did not go to the market.
4. They did not go to the market.
5. He did not go to the market.
6. She did not go to the market.
7. It did not go to the market.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I gave him a book.
2. We gave him a book.
3. You gave him a book.
4. They gave him a book.
5. He gave him a book.
6. She gave him a book.
7. It gave him a book.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Did I give him a book?
2. Did we give him a book?
3. Did you give him a book?
4. Did they give him a book?
5. Did he give him a book?
6. Did she give him a book?
7. Did it give him a book?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I did not give him a book.
2. We did not give him a book.
3. You did not give him a book.
4. They did not give him a book.
5. He did not give him a book.
6. She did not give him a book.
7. It did not give him a book.
Exercise: Write like these sentences using the verbs
1. look – I looked in the box
2. catch – I caught the ball
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Yesterday I got up at six o'clock. I ate a plate of porridge and drank a cup of tea for breakfast. At seven o'clock I left the house and ran to the bus stop. Then I caught a bus to school. I was at the school gate early. At 7.40 A.M the school bell rang. I went to my class and sat down at my table. At 7.45A.M I started the first lesson.
DRILL
Teacher: - At what time did I get up?Pupil – You got up at six O'clock.
Teacher – I got up at six o'clock or seven o'clock?Pupil – You got up at six O'clock.
Teacher – I got up at six o'clock today or yesterday?Pupil – You got up at six o'clock yesterday.
Teacher – What did I eat?Pupil – You ate a plate of porridge.
Teacher – Did I eat porridge or Ugali?Pupil – You ate porridge.
Teacher – What did I drink?Pupil – You drank a cup of tea.
Teacher – Did I drink a cup of tea or a cup of milk?Pupil – You drank a cup of tea.
Teacher – At what time I left the house?Pupil – You left the house at seven o'clock.
Teacher – Where did I go from the house?Pupil – You went to the bus stop.
Teacher – How did I go to the bus stop?Pupil – You went to the bus stop on foot.
Teacher – What did I do in the bus stop?Pupil – You caught a bus.
Teacher – Where did I go from the bus stop?Pupil- You went to school.
Teacher – Did I reach the school gate early?Pupil – You reached the school gate early.
Teacher – At what time the school bell rang?Pupil- The school bell rang at 7.40 A.M.
Teacher – Where did I go when the school bell rang?Pupil – You went to the class when the school bell rang.
Teacher – Where did I sit?Pupil – You sat down at your table.
Teacher – Did I sit at my table or somebody's desk?Pupil – You sat down at your table.
Teacher – At what time did I started the first lesson?Pupil – You started the lesson at 7.45 A.M.
Exercise: Change into Simple Past Tense
1. It happens every morning.It happened every morning.
2. We wake up at six o'clock.We woke up at six o'clock.
3. I open the door at quarter to six.I opened the door at quarter to six.
4. The cat comes into the kitchen.The cat came into the kitchen.
5. It jumps on the table.It jumped on the table.
6. I pick it up.I picked it up
7. I put it outside.I put it outside.
8. The gardener feeds it.The gardener fed it.
9. The dog steals the cat's food.The dog stole the cat's food.
10. I hit the dog.I hit the dog.
11. The dog bites me.The dog bit me.
12. My sister laughs.My sister laughed.
13. She owns a car.She owned a car.
14. Her driver drives it well.Her driver drove it well.
15. They spend a lot of money.They spent a lot of money.
16. She likes a drink.She liked a drink.
17. I give her one glass of drink.I gave her one glass of drink.
18. She drinks quickly.She drank quickly.
19. She thanks me.She thanked me.
20. My sister likes swimming.My sister liked swimming.
Exercise: Change the following sentences into simple past tense, Interrogative and negative sentences
1. I want to see an old film.I wanted to see an old film.Did I want to see an old film?I did not want to see an old film.
2. We feel happy again.We felt happy again. Did we feel happy again?We did not feel happy again.
3. You take her into the house.You took her into the house.Did you take her into the house?You did not take her into the house.
4. They eat sweets in the class.They ate sweets in the class.Did they eat sweets in the class?They did not eat sweets in the class.
5. He rings the bell.He rang the bell.Did he ring the bell?He did not ring the bell.
6. She forgets to bring the bookShe forgot to bring the book.Did she forget to bring the book?She did not forget to bring the book.
7. It begins to rainIt began to rain.Did it begin to rain?It did not begin to rain.
II: PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
The past continuous tense is used to denote an action was going on at sometime in the past.
1. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I was coming to school.
2. We were coming to school.
3. You were coming to school.
4. They were coming to school.
5. He was coming to school.
6. She was coming to school.
7. It was coming to school.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Was I coming to school?
2. Were we coming to school?
3. Were they coming to school?
4. Were you coming to school?
5. Was he coming to school?
6. Was she coming to school?
7. Was it coming to school?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES1. I was not coming to school.2. We were not coming to school.3. They were not coming to school.4. You were not coming to school.5. She was not coming to school.6. He was not coming to school.7. It was not coming to school.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I was eating food.
2. We were eating food.
3. You were eating food.
4. They were eating food.
5. He was eating food.
6. She was eating food.
7. It was eating food.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Was I eating food?
2. Were we eating food?
3. Were you eating food?
4. Were they eating food?
5. Was he eating food?
6. Was she eating food?
7. Was it eating food?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I was not eating food.
2. We were not eating food.
3. You were not eating food.
4. They were not eating food.
5. He was not eating food.
6. She was not eating food.
7. It was not eating food.
Write like these sentences using these words.
Try = I was trying to catch him.
Answer – I was answering the questions.
DRILL
In the morning when I got up my mother was working in the kitchen. She prepared the breakfast while I was reading. I was having my breakfast when my friend entered my house. We both left the house at 7.o'clock. When I was coming to school, I met Peter. The bell rang, while I was talking to Peter. As I was running to school, I fell down. I remembered about it while I was working in the garden.
DRILL
Teacher- What was my mother doing when I got up?Pupil- Your mother was working in the kitchen.
Teacher- Was she working in the kitchen or garden?Pupil- She was working in the kitchen.
Teacher – What was she doing in the kitchen?Pupil: She was preparing breakfast in the kitchen.
Teacher What was I doing when she was preparing the breakfast?Pupil – You were reading when she was preparing the breakfast.
Teacher- Who entered my house when I was having my breakfast?Pupil – Your friend entered your house when you were having
your breakfast.
Teacher – At what time did I leave the house?Pupil – You left the house at 7 o'clock.
Teacher- Whom did I meet when I was coming to school?Pupil- You met Peter when you were coming to school.
Teacher- Did I meet Peter or John?Pupil - You met Peter, when you were coming to school.
Teacher- When did the bell ring?Pupil – The bell rang when you were talking to Peter.
Teacher – What happened to me when I was running to school?Pupil – You fell down when you were running to school
Teacher- Who fell down?Pupil – You fell down.
Teacher- When did I remember about it?Pupil – You remembered about it when you were working in the
garden.
Teacher – Was I working in the garden or field?Pupil – You were working in the garden.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with past continuous tense by the help of the verbs from the brackets.
1. I saw a crocodile while I was walking on the bank of the river. (walk)
2. All yesterday afternoon I was reading the Treasure Island. (read)
3. All last week he was painting his furniture. (paint)
4. Mr. John was reading a book while his wife was working in the garden. (read, work)
5. Miss. Jane was marking some books while the boys were doing their preparations. (mark, do)
6. John was swimming in the river while Peter was fishing. (fish)
7. He hurt himself while he was playing. (play)
8. Peter shot the bird as he was coming. (come)
9. Tom caught the train as he was entering the station. (enter)
10. When I was going to school, I saw a man with wooden leg. (go)
11. I didn't get off the bus while it was slowing down. (slow)
12. She asked him to be quiet, when she was teaching him. (teach)
13. Just as John was entering into the shop, he heard a noise behind him. (enter)
14. While he was sleeping, the driver took the lorry away. (sleep)
15. He saw that his father was coming to help him. (come)
III: PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect tense describes an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
1. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I had eaten food.
2. We had eaten food.
3. You had eaten food.
4. They had eaten food.
5. He had eaten food.
6. She had eaten food.
7. It had eaten food.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Had I eaten food?
2. Had we eaten food?
3. Had you eaten food?
4. Had they eaten food?
5. Had he eaten food?
6. Had she eaten food?
7. Had it eaten food?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I had not eaten food.
2. We had not eaten food.
3. You had not eaten food.
4. They had not eaten food.
5. He had not eaten food.
6. She had not eaten food.
7. It had not eaten food.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I had taken a book.
2. We had taken a book.
3. You had taken a book.
4. They had taken a book.
5. He had taken a book.
6 She had taken a book.
7. It had taken a book.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Had I taken a book?
2. Had we taken a book?
3. Had you taken a book?
4. Had they taken a book?
5. Had he taken a book?
6. Had she taken a book?
7. Had it taken a book?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I had not taken a book.
2. We had not taken a book.
3. You had not taken a book.
4. They had not taken a book.
5. He had not taken a book.
6. She had not taken a book.
7. It had not taken a book.
Write similar sentences using these words.
Drunk – I had drunk water
Finished – I had finished my work
Past perfect tense indicates that an event happened before another event in the past
Example: The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
First action – The patient had died
Second action – the doctor arrived
Exercise: Underline the action happened fist which is in past perfect tense
1. When he arrived, his uncle had gone away.
2. The driver stopped the bus, when he had seen the man.
3. The clerk typed the letter when the officer had asked for it.
4. Maua had waited for two hours when I arrived.
5. He left as soon as he had finished the examination.
6. We had drunk soda before they gave us beer.
7. When we arrived he had already killed him.
8. The train had already left when we arrived the station.
9. After he had finished his studies, he left for Rome.
10. The shop had sold all the bread by the time I reached there.
Exercise: Fill in the spaces below putting the verbs of simple past or past perfect tense.
