Fully Report Lab 1

8/18/2019 Fully Report Lab 1

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TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER

1. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

2. SUMMARY 2

3. INTRODUCTION 3

4. OBJECTIVES 4

5. THEORY 5

6. PROCEDURE 8

7. APPARATUS

8. RESULTS 11

CALCULATION 12

1!. DISCUSSIONS 13

11. CONCLUSIONS 14

12. RECOMMENDATION 15

13. REFERENCES 16

14. APPENDICES 17

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1. SUMMARY

This experiment was carried out to study the viscosity and density of liquids. There are

two types of liquid which is distilled water and cooking oil. There are two parts in this

experiment which is part 1 and part 2. In part 1, it is conducted to identify the viscosity of theliquid while part 2 is to identify the relation of liquid density with different temperature.

The technique used in part A is y using ead which is inserted into the pycnometer filled

with different type of liquid. The time taken for ead to travel etween two points in a measuring

cylinder was recorded. Then, the viscosity was calculated using !toke"s #aw. The viscosity of

cooking oil is $.%1&& kg'ms while the viscosity for distilled water is $.$2() kg'ms.

*ext, the technique used in part + is y immersing the pycnometer into the water ath.

+ut first, efore immersing the pycnometer filled with cooking oil or distilled water, the weight

of the pycnometer is taken. The pycnometer that was filled with cooking oil or distilled water

was immersed in water ath which is fixed with &$ - temperature. After immersing part, the

weight of pycnometer is taken again to record the change of weight. As a result, it is proven the

density of cooking oil and distilled water was decreasing. This experiment is successfully

conducted.

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2. INTRODUCTION

This experiment entitled properties of liquid had two parameter eing tested. The properties

are viscosity of liquid and density of liquid. This experiment is to compare the effect of different

type of liquid which are distilled water and cooking oil on its viscosity and density. e canexperiment the properties in order to know how viscosity works and effect of density of fluid

towards different temperature. The main apparatus used in this experiment were distilled water,

cooking oil, pycnometer, clamp and stand, pipette, water ath and weight scale.

The result should e oil is more viscous compare to distilled water. +ut in our experiment it

is vice versa. It should e that, oil is more viscous than distilled water. That"s mean is harder for

the ead to pass through the fluid from neck to the ottom of the pycnometer. /or the experiment

of density, it can e clearly seen that the density of distilled water is higher than cooking oilaccording to the weight of pycnometer at different temperature that has een recorded.

The viscosity of oth fluids is measured y calculating the velocity of ead from the neck to

the ottom of the pycnometer. hile, the density of oth fluids are calculated y using the

difference in weight of liquid at different temperature that is room temperature and &$o c.

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3. OBJECTIVES

1. To analy0e the effect of temperature and uoyancy on the properties of liquids. The

experiment will show that density will e affected y temperature.

2. To determine the viscosity and density of liquids. The viscosity can e determine y

calculating the velocity of the ead to pass through the cooking oil and distilled