1. She had cooked makande for over two hours when we arrived at home. (cook, arrived)
2. By the time we arrived, the party had started. (arrive, start)
3. He said that he had finished his work. (say, finish)
4. When we got home, night had already fallen.(get, fall)
5. When the shopkeeper entered the room, the thief had already escaped. (enter, escape)
6. She could not remember whether he had seen the man before or not. ( can, see)
7. He had already gone when we started to look for him. (go, start)
8. When we reached him, he had taken off his shoe and was trying to tie up the wound. (reach, take)
9. The train had gone because we were too late. (go, be)
10. The boat had left when we got to the bank of the river. (leave, get)
11. As soon as we got into the office we remembered that we had left the key at home. (change, get)
12. When he entered the room he realized a man had been there. (enter, been)
IV. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The past perfect continuous tense is used for action that began before a certain moment in the past and continued up to that time
1. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I had been sweeping.
2. We had been sweeping.
3. You had been sweeping.
4. They had been sweeping.
5. He had been sweeping.
6. She had been sweeping.
7. It had been sweeping.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Had I been sweeping?
2. Had we been sweeping?
3. Had you been sweeping?
4. Had they been sweeping?
5. Had he been sweeping?
6. Had she been sweeping?
7. Had it been sweeping?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I had not been sweeping.
2. We had not been sweeping.
3. You had not been sweeping.
4. They had not been sweeping.
5. He had not been sweeping.
6. She had not been sweeping.
7. It had not been sweeping.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I had been wiping the plates.
2. We had been wiping the plates.
3. You had been wiping the plates.
4. They had been wiping the plates.
5. He had been wiping the plates.
6. She had been wiping the plates.
7. It had been wiping the plates.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Had I been wiping the plates?
2. Had we been wiping the plates?
3. Had you been wiping the plates?
4. Had they been wiping the plates?
5. Had he been wiping the plates?
6. Had she been wiping the plates?
7. Had it been wiping the plates?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I had not been wiping the plates.
2. We had not been wiping the plates.
3. You had not been wiping the plates.
4. They had not been wiping the plates.
5. He had not been wiping the plates.
6. She had not been wiping the plates.
7. It had not been wiping the plates.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with past perfect continuous tense by the help of the verbs from the brackets.
1. Hawa was very tired because she had been preparing for the examination. (prepare)
2. Juma had been writing this book for four weeks. (write)
3. He had been playing everyday for two months. (play)
4. At that time she had been writing a novel for two weeks. (write)
5. Mr. Edward had been teaching in that school for five years. (teach)
6. I had been going to Tanga in last month. (go)
7. When we saw him, he had been finishing his homework. (finish)
8. He had been doing his work, so he did not come yesterday. (do)
9. She had been putting her books in the desk. (put)
10. He left his room, when his father had been entering inside. (enter)
Exercise: change these sentences into past perfect continuous tense
1. Juma was cleaning the blackboard. Juma had been cleaning the blackboard.
2. He watched the football. He had been watching the football.
3. She had seen me in the market.She had been seeing me in the market.
FUTURE TENSE
The verb that refers to future time is said to be Future tense.
I. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSEThe simple future tense is used for an action which will take place in the future
1. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall come tomorrow.
2. We shall come tomorrow.
3. You will come tomorrow.
4. They will come tomorrow.
5. He will come tomorrow.
6. She will come tomorrow.
7. It will come tomorrow.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Shall I come tomorrow?
2. Shall we come tomorrow?
3. Will you come tomorrow?
4. Will they come tomorrow?
5. Will he come tomorrow?
6. Will she come tomorrow?
7. Will it come tomorrow?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall not come tomorrow.
2. We shall not come tomorrow.
3. You will not come tomorrow.
4. They will not come tomorrow.
5. He will not come tomorrow.
6. She will not come tomorrow.
7. It will not come tomorrow.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall sleep in the night.
2. We shall sleep in the night.
3. You will sleep in the night.
4. They will sleep in the night.
5. He will sleep in the night.
6. She will sleep in the night.
7. It will sleep in the night.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Shall I sleep in the night?
2. Shall we sleep in the night?
3. Will you sleep in the night?
4. Will they sleep in the night?
5. Will he sleep in the night?
6. Will she sleep in the night?
7. Will it sleep in the night?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall not sleep in the night.
2. We shall not sleep in the night.
3. You will not sleep in the night.
4. They will not sleep in the night.
5. He will not sleep in the night.
6. She will not sleep in the night.
7. It will not sleep in the night.
Write such sentences using these words
Learn – I shall learn English.
Buy – I shall buy a pen.
Exercise: Complete the following sentences using the simple future tenses: “will or shall”
1. It will rain tomorrow.
2. I shall visit you if I get time.
3. Your wife will have a baby next month.
4. I shall buy that car at any cost.
5. The dog will bark, if a thief tries to brake into the shop.
6. What sorts of questions do you think they will ask?
7. We shall visit you if we get time.
8. There will be storm to night.
9. The sky will clear before dawn.
10.She will be a good wife.
COLOURED FUTURE
When the future contains a promise or some idea of compulsion “will” is used for the first person and “shall” for the second and third person. This is called coloured future.
Exercise:
1. I will go to school tomorrow.
2. My friend shall come tomorrow.
3. We will have a test in the next period.
4. She shall return at 3 o'clock.
5. You shall go out now.
Exercise: Fill the blanks with shall or will
1. You shall not leave the room until you tell me where it is.
2. You shall have some new clothes for holiday.
3. If you shall clean the bicycle I will buy the chocolate.
4. You shall have a new car as soon as I get it.
5. I will bring it with me when I come again.
6. You shall not go for any films in this week.
7. He shall have what he asks for, that's a promise.
8. I will do it as soon as I can.
9. I swear I will not have her in my house again.
10. I will bring it on Tuesday.
Exercise: Some of the following are simple future and some are coloured future. Fill in “shall” or “will” where necessary
1. You shall have a bicycle if you pass the exam.
2. I think he will wait for you in front of the school.
3. I will fetch it at once.
4. I am sure that I will see him tomorrow.
5. Henry shall never succeed unless he works hard.
6. I don't think I will change my mind.
7. I will fetch your coat on the way home.
8. You shall always find that rather difficult, I'm afraid.
9. You shall not go, I will not allow it.
10. Shall I come with you or will you take George?
Going to
Another common way of expressing the future is by using “going to” this usually suggests a definite intention or a previous arrangement.
Examples:
1. I am going to see him to night.
2. He is going to ask the headmaster about it.
3. Are you going to sell your bicycle?
4. Is Bill going to sell a car?
Exercise: change the following into the going to form of the future.
1. He will write to us as soon as he arrives. He is going to write to us as soon as he arrives.
2. The garden will look very nice in the spring.The garden is going to look very nice in the spring.
3. We shall see her when we get to Cairo.We are going to see her when we get to Cairo.
4. You will meet my brother tomorrow.You are going to meet my brother tomorrow.
5. I won't listen to you.I am not going to listen to you.
6. I shall write to him about it.I am going to write to him about it.
7. I think it will rain to night.I think it is going to rain to night.
8. I am afraid I shall be ill.I am afraid I am going to be ill.
9. The garage will have the car ready tomorrow.The garage is going to have the car ready tomorrow.
10.The court will be painted today. The court is going to be painted today.
Exercise: Change the following into the “Shall or Will” form of the future
1. He is going to ask for a book tomorrow.He will ask for a book tomorrow.
2. You are going to find him rather difficult I'm afraidYou will find him rather difficult, I'm afraid.
3. She is not going to stop.She will not stop.
4. I am going to meet him for the first time tomorrow.I shall meet him for the first time tomorrow.
5. George is going to buy a car when he has enough money.George will buy a car when he has enough money.
6. I am going to stop him from going, I shall stop him from going.
7. I hope you are not going to ask him to help.I hope you will not ask him to help.
8. I 'm afraid I'm not going to be able to come. I'm afraid I shall not be able to come.
9. I suppose you are going to write a book now.I suppose you will write a book now.
10. I think he is going to be sorry for what he did.I think he will be sorry for what he did.
The future tense also used to make requests
Examples:
1. Will you put it on the table please?
2. Please sir; will you give me permission to go out?
Exercise: make suitable requests from the following
Example: You want to go home early from the school. Please sir, will you let me go home early today?
1. You want someone to help you move a table.Will you please help me to move a table?
2. You want the teacher to lend you that book.Please Sir; will you lend me that book?
3. You want your friend to choose a book for you to read.Will you choose a book for me my friend?
4. You want your uncle to collect old magazines for our school.Uncle, will you collect old magazines for our school?
5. You want the teacher to correct your book before Thursday.Please sir, will you correct my book before Thursday?
6. You want the shop man to deliver some things to your home. Please sir, will you deliver some things to my home?
7. You want your brother to describe some things he has seen.Please brother, will you describe some things you have seen?
8. You want to know the way to the hospital. Will you please show me the way to the hospital?
9. You want someone to divide the food into eight equal parts.Will someone can divide the food into eight equal parts?
10.You want your teacher to allow you to go for swimming.Please sir, will you allow me to go for swimming?
II. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
The future continuous tense represents an action is going on at sometime in future
1. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall be climbing.
2. We shall be climbing.
3. You will be climbing.
4. They will be climbing.
5. He will be climbing.
6. She will be climbing.
7. It will be climbing.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Shall I be climbing?
2. Shall we be climbing
3. Will you be climbing?
4. Will they be climbing?
5. Will he be climbing?
6. Will she be climbing?
7. Will it be climbing?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall not be climbing.
2. We shall not be climbing.
3. They will not be climbing.
4. You will not be climbing.
5. He will not be climbing.
6. She will not be climbing.
7. It will not be climbing.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall be getting a letter.
2. We shall be getting a letter.
3. You will be getting a letter.
4. They will be getting a letter.
5. He will be getting a letter.
6. She will be getting a letter.
7. It will be getting a letter.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Shall I be getting a letter?
2. Shall we be getting a letter?
3. Will you be getting a letter?
4. Will they be getting a letter?
5. Will he be getting a letter?
6. Will she be getting a letter?
7. Will it be getting a letter?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall not be getting a letter.
2. We shall not be getting a letter.
3. You will not be getting a letter.
4. They will not be getting a letter.
5. He will not be getting a letter.
6. She will not be getting a letter.
7. It will not be getting a letter.
Exercise: Supply future continuous tense of the verbs from the brackets
1. I shall be reading the paper at this time. (read)
2. When I get home, my children will be playing. (play)
3. I shall be spending my holiday at Arusha. (spend)
4. By this time tomorrow, I will be writing the examination. (write)
5. Mashaka will be correcting our test all next week. (correct)
6. This time next year, we shall be visiting the National park. (visit)
7. Do you think you will be working here in five years time? (work)
8. By this time tomorrow evening you will be lying on the bench. (lay)
9. My children, this time tomorrow you will be finishing your class. (finish)
10. By this time tomorrow you will be playing in the ground. (play)
11. By this time next year, I shall be traveling by train. (travel))
12. Do you think you will be going to Arusha next week? (go)
III.FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
The future perfect tense is used to indicate the completion of an action by a certain future time.
1. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall have helped him.
2. We shall have helped him.
3. You will have helped him.
4. They will have helped him.
5. He will have helped him.
6. She will have helped him.
7. It will have helped him.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Shall I have helped him?
2. Shall we have helped him?
3. Will you have helped him?
4. Will they have helped him?
5. Will he have helped him?
6. Will she have helped him?
7. Will it have helped him?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall not have helped him.
2. We shall not have helped him.
3. You will not have helped him.
4. They will not have helped him.
5. He will not have helped him.
6. She will not have helped him.
7. It will not have helped him.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall have taken a pen.
2. We shall have taken a pen.
3. You will have taken a pen.
4. They will have taken a pen.
5. He will have taken a pen.
6. She will have taken a pen.
7. It will have taken a pen.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Shall I have taken a pen?
2. Shall we have taken a pen?
3. Will you have taken a pen?
4. Will they have taken a pen?
5. Will he have taken a pen?
6. Will she have taken a pen?
7. Will it have taken a pen?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall not have taken a pen.
2. We shall not have taken a pen.
3. You will not have taken a pen.
4. They will not have taken a pen.
5. He will not have taken a pen.
6. She will not have taken a pen.
7. It will not have taken a pen.
Make such sentences using these words
Do-I shall have done for you.
Speak-I shall have spoken to him.
Exercise: Supply suitable form of the future perfect tense for the verbs, from the brackets (fill the blanks)
1. I shall have arrived, before evening. (arrive)
2. You will have left, by Saturday. (leave)
3. She will have finished her work by noon. (finish)
4. I shall have written my exercise by that time. (write)
5. It will have appeared in the night. (appear)
6. Before you go to see him, he will have left the place. (leave)
7. I shall have read this book by next week. (read)
8. They will have completed the work by evening. (complete)
9. By the end of this year, I shall have built ten houses. (build)
10. They will have harvested their cotton by the end of this month. (harvest)
11. Maganga will have sold twenty cows by next year. (sell)
12. When it starts raining, the school will have prepared their shambas. (prepare)
13. They will have completed the new bridge before it rains. (complete)
14. They will have finished the job by next morning. (finish)
15. I hope I shall have finished the exercise by the end of the day.(finish)
IV. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The future perfect continuous tense indicates an action represented as being in progress over a period of time. That will end in the future.
1. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall have been flying.
2. We shall have been flying.
3. You will have been flying.
4. They will have been flying.
5. He will have been flying.
6. She will have been flying.
7. It will have been flying.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Shall I have been flying?
2. Shall we have been flying?
3. Will you have been flying?
4. Will they have been flying?
5. Will he have been flying?
6. Will she have been flying?
7. Will it have been flying?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall not have been flying.
2. We shall not have been flying.
3. You will not have been flying.
4. They will not have been flying.
5. He will not have been flying.
6. She will not have been flying.
7. It will not have been flying.
2. POSITIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall have been teaching for a year.
2. We shall have been teaching for a year.
3. You will have been teaching for a year.
4. They will have been teaching for a year.
5. He will have been teaching for a year.
6. She will have been teaching for a year.
7. It will have been teaching for a year.
ITERROGATIVE SENTENCES
1. Shall I have been teaching for a year?
2. Shall we have been teaching for a year?
3. Will you have been teaching for a year?
4. Will they have been teaching for a year?
5. Will he have been teaching for a year?
6. Will she have been teaching for a year?
7. Will it have been teaching for a year?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I shall not have been teaching for a year.
2. We shall not have been teaching for a year.
3. You will not have been teaching or a year.
4. They will not have been teaching for a year.
5. He will not have been teaching for a year.
6. She will not have been teaching for a year.
7. It will not have been teaching for a year.
Make such sentences using these words
I shall have been working for two years.
I shall have been studying for six weeks.
Exercise: Fill the blanks with future perfect continuous tense by the help of verbs from the brackets.
1. She will have been writing soon. (write)
2. They will have been traveling for two hours. (travel)
3. By next July we shall have been living here for one year. (live)
4. You will have been working for three years.(work)
5. When you will finish your from six, your brother.will have been studying in form one. (study)
6. We will have been typing for four years.
7. He will have been operating on Friday. (operate)
8. They will have been eating before time. (eat)
9. Juma will have been catching fish for two days. (catch)
10. When you pass form two, I shall have been teaching in form one.
Exercise: Change these sentences into future continuous tense, future perfect tense and future perfect continuous tense.
1. I shall go to school.
I shall be going to school.
I shall have gone to school.
I shall have been going to school.
2. We shall take everybody.
We shall be taking everybody.
We shall have taken everybody.
We shall have been taking everybody.
3. You will keep this pen.
You will be keeping this pen.
You will have kept this pen.
You will have been keeping this pen.
4. Will they bring the book?
Will they be bringing the book?
Will they have brought the book?
Will they have been bringing the book?
5. Will he ring the bell?
Will he be ringing the bell?
Will he have rung the bell?
Will he have been ringing the bell?
6. She will not ride a bicycle.
She will not be riding a bicycle.
She will not have ridden a bicycle.
She will not have been riding a bicycle.
7. It will not eat fish.
It will not be eating fish.
It will not have eaten fish.
It will not have been eating fish.
8. I shall eat ugali.
I shall be eating ugali.
I shall have eaten ugali.
I shall have been eating ugali.
9. Will you play football?
Will you be playing football?
Will you have played football?
Will you have been playing football?
10. Will she drinking beer?
Will she be drinking beer?
Will she have drunk beer?
Will she have been drinking beer?
Exercise: Change these sentences into past continuous tense, past perfect tense and past perfect continuous tenses
1. I taught him English.I was teaching him English.I had taught him English.I had been teaching him English.
2. We told them to come.We were telling them to come.We had told them to come.We had been telling them to come.
3. You wept on that day.You were weeping on that day.You had wept on that day.You had been weeping on that day.
4. Did they close the door?Were they closing the door?Had they closed the door?Had they been closing the door?
5. Did he leave on that day?Was he leaving on that day?Had he left on that day?Had he been leaving on that day?
6. She did not arrive at that time.She was not arriving at that time.She had not arrived at that time.She had not been arriving at that time.
7. It did not go last night.It was not going last night.It had not gone last night.It had not been going last night.
8. We arrived yesterday.We were arriving yesterday.We had arrived yesterday.We had been arriving yesterday.
9. You wrote a letter to your friend.You were writing a letter to your friend.You had written a letter to your friend.You had been writing a letter to your friend.
10. Did she come to school yesterday?Was she coming to school yesterday?Had she come to school yesterday?Had she been coming to school yesterday?
Exercise: Change these sentences into present continuous tense, present perfect tense and present perfect continuous tense
1. I study at home.I am studying at home. I have studied at home.I have been studying at home.
2. We work in the garden.We are working in the garden.We have worked in the garden.We have been working in the garden.
3. You try to talk English. You are trying to talk English.You have tried to talk English.You have been trying to talk English.
4. Do they come to class?Are they coming to class?Have they come to class?Have they been coming to class?
5. Does he write a letter?Is he writing a letter?Has he written a letter?Has he been writing a letter?
6. Ann eats in the classAnn is eating in the class.Ann has eaten in the class.Ann has been eating in the class.
7. The dog catches the cat.The dog is catching the cat.The dog has caught the cat.The dog has been catching the cat.
8. He doesn't follow his teacher.He is not following his teacher.He has not followed his teacher. He has not been following his teacher.
9. Tony leaves the school at 2 o'clock.Tony is leaving the school at 2 o'clock.Tony has left the school at 2 o'clock.Tony has been leaving the school at 2 o'clock.
10. Children play everyday.Children are plying everyday.Children have played everyday.Children have been playing everyday.
Exercise: Change these sentences into simple past and simple future tenses
1. I go to church every Sunday.I went to church every Sunday.I shall go to church every Sunday.
2. We are talking in the class.We talked in the class.We shall talk in the class.
3. You have not finished your homework.You did not finish your homework.You will not finish your homework.
4. Have they been drinking tea?Did they drink tea?Will they drink tea?
5. He hasn't eaten anything all day.He did not eat anything all day.He will not eat anything all day.
6. I don't want to go to cinema.I didn't want to go to cinema.I shall not want to go to cinema.
7. Have you heard the news today?Did you hear the news today?Will you hear the news today?
IV. ENGLISH PRONOUNCIATION (PHONETICS)
Phonetics means the study and science of speech sounds, their production, and the signs used to represent them.
KEY TO THE PHONETIC SYMBOLSThe following are the I.P.A (INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION) symbols for the various sounds in English
ENGLISH CONSONANTS
WORDS FOR PRACTICE ENGLISH PURE VOWELS
1. i: - the sound in bee, see, treesi: = seadri:m = dreamti:m =teamfi:l = feelki:n=keent∫ i:z = cheesefi:ld = fieldrisi:v = receivepli:s= policeki:=keypi:pl= people
2. i – the sound in hit, fit, kingbid = bidpin = pin
sip = sipmil = milltrik = trickri = ringwimin = womeningli∫= Englishvilid3 = villagesit = sit
3. e – the sound in pen, red, headpet = petset = setget = gettel = tellhed = headredi – readyeni = anysed = said
4. æ – the sound in pan, sad, badpæt= patbæt = batbæg = bagmæn= manlæd = laddæ∫ = dashèænk = thankhæt = hat
5. a: - the sound in ask, half, farpa:s = passfa:st = fastgra:nt = granta:nt = auntcla:k = clerkha:t = heartpa:k= parkta:sk = taskha:d = hard
6. u – the sound in good, wood, foot buk = bookluk = lookful = fullput = putkud = couldwulf = wolfkuk = cook
7. u: - the sound in soon, food, whommu:n = moonbu:t = bootmu:v = movedju:ti = dutyru:l = ruleju: = youlu:z = losesu:p = souphu: = who
8. - the sound in hut, cup, dullkm = comelk = luckkt = cutwn = wonlv = loverf = roughfld = floodds = does
9. ei – the sound in say, day, payMeid = madeteible = tableleik = lakefeit = fateteip = tapeeit = eightreis = racefeil = failgrei = greygreit = greatdei = day
10. ai – the sound in hight, lie, trybai = buysaid = saidmaind = mindlai – liekaind = kindtaip = typehai = hightaim = timedrai = dryraip = ripe
11. au – the sound in how, cow, nowfaul = foulaut = outtaun = towndaut = doubtmaus = mouse
TONGUE TWISTERS
Sentences or phrases that is difficult to speak quickly or correctly because of consonants. This type of sentences are used as tongue twisters
Examples:
1. A proper copper coffee cup.
2. We keep clean sheets.
3. The need to read was pleased by the chief.
4. Three grey geese in a green grazing.
5. These trees have been beaten by breeze.
6. Please show me the sheep that he keeps.
7. Mind where you put your foot.
8. Speak roughly to your little boy and beat him when he sneezes.
9. The owl and pusy, went to sea, in a beautiful pea, green boat.
10. The cook took the book, but never had time to look at it.
11. They took some honey, and plenty of money and wrapped up in five pound note.
12. She sells sea shells on the sea shore.
13. If a shipshape shop-soiled ships would six, shipshape stock?
14. Katai is a Masai girl. Katai can tie and untie a tie. If Katai can tie and untie a tie why can't I tie and untie a tie like Katai can tie and untie a tie?
15. Peter piper picks a pack of pickled pepper? Did Peter piper pick a pack of pickled pepper? Where is the peck of pickled pepper, Peter piper picked?
V. DICTATION FOR COMPREHENSION
1. A NEW SCHOOL
When students arrive at their new school they feel afraid they don't know where to go or what to do. Often they think that the older students are teachers.
It usually takes two or three weeks for new comers to settle down in their new school. During that time, they learn the names of their new teachers and their classmates.
Hadijas class teacher is called Mr. Juma. Hadija is in form I A. She sits next to another girl called Mary
Nasser's class teacher is called Mrs. Rehema. Nasser is in form I B. He sits next to a boy called Justine.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. How do new students feel when they first arrive at school?The new students feel afraid when they first arrive at school.
2. Do they know where to go or what to do?They don't know where to go or what to do.
3. What do they think about the older students?They think the older students are teachers.
4. How long does it take for a new comer to settle down?It takes two or three weeks for a new comer to settle down.
5. Who is Hadija's class teacher?Mr. Juma is Hadija's class teacher.
6. Who sits next to Hadija?Mary sits next to Hadija.
7. Who is Nasser's class teacher?Mrs. Rehema is Nasser's class teacher
8. Who sits next to Nasser?Justine sits next to Nasser.
2. OUR SCHOOL
The name of our school is Mwembeni Secondary school. It is situated near the Musoma town. It is a co-education school. The cathedral church is just in front of the school. Mwembeni secondary school is a big school with many buildings. In fact it has twelve classrooms and three science laboratories, a library, offices and a staff room. It also has a typing room. The school has a big auditorium called “Montfort hall” where meetings and other various social activities are held. It is an 'A' level school. The school has over four hundred students who are getting education from this school. There are more than twenty teachers who are teaching in this school. All the teachers and students are staying outside the school compound. The school is managed by Montfort Brothers. Many students got very good education from this school and working in different parts of the world.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. What is the name of our school?The name of our school is Mwembeni secondary school.
2. Where does Mwembeni secondary school situated?Mwembeni secondary school is situated near the Musoma town.
3. How many classrooms are there?There are twelve classrooms.
4. What is the use of the Mont fort Hall?The Mont fort hall is used for meetings and other various social activities.
5. How many students and teachers are there?There are over four hundred students and more than twenty teachers.
3. MRS. BEATRICE'S SHOP
Mrs. Beatrice opened a shop near the school. She sells every thing keeping on the table and sits under the tree. The students and teachers buy things from the shop.
Mrs. Beatrice sells a lot of different goods like books, pencils, pens, and erasers. She also sells sweets, biscuits, packets of chewing gum and bottles of soda.
Everyday children from the school go to her shop. They usually buy books, pens, pencils, sweets and bottles of soda.
The teacher on duty doesn't like his students going to Mrs. Beatrice shop during the break time. Often they are late for the classes. The teacher gets very angry when he sees his students coming back after the bell.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. Who opened a shop near the school?Mrs. Beatrice opened a shop near the school.
2. Where does she keep everything?She keeps everything on the table.
3. Who buys things from her shop?The students and teachers buy things from her shop?
4. What things does she sell?She sells books, pencils, pens, and erasers. She also sells sweets, biscuits, packets of chewing gum and bottles of soda.
5. When does the teacher on duty get angry?The teacher on duty gets angry when he sees his students coming back after the bell.
4.NAOMI
Naomi is a nurse. Everyday she goes to work at the K.C.M.C. hospital in Moshi. First, she walks from her house to the bus station. Then she catches a daladala to the K.C.M.C hospital. Next week, Naomi is going to Dar es Salaam for two weeks. She is going to attend a course at Muhimbili hospital.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. What is Naomi's job?Naomi is a nurse.
2. Where does she work?She works at the K.C.M.C hospital.
3. How does she go to work?At first she walks from her house to bus station. Then she catches a daladala to the K.C.M.C. hospital.
4. Where is Naomi going next week?She is going to attend a course at Muhimbili Hospital.
5. TRAVELLING
To travel from Dar es Salaam to Nairobi you can go by road or by air. The bus journey takes almost twenty four hours but the flight by air takes less than two hours.
To go from Dar es Salaam to Lusaka you can travel by train. The Tazara railway crosses both Tanzania and Zambia. The journey takes about two days.
The best way to go from Dar es Salaam to Kampala is to fly. But you can go first by train to Mwanza, then by boat to Bukoba, and finally by road crossing the Kagera river to Kampala. This journey takes more than five days.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. Name two ways to travel from Dar es Salaam to Nairobi?To travel Dar es Salaam to Nairobi you can go by road or by air.
2. How many days does it take to travel by train from Dar es Salaam to Lusaka?
To travel from Dar es salaam to Lusaka takes about two days.
3. What is the name of the railway? The name of the railway is called Tazara Railway.
4. What is the best way to go from Dar es Salaam to Kampala? The best way to go from Dar es Salaam to Kampala is by flight.
6. THE NJAU FAMILY
Mr. & Mrs. Njau live in a village near Marangu in Moshi district.Mr. Njau is a small farmer and a businessman. He doesn't have a car but he has a pick-up. Every morning he drives to Moshi to look for a business.
Mrs. Njau usually stays at home and looks after the farm. Every morning Mrs. Njau milks he cow before preparing breakfast for the family. On their farm the Njau has a lot of coffee trees. Every year the children help Mrs. Njau to pick up the coffee.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. Where do Mr. and Mrs. Njau live?Mr. and Mrs. Njau live in a village near Marangu in Moshi district.
2. What does Mrs. Njau do every morning?Every morning Mr. Njau drives to Moshi to look for business.
3. What cash crop does the Njau family grow in their farm?The Njau family grows coffee in their farm.
4. Who helps Mrs. Njau to pick the coffee?The children help Mrs. Njau to pick the coffee.
7. THE NJAU CHILDREN
Mariam Njau is very clever. She goes to secondary school in Moshi. She is in Form 2. Her brother Alphonce doesn't go to school. Sometimes, he goes to Moshi with his father and sometimes he helps his mother in the farm. He doesn't like farming very much and wants to learn to be a motor mechanic.
James goes to primary school he is in standard 5. He likes school a lot and hopes to go to secondary school like his sister.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. Does Mariam go to Secondary school?Yes, Mariam goes to secondary school.
2. Does Alphonce go to secondary school?No, Alphonce doesn't go to secondary school.
3. Does Alphonce like farming?No, Alphonce don't like farming.
4. What does Alphonce want to do?Alphonce wants to learn a motor mechanic.
5. What class is James in?James is in class 5.
8. AN ACCIDENT
I was walking home from school one afternoon, and then I saw an accident. A man was lying by the side of the road, and a big crowd was gathering nearby. Every one was talking excitedly.
A policeman arrived and wrote down the details of the accident in his notebook. But the people were too busy shouting at each other to give a clear account of what happened.
While they were arguing, the man quietly got up, picked up his bicycle and rode away. Nobody noticed him. Half an hour later, the crowed was still arguing.
ANSWER THEE QUESTIONS
1. At what time the accident happened?The accident happened at afternoon.
2. Who was lying by the side of the road?A man was lying by the side of the road.
3. What was the crowd doing when the police man arrived?The crowd was shouting at each other when the policeman arrived.
4. What did the man do while they were arguing?While they were arguing the man quietly got up picked up his bicycle and rode away.
9. THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT
The African Elephant is a huge and powerful animal. It lives in the grasslands, mainly in East Africa. It lives on leaves, shoots and the barks of trees. It has a long trunk and tusks. Some people make ornaments, such as earrings and necklaces from the tusks. The elephants are usually killed. The government is trying to stop the killing of these wonderful animals. Elephant attract a lot of tourists to countries of East Africa including Tanzania. If the elephants all die, then tourist will stop coming here. However, elephants can be destructive too, they kill people as well destroy crops.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. Where does the elephant live?The elephant lives in the grasslands, mainly in East Africa.
2. How does it live on?It lives on leaves, shoots and barks of the trees.
3. What do some people do from the tusks?Some people make ornaments, such as earrings and necklaces from the tusks.
4. How do the elephants help to the country?The elephants attract a lot of tourists to countries of East Africa including Tanzania.
5. Why the elephants are destructive?Elephants are destructive because they kill people as well as destroy crops.
10. THE CITY I LOVE
Dar es Salaam is a large city situated on the shores of the beautiful Indian Ocean. The climate is both hot and humid. The city has many fine tall and low buildings which are good to look at. These buildings provide office accommodation like the tall 'Bima house (LIC)' well stocked shops along Samora Avenue, good hospitals, supermarkets, schools and cinema halls. The roads are wonderful. Many of them are made of tarmac and are very busy; both day and night, with the city's heavy traffic. Dar es Salaam is hectic but interesting city.
It is interesting just to stand for a short time and watch its many people walk by. They come from all over Tanzania, form all over the world in fact. They work for many organizations including banks, offices, universities, airports, police stations, hotels etc. I love Dar es Salaam. It is simply wonderful!
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. Where is Dar es Salaam city?Dar es Salaam city is situated on the shore of the beautiful Indian Ocean.
2. How is the climate?The climate is both hot and humid.
3. How are the roads?The roads are made tarmac and are very busy, both day and night with the city's heavy traffic.
4. Where do many people work?Many people work in banks, offices, universities, airports, police stations, hotels etc.
11. MZEE MATATA
Mzee Matata is a poor man. He lives in a very dirty place. There is very toll grass around his house. A bad smell comes from dirty water behind his house. He has very long and dirty hair. You could smell him a mile away. His house does not have windows. In the night the mosquitoes get in easily. He has a toilet at the back of the house. You do not have to ask for it. You can know it by the smell it emits.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. Describe the place where Mzee Matata lives.
Mzee Matata lives in a very dirty place. There is very tall grass around his house. A bad smell comes from dirty water behind his house.
2. Describe Mzee Matata's house.Mzee Matata's house does not have windows. In the night mosquitoes get in easily. He has a toilet at the back of his house. You do not have to ask for it. You can know it by smell it emits.
12. THE MODERN HOUSE
Modern houses are either made of burnt bricks or cement blocks. A modern house has the following parts. Windows and doors made of wood or glass. A roof which is made of either iron sheets or tiles. It has a long chimney for letting out smoke from the kitchen or from the living room gate. There is a gutter which runs from over side of the roof to the other horizontally. It traps rain water and takes it to the drain pipe which is mostly found on the sides of the house. The drain pipes take the water down.
Many modern houses have inside toilets. There is a ventilator, then at the back of the house which lets out the air from the toilet tanks. Under each window there is a little extension called window sills you can put flower pots on these window sills to make your house beautiful.
There is a television that is why you can see an aerial which helps to get different television pogrammes clearly.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. What are modern houses made of?The modern houses are made of burnt bricks or cement blocks.
2. What is the function of the drain pipe?The drain pipe takes the water down.
3. Where does smoke get out off?
Smoke gets out of a long chimney.
4. What is the use of window sills?
You can put flower pots on these window sills to make your house look better.
5. What is the help of an aerial?
An aerial which helps to get different television programs clearly.
13. AN INCIDENT
Masumbuko woke up in the middle of the night. He got up and went to the washroom and brushed his teeth. He then went back to his room, dressed himself ready for school. He normally prepares his morning tea before he goes to sleep. This time he didn't. He had decided that he would do it in the morning. So after he had dressed up and had everything he needed for school, in his school bag. He went to the kitchen. As he was heading towards the kitchen, he heard somebody trying to open the kitchen door. He shouted for his mother and father. They asked him what he was doing in the kitchen at that time of the night. He again shouted for them to go to the kitchen. Just then, they heard somebody running outside the house. Masumbuko's father and mother all ran to the kitchen. When they opened the kitchen door they found a panga and some spanners near it. They couldn't believe their eyes! They knew that the thief wanted to break in and steal their things. They thanked Masumbuko for waking them up. First of all they thanked God for making Masumbuko to get up early. They couldn't sleep anymore. When day broke they went to report the incident to the police.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. When did Masumbuko wake up?Masumbuko woke up in the middle of the night.
2. What did he do after wake up?After woke up he went to the washroom and brushed his teeth.
3. Normally what he used to do?Normally he used to prepare his morning tea, before he goes to sleep.
4. What did he hear when he went to the kitchen?He heard somebody trying to open the kitchen door.
5. What did they find when they opened the kitchen door?They found a panga and spanners near the kitchen door.
14. THE THIEF IN THE BUS
The empty bus came into the bus station and stopped suddenly. Everyone rushed to get a seat. The driver jumped out and went off to drink some tea. The conductor stood on the steps of the bus saying, Tickets! Let me see your tickets! I put my hand in my bag and found my ticket. I showed it to the conductor.
“Okay. You go in, right to the back!” I climbed into the bus and found an empty seat near the back. I remembered my mother's words: “Look after your things, Mary!” carefully I kept my bag under the seat. The next minute the driver jumped in and the bus started. We were in the way to Iringa. It was soon dark. The bus jumped along the road through the potholes. We passed Chalinze and Morogoro town. Then I fell asleep and did not wake when the bus stopped at Mikumi village.
The next morning we reached Iringa. At the bus station, I got out with my bag. The bus continued its journey to Mbeya. I opened my bag to take out my purse. Then I discovered that the purse was missing. All my money was gone.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. Where did Mary keep her ticket?Mary kept her ticket in her bag.
2. Where did the driver go?The driver went off to drink some tea.
3. What did Mary show the conductor?Mary showed the conductor her ticket.
4. Where did Mary sit?Mary sat near the back.
5. Where did Mary keep her bag?Mary kept her bag under the seat.
6. Where was the bus going?The bus was going to Mbeya.
7. What time of day did the bus travel?The bus traveled at night.
8. Where do you think the bus stopped between Dar es Salaam and Iringa?I think the bus stopped at Mikuni village.
9. Where do you think the thief left the bus?I think the thief left the bus at Mikumi village.
10. What was Mary doing when the thief stole her purse?Mary was sleeping when the thief stole her purse.
II. Fill in the blanks with words below:(knew, picked, remembered, felt, began, was, told, arrived, lay, woke, knew.)
I picked up my bag and began to walk home. I felt very unhappy as I knew my mother would be angry. I remembered again her words. “Look after your things,
Mary!” when I arrived home my mother was very happy to see me. She told me not to worry about the purse, but I knew she was upset. That night I lay in bed thinking about my carelessness. I woke up in the middle of the night hearing the some words in my dreams: “Look after your things, Mary!
VI. DIALOGUE
1. DIALOGUE – INTRODUCTION
Hadija Hallo!
Ibrahim Hallo!
Hadija How are you?
Ibrahim I am fine. Thank you.
Hadija What's your name?
Ibrahim My name is Ibrahim. What's your name?
Hadija My name is Hadija. What's his name?
Ibrahim His name is Peter. What's her name?
Hadija Her name is Scolastica.
Ibrahim Thank you very much.
Hadija Welcome.
2. DIALOGUE – INTRODUCING ONESELF
Peter Good morning
Justine good morning.
Peter How are you?
Justine I am fine, thank you.
Peter What is your name?
Justine My name is Justine.
Peter Where do you stay?
Justine I stay at Musoma town.
Peter How old are you?
Justine I am sixteen years old.
Peter Who are you staying with?
Justine I am staying with my parents.
Peter How many are you at home?
Justine We are five at home.
Peter Are your parents alive?
Justine My parents are alive.
Peter What are they doing?
Justine My father is working in the office and my mother
is teaching in the school.
Peter How do you come to school?
Justine I come to school on foot or by bus.
Peter Why do you come to school?
Justine I come to school to study.
Peter Which class do you study?
Justine I study in form one.
Peter What is the name of your school?
Justine The name of our school is Mwembeni secondary school.
Peter What will you do after finishing your studies?
Justine I will search for a job after finishing my studies
Peter Thank you very much.
Justine Welcome.
3. DIALOGUE – CLASSROOM
1. Teacher – Stand up.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am standing.
2. Teacher – Sit down.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am sitting
3. Teacher – Open your book.Teacher - What are you doing?Pupil – I am opening my book.
4. Teacher – Write down.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am writing.
5. Teacher – Put your pen down or keep your pen on the desk.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am keeping my pen on the desk.
6. Teacher – Close your book.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am closing my book.
7. Teacher – Go to the door.Teacher – Where are you going?Pupil – I am going to the door.
8. Teacher – Close the door.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am closing the door.
9. Teacher – Open the door.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am opening the door.
10. Teacher – Go to your place.Teacher – Where are you going?Pupil – I am going to my place.
11. Teacher – Listen carefully.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am listening.
12. Teacher – Come front.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am coming front.
13. Teacher – Clean the blackboard.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am cleaning the blackboard.
14. Teacher – Keep the duster on the table.Teacher – What are you doing?Pupil – I am keeping the duster on the table.
15. Teacher – Go to your place.Pupil – Thank you teacher.
4. DIALOGUE – PARTS OF THE BODY
1. Teacher – This is my head.Teacher – Show me your head!Pupil – This is my head.
2. Teacher – This is my face.Teacher – Show me your face?Pupil – This is my face.
3. Teacher – This is my eye.Teacher – Show me your eye.Pupil – This is my eye.
4. Teacher – This is my nose.Teacher – Show me your nose?Pupil – This is my nose.
5. Teacher – This is my ear.Teacher – Show me your ear?Pupil – This is my ear.
6. Teacher – This is my hair.Teacher – Show me your hair?Pupil – This is my hair.
7. Teacher – This is my hand. Teacher – Show me your hand.
Pupil –This is my hand.8. Teacher – This is my leg.
Teacher – Show me your leg?Pupil – This is my leg.
9. Teacher – This is my finger.Teacher – Show me your finger.Pupil – This is my finger.
10. Teacher – This is my mouth.Teacher – Show me your mouth.Pupil – This is my mouth.
6. DIALOGUE – REQUESTS
Francis Please, may I go out?
Juma No, you can't.
Francis Would you close the window?
Juma Yes, I would do.
Francis Can you help me please?
Juma Yes, I can.
Francis Would you like to lend me your pencil?
Juma No, I don't want to.
Francis Do you mind if I borrow your book?
Juma Yes, you can borrow my book.
Francis May I close the door?
Juma Of course, you may do so.
Francis Will you allow me write down your address?
Juma Yes, you do so.
Francis Please, may I borrow your pen?
Juma No, I am sorry. You can't give.
7. DIALOGUE – DIRECTIONS
Aisha Tell me more about yourself. Where do you come from?
Anna Tabora.
Aisha Where is that?
Anna In the Southern part of Tabora. It is a small village.
Aisha Why did you come here?
Anna I came here to study. The school is very good.
Aisha Can you tell me the way to Mwembeni secondary school?
Anna Yes, of course. You can't miss it. Go down up to Tupendane centre. Then little ahead, you turn to the right road. The school is 400 meters from the turn.
Aisha Thank you very much.
8. DIALOGUE – INTRODUCTION
Ibrahim Hello! How are you?
Juma Fine, thank you.
Ibrahim What's your name?
Juma My name is Juma Nassoro. What's your name?
Ibrahim I'm Ibrahim.
Juma Where do you come from Ibrahim?
Ibrahim I come from Morogoro. What about you?
Juma Oh! I come from Songea.
9. DIALOGUE – INTRODUCTION OF RELATIONS
Ibrahim Do you have a brother?
Scolastica Yes, I do.
Ibrahim What's his name?
Scolastica He is called Mussa.
Ibrahim How old is he?
Scolastica He is nine years old.
Ibrahim Does he go to school?
Scolastica Yes, he is in standard 2. Do you have a sister?
Ibrahim Yes, I do.
Scolastica What's her name?
Ibrahim She is called Mary.
Scolastica How old is she?
Ibrahim She is only six.
Scolastica Does she go to school?
Ibrahim No, she doesn't go to school.
10. DIALOGUE – ASKING FOR DIRECTION
Student What can I help you?
Visitor Yes, please. Can you show me the way to the hospital?
Student I am sorry, I can't help you. I am a stranger here myself.
Visitor Never mind. I'll ask that man. He will know.
11. DIALOGUE – REQUESTS
Zena Can you lend me a spare pen?
Salome Yes, but I've only got a red one.
Zena May I borrow it please?
Salome Yes, of course.
12. DIALOGUE - EXPRESSING FEELING
Ndomba What's the matter? Are you angry with me?
Ena Of course not, I'm tired.
Ndomba How about a drink, say a coke?
Ena I'm Ok. Thank you.
Ndomba Come on, let's have a drink.
Ena No, Ndomba, I'm bored. I must go home now.
Ndomba See you again sometime. You can phone me if your wish. Bye.
Ena Bye.
13. DIALOGUE – DIRECTIONS
Hilda Excuse me?
Simon Yes! What can I do for you?
Hilda I'm a tourist here and I think I'm lost. What is your name?
Simon My name is Simon. What's your name?
Hilda My name is Hilda.
Simon Where do you want to go?
Hilda The Jambo Hotel.
Simon The Jambo Hotel? Well, that's not difficult. It's near the petrol station.
Hilda But where's that?
Simon Okay. Just cross the street here. Then walk right towards the cathedral. You will see the hotel from there. You can't miss it.
Hilda Oh. Thanks. Thank you very much.
Simon Welcome.
14. DIALOGUE – SOMETHING TO EAT
Maua hello! Ally. What a surprise. Come in
Ally Thank you Maua.
Maua Sit down. Would you like something to drink? Beer? Coke? A cup of tea? Anything?
Ally Yes, thanks. Perhaps a bottle of beer please. I'm quite
thirsty.
Maua It's a hot day …. There you are.
Ally Thanks.
Maua Can I give you something to eat? Rice and beans? Ugali?
Ally No. thank you. I'm not hungry Maua. Can I talk to you for a few minutes?
I have a very important message for you.
Maua Why not?
Ally Come sit here. Let me talk to you
15. DIALOGUE – A ROOM FOR THREE NIGHTS IN HOTEL
Traveler Hello!
Receptionist Hello. What can I help you?
Traveler I would like to have a room please.
Receptionist Single or double?
Traveler Single please.
Receptionist For one night?
Traveler No, for three nights.
Receptionist With bath attached?
Traveler With bath please. How much is the room?
Receptionist 50,000 shillings including breakfast
Traveler Pardon?
Receptionist Could you fill in the forms. Please?
Traveler Oh, Yes.
Receptionist Your room number is 200. Have a good stay.
Traveler Thank you so much.
16. DIALOGUE – BOOKING THE TICKET
Customer I 'm going to Moshi next week. Can I reserve a second class seat?
Booking clerk When do you want to go?
Customer Can I go next Wednesday?
Booking clerk Trains leave for Moshi every Monday; Wednesday and
Friday.
Customer How long does the journey take?
Booking clerk Sixteen hours. The trains arrive in Moshi early in the morning. Do you want to buy a ticket?
Customer yes, please. How much is it?
Booking clerk 1,800/= (one thousand eight hundred shillings)
17. DIALOGUE – MOTHER AND DAUGHTER
Mother Are you going to Dar es Salaam by train or by bus?
Naomi The train is full, so I am going by bus. I am going to buymy ticket tomorrow.
Mother I hope you will get an express bus. It's a long journey you will be tired when you arrive in Dar es Salaam.
Naomi I am going to travel overnight. I will arrive in Dar es Salaam at 6.30 A.M.
18. DIALOGUE – AT THE POST OFFICE
Customer Good morning.
Counter clerk Good morning.
Customer I want to send these letters to Kigoma,
Please. How much will they cost?
Counter clerk This letter will cost three hundred Shillings.
Customer How long does a letter take to get to Harare?
Counter clerk About four or five days, Ordinary rate; two or three days by express.
Customer I will send it by express.
Counter clerk That will be 500 shillings. Anything else?
Customer That's all. Thanks.
Counter clerk Welcome.
19. DIALOGUE – TEACHER AND STUDENT
Teacher Good morning.
Student Good morning sir.
Teacher What's your name?
Student James Washokera sir.
Teacher How do you spell it?
Student J-A-M-E-S W-A-S-H-O-K-E-R-A
Teacher What form are you in?
Student I am in form I A.
Teacher Good. How old are you?
Student I 'm fifteen years old sir.
Teacher Where do you come from?
Student I come from Mwanza sir.
Teacher Thank you. James. Go and sit in the class.
20. DIALOGUE – SHOPPING
Shopkeeper Good morning. Welcome to our shop. What can I help you?
Customer Good morning to you. I was looking for school bags. Please do you have any?
Shopkeeper Oh yes, we have some here.
Customer How much is this one?
Shopkeeper That will be 4,500 shillings
Customer Oh. That's bit expensive. I 'm afraid
Shopkeeper Okay. 4,000 shillings, then.
Customer 4,000! That's better. I shall take it. I also want an umbrella.
Shopkeeper Here we are. That will be 1,500 shillings
Customer And four handkerchiefs please. Those ones.
Shopkeeper right.
Customer Some earrings too. How much are they?
Shopkeeper 3,000 shillings.
Customer Good. I shall take them. How much do I owe you?
Shopkeeper All together that comes to 9,600 shillings.
Customer Here you are. Thank you. Bye.
21. DIALOGUE – CLOTH SHOP
Shopkeeper Can I help you?
Stella Yes. I want a T-shirt.
Shopkeeper We have got lots of T-shirts. Which one do you want?
Stella I like the brown one. How much is it?
Shopkeeper This one is ten thousand shillings.
Stella Oh, it's quite expensive. And that one?
Shopkeeper That blue one? Nine thousand. What size do you like?Stella Medium.Shopkeeper I'm sorry. That is large one. We haven't got any one in
your size.
22. DIALOGUE – SHOPKEEPER AND CUSTOMER
Shopkeeper Good morning.
Customer Good morning. Do you have any rice?
Shopkeeper Yes, How much do you want?
Customer I would like to have two kilos please?
Shopkeeper Here you are. Anything else?Customer Do you have any sugar?Shopkeeper How much do you want?Customer I would like to have a kilo please.Shopkeeper Here you are. A kilo of sugar. Anything else?Customer No. that's all for today.Shopkeeper That's 550 shillings please.Customer Thank you. Good bye.Shopkeeper Goodbye.
23. DIALOGUE – BUYING THINGSShopkeeper Can I help you?Musa Yes, please. How much is this pair of shoes?Shopkeeper Ten thousand shillings.Musa And how much is that black pairs?Shopkeeper Twelve thousand shillings.Musa Can I give you ten thousand for the black pair?Shopkeeper OK.Musa Can I have it?Shopkeeper Here you are, sir?Musa Thank you.
24. TELEPHONE CALL
Ally Hello.
Amina Hello.
Ally Is that goods supplying limited?
Amina Yes.
Ally Can I talk to managing Director?
Amina I'm sorry. He is out.
Ally Oh, when is he expected back?
Amina I don't know really. May I take a message?
Ally No. I shall try to phone sometimes tomorrow.
25. TELEPHONE CALL
Sijapata Hello, triple three, two four?
Matatizo Is that Sijapata?
Sijapata Speaking.
Matatizo Sijapata, this is Matatizo. Look Sijapata, I want to see you
again. How about a drink in the evening?
Sijapata I'm sorry. I 'm very busy this evening.
Matatizo What about tomorrow evening?
Sijapata No, I'm sorry. I 'm going to meet someone. Goodbye.
26. TELEPHONE CALL
Secretary Hello, This is Mwembeni secondary school?
Juma Can I speak to the Headmaster, Please?
Secretary May I know who is that calling?
Juma Mr. Juma. My son is at your school.
Secretary Just a moment, I shall put you through.
Headmaster May I know who is talking? What's the matter?
Juma I would like to see you on Friday at 9 o'clock. Will you be in the office?
Headmaster Yes. I will be here. I look forward to see you on Friday.
Juma Thank you very much. Goodbye.
Headmaster Welcome. Goodbye.
VII. COMPOSITIONCONTENTS
1. THE FORM
2. LEAVE-NOTE (LEAVE LETTER) (1)
3. LEAVE – NOTE( LEAVE LETTER)(2)
4. My family
5. PASSAGE
6. PERSONAL LETTER
7. THE REPORT
8. A LETTER TO THE NEWSPAPER
9. APPLICATION FOR THE TRANSFER CERTIFICATE
10. APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF SCIENCE TECHER
11. PICTURE COMPOSITION
12. PICTURE COMPOSITION
13. PICTURE COMPOSITION
14. PICTURE COMPOSITION
15. PICTURE COMPOSITION
1. THE FORM
Complete the form:
First name: Linda
Surname: Kasengumu
Sex: Female
Height: 140 centimeter
Nationality: Tanzanian
Place of Birth: Bagamoyo
Primary school attended: Bagamoyo primary school
Home Address: P.O. Box. 345, Bagamoyo Tanzania
Signature: Linda Date: 2.3.2008
2. LEAVE – NOTE(1) (LEAVE LETTER)
Write a leave – note (letter) to your class teacher, telling that you were absent for a day because of illness.
P.O.BOX.3344,Dar es Salaam
15thMarch 2008TO,
The class teacher,Mwembeni Secondary school,P.O. Box. 293, Musoma.
Dear Sir,
As, I was suffering from malaria I could not attend the class on 14th march 2008.
Hence, I request you to allow me to attend the class excusing my one day's absence.
Thank you.
Parent's signature, Yours obediently,
.............................. .............................
3. LEAVE – NOTE (2) (LEAVE LETTER)
Write a leave – note (letter) to your Headmaster asking for two days of leave to attend your sister's marriage.
P.O. BOX. 9908,MUSOMA, 3rd APRIL 2008
TO,
The Headmaster,Mwembeni Secondary school, P.O. Box 293, Musoma.
Respected sir,
I would like to attend my sister's marriage on 4th and 5th April 2008. Therefore, I shall be grateful, if you will kindly grant me leave for two days.
Thank you.Parent's signature, Yours obediently,
.............................. .............................
4. MY FAMILY
The name of my father is David, and that of my mother is Mary. I have a brother and a sister. Joseph is my brother and Ann is my sister. The name of my uncle is Mathew and the name of my aunt is Joyce. I have one grandfather and one grandmother. They are Edward and Adella. I have two cousins. I call them cousins because they are my uncle's children.
5. PASSAGE
Complete the passage that follows.
One day, Juma went hunting in the forest. There he saw a big lion. Juma ran very fast. He quickly climbed a tree. But suddenly, he saw a big snake on a branch above him. Juma did not know what to do. He cried for help. After a short time, he heard a car coming fast toward his direction. The car stopped a few meters from the lion. One of the two men in the car got out and killed the lion with his gun. Juma quickly climbed down and pointed at the snake. The man with a gun aimed at it and shot it down. The boy thanked the two men and returned home as fast as possible.
6. PERSONAL LETTER
Write a personal letter to your friend describing about your school activities. There should be more than 100 words.
P.O.BOX. 293,MUSOMA
1ST MAY. 2008
Dear Mary,
I am fine. I hope you are also fine. It's a long time since you wrote to me. I think all are well at your school.
I am getting on well with my studies. We have been very busy in this term and days are passing by very quickly. There have been so many interesting events like sports and debates. Our school came first in inter school debates. I will tell you more about these things when we meet during our holidays.
Please write and tell me how you are getting on with your studies.
Yours sincerely,
……………….
KEY TO WRITE A LETTER
1. Writer's address
2. date
3. Salutation
4. Main body
5. Ending
6. Signature
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
3.
1. THE REPORT
Pretend you were the commissar (instructor) of the match in which Mawenzi secondary school refused to play. Here is a summary of the report; you wrote the organizers of the competition.
The referee and his lines men entered the pitch at exactly 4.00pm. At exactly 4.15pm Lyamungo team entered the pitch. The players did some light exercises in the pitch. At exactly 4.30pm the referee blew his whistle to call the teams. Lyamungo team lined up but their opponents were nowhere to be seen. After waiting for 10 minutes, the referee met with his linesmen. They discussed for some few minutes and decided to end the match. Therefore, Lyamungo secondary school was awarded 2 goals and 2 points.
2. A LETTER TO THE NEWSPAPER
Write a letter to the Editor of a Newspaper on reckless driving.
To,The Editor,The guardian,Dar es Salaam.
Sir,
It is high time that proper steps are to be taken to put at stop to the reckless driving in the narrow streets of thickly populated city. Only yesterday a poor, old beggar very narrowly escaped being run over by a car going at a very high speed. He was crossing the street when the car came dashing along at a speed of about ninety Kilometers an hour. Such reckless driving causes accidents to pedestrians trying to cross the road.
It is true that regulation regarding the speed limit do exist. But unless the police are strict in enforcing them, what do the drivers care for them? The police seem to take little or no notice of offenders. And so vehicle accidents are almost a daily occurrence.
I hope that the public, who are the worst suffered, will bring pressure to bear upon the police and municipal authorities to put a stop to reckless driving, before we have anymore deaths due to accidents.
Yours truly,Observer.
9. APPLICATION FOR THE TRANSFER CERTIFICATE
Write an application to your Headmaster requesting him to issue
your transfer certificate.
P.O. Box. 340,Musoma14th January 2008
To,
The Head master,Mwembeni Sec. SchoolP.O. Box. 203,Musoma
Respected sir,
SUBJECT: ISSUE OF ORIGINAL TRANSFER CERTIFICATE
I am sorry to state that my parents are changing their residence to
Mwanza. So I have to join the school there. Hence, I request you to kindly
issue my T.C. as early as possible; so that I can continue my studies in the
new place without complications.Thanking you,
Yours faithfully
Lucy.
10. APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF SCIENCE TEACHERWrite an application for the post of a science teacher.
P.O. BOX. 758,MUSOMA
15th July 2008
To,The headmaster,Mwembeni Sec. School,P.O.Box. 293, MUSOMA.
Dear Sir,
SUBJECT: APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF A SCIENCE
TEACHER
I am a Tanzanian male aged 24 years. I completed O level education in
2005 and obtained 'A' in Physics, 'B' in English, 'B' in Maths and 'A' in
Biology. Thereafter I undertook one year course in computer
programming. I am enclosing the copies of my certificates with this
application.
If I am given a chance, I can assure you that I will do my best to your
satisfaction. I am looking forward to hear from you soon.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully,John
1. PICTURE COMPOSITION
1. Once upon a time there was a crow in a small village. One day the crow felt very thirsty. It started searching for water. At last the crow saw a pot very far. Thinking there was water; the crow went and sat on a pot. It peeped into the pot. There was a little water in the bottom of the pot. But the crow could not reach the water to drink.
2. The crow became sad and started thinking. It got an idea of picking up some stones and putting them into the pot. So that the water will come up.
3. The crow started to pick up the stones and put them into the pot one by one
4. The water reached the half of the pot. The crow tried to drink the water. But it could not reach the water.
5. Again the crow brought some more stones and put them into the pot. The water come up to the brim
6. The crow became very happy and drank enough water. It was satisfied and flew away happily. The moral of this story is where there is will, there is a way.
2. PICTURE COMPOSITION
MARY'S ESCAPE FROM DROWNING
Write the story of how Mary went to the river bank with her brother to catch fish
1. Mary and her brother decided to go to fish in the river. Mary took a container and a net with handle to collect fish. Her brother took a fishing rod to catch fish. Both of them went to the river.
2. Mary and her brother went to the bank of the river. There was a large stone. They got ready to catch the fish standing on the stone. Unfortunately, Mary slipped off from the stone and fell into the river. She started drowning
3. Her brother cried loudly for help. There was a man in a boat catching the fish. He heard the shouting. He looked back and saw that Mary was drowning in the water.
4. The man came very fast to rescue Mary. He caught her hands and pulled her into his boat. He saved Mary from drowning. Mary and her brother did not catch the fish. Both of them went home sadly thanking the man who saved Mary.
The Moral of this story is “Somebody will be there to help you in our difficulties.
3. PICTURE COMPOSITION
Write a composition using these two lists. Which person or animal is doing which action in the picture?The grandmother – is chasing a chickenThe policeman – is running away with the dogThe chicken – is leaning on the bicycleThe oldest son – is sleeping on the roofThe older daughter – is sitting in front of the houseThe youngest son and daughter – is washing the clothesThe two women on the road – is spreading the coffee out to dry.
The smart Youngman - are carrying bananas and flour to the market.
The dog – are picking coffee.
The cat – is working cheerfully in the banana garden.
A scene in the life of a Tanzanian family
Start with:This is the picture of a shamba in Uganda. The oldest member of the family the
grandfather ….is sitting in front of the house. The policeman is leaning on the bicycle. The chicken is running away from the dog. The oldest son is working cheerfully in the banana patch. The old daughter is washing the clothes. The youngest son and daughter are picking coffee. The two women on the road are carrying bananas and flour to the market. The smart young man is spreading coffee out to dry. The dog is chasing a chicken. The cat is sleeping on the roof.
4. PICTURE COMPOSITION
Write the story of the careless goatherd
One day Juma's father told him to take the goats out to feed and make sure they did no damage to other people's crops... He got on very well until his friend, Matovu persuaded him to play blind man's buff. Then while he was blind folded, the goats got into a maize patch (small piece of land, especially used to grow vegetables). The game was interrupted by the voice of an angry woman shouting at the goats. Juma tore off his blind fold and saw Matovu running away and the woman coming towards him driving the goats. She tied them up; and took him and the goats to the parish headquarters where a meeting was already in progress. She explained it and complained bitterly that Juma had been playing childish games instead of doing his job and that as a result she had lost half of her maize crop.
Everybody sympathized with her and stared reproachfully (criticize) at Juma who felt very ashamed of himself. The chairman of the council got up and stood beside the woman who had made the complaint. She spoke very surely to Juma telling him he had been irresponsible and childish, and ought to be thoroughly ashamed of himself. “Remember this, my boy” she said, when you have a job to do, that is the most important thing. Do your duty and then play games afterwards. But the job comes first.”
Juma crept (move slowly) away knowing that he still had to face his father. Even that was not the end of his suffering. For weeks after wards his school fellows laughed at him shouting. “Whose goats got into the maize?” whenever they see him.
5. PICTURE COMPOSITION
Write the story of the picture “the cyclist”
One day Rehema was going to the school on the way she saw a man was riding a bicycle in front of her. After sometime a lot of money started to blow out from cyclist's pocket. The man was not aware of this. Rehema started picking up the money. She collected them behind him. The man was not aware of it. When the man reached the town, he found that he lost his money. The cyclist went to the police station and complained about it to the police. Meanwhile Rehema entered the police station with collected money. She kept the money on the table in the police station. The cyclist and police felt very happy. The cyclist took back his money and gave the girl some money as a reward. Rehema went away happily to the school.
VIII. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
ACTIVE VOICE
I. If + Present + futureIf I see him I will greet him
II. If + past + conditional (would)If I saw him, I would greet him
III. If + past perfect (had been) + conditional (would, have) + past participle If I had seen him I would have greeted him
PASSIVE VOICE
I. If the eggs are collected they will be sold
II. If the eggs were collected, they would be sold
III. If the eggs had been collected they would have been sold
THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Active: They sweep the room each day.
(Simple present)
Passive: The room is swept each day.
A: They are sweeping the room. (Present continuous)
P: The room is being swept.
A: They have swept the room (Present perfect)
P: The room has been swept.
A: They swept the room. (simple past)
P. The room was swept.
A. They were sweeping the room. (past continuous)
P. The room was being swept.
A. They had swept the room. (past perfect)
P. The room had been swept
A. They will sweep the room (future)
P. The room will be swept
We use the passive voice when we are more interested in the action than in who does the action.
The passive is followed with 'By' when we want to indicate the doer.
1. Some exercises are being copied by dishonest students. (Simple Present Tense)
2. Time is being wasted by workers. (Present Continuous Tense)
3. The purse was found by the boy. (Simple Past Tense)
4. The phone call was being made by the operator. (Past Continuous Tense)
5. The house had been built by his grandfather.(Past Perfect Tense)
6. The picture will be painted by a famous artist. (Simple Future Tense)
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Changes in Indirect Speech
Shall- should, will – would, may – might, can – could, come – came, is – was, has – had, this – that, now – then, these – those, here – there, thus – so, today – that day, tomorrow - the next day, yesterday – the previous day, last night – the previous night, ago – before.
1. The simple present becomes simple past.“I study French every evening” he said. He said that he studied French every evening.
2. Present continuous becomes past continuous“I am studying French at the moment” he said.He said that he was studying French at the moment.
3. Present perfect becomes past perfect“I have studied French for three years” he said.He said that he had studied French for three years.
4. Present perfect continuous tense becomes past perfect continuous tense“I have been studying French for three years” he said.
He said that he had been studying French for three years.
5. Simple past remains as simple past“I studied French last year” he said.He said that he studied French last year.
6. Future becomes conditional perfect“I will study French next year” he saidHe said that he would study French for the following year.
7. Future perfect becomes conditional perfect“I will have studied French for three years” he saidHe said that he would have studied French for three years soon
8. Statements in the indirect speech are generally introduced by the conjunction 'that'He said to me, “I have never seen such a lazy boy as you are:”He told me that he had never seen such a lazy boy as I was.
9. In reporting a question, the introductory verb is changed to be asked, inquired, demanded etc. “Whether” or 'if' is used after such introductory verbs whenever the direct question admits of one of two answers (yes or no)
1. He said to me, “Do you know the way?”
He inquired of me if I knew the way.
2. The teacher said to me, “What are you doing?”
The teacher asked me what I was doing.
3. He said to me, “Why did you write to me such an insulting letter?”
He demanded of me why I had written such an insulting letter to him.
4. He said to us, “Will you listen to such a fool?”
He asked us whether we would listen to such a fool.
10. In reporting command or request, the introductory verb is changed into request, beg, entreat, order, command, advise etc.
1. I said to the teacher, “ Please explain this question to me”I requested the teacher to explain that question to me.
2. The rebel said to the king, “ Pardon my fault sir,”The rebel begged the king to pardon his fault.
3. The beggar said to the gentleman, “ Help me to get some suitable employment”The beggar entreated the gentleman to help him to get some suitable employment.
4. He said to the servant, “ leave my house at once”He ordered his servant to leave his house at once
5. “Shoot the prisoner” said the commander.The commander commanded them to shoot the prisoner.
6. The teacher said to the students, “Work hard and be regular in your studies”
The teacher advised the students to work hard and be regular in their studies.
15. In reporting a wish or an exclamation in the indirect speech the introductory verb is changed into wish, bade, pray, cry, exclaim confused etc. With such phrases as with regret, with delight or joy, with sorrow where necessary.
1. He said, “Let me have some tea”He wished that he might have some tea
2. He said, “good – bye, friends”He bade good – bye to his friends
3. He said, “ God save the King”He prayed that God might save the King.
4. She said, “O, for a glass of cold water!”She cried out for glass of cold water.
5. They said, “Hurrah! We have won the match!He exclaimed with delight that they had won the match.
6. She said, “Alas! How foolish I have been!”She confessed with regret that she had been very foolish.
Use of co-ordinators and linking words
1. Either ….orThey will eat either rice or potatoesEither play quietly or go outside.
2. Neither…..norHe speaks neither Kiswahili nor EnglishThey neither sang nor danced.
3. Both …..andShe has both the questions and the answersWe have both a son and a daughter.
4. Not only … but alsoHe was not only rich but also kind.He was not only clever but also wise.
1. Therefore (for that reason)He had been fighting, therefore the teacher punished him.They had no money; therefore they could not buy food.
6. However (in whatever way)1. He will never succeed, however hard he tries 2. However quickly you walk you will not arrive in time.
7. However (all the same, nevertheless)1. You have failed this time; however, I will give you another chance.2. She has prepared food; however, there is not enough.
8. On the other hand1. We won the war; on the other hand, we lost men2. You should be careful with money; on the other hand, don't be mean.
9. Nevertheless (in spite of that)1. He was a thief; nevertheless, he had his good points. 2. They worked hard; nevertheless, the harvest was poor.
10. No less than1. He no less than his brother is guilty.2. He likes me no less than you.
11. Though …..yetThough he slays me, yet I will trust in him.
12. Such …..as1. There is no such country as you mention.2. She is not such a woman as you admire.
13. Such…….thatSuch was his love for her that he sacrificed, even his life for her sake.
14. So, as….as1. He is not so rich as you think.2. It is as clear as the sun.
15. As …….so1. As you sow, so shall you reap?2. As the child is so is the man.
16. So …… that1. He was so tired that he could not walk any farther.
2. He was so honest that nothing could tempt him to take the bribe.
1. No sooner…..thanNo sooner did the bell ring than the students left class. No sooner does he arrive than he begins to work.
RELATIVE CLAUSES1. Who: -
1. The policeman, who arrested the thief, is outside2. The people, who caused all the trouble, are holding a meeting.
2. That or which: -1. The duster, which was beside the blackboard, has disappeared.2. The money that was in the bag was stolen.
3. To whom, of which:1. The woman to whom I am writing is a widow.2. The pen for which she was looking is here.
4. Whose for persons:-1. This is the farmer whose goat ran away.
2. There are the boys whose essays were hopeless.
5. With:-
1. The door with the broken lock.
2. The house with the damaged roof.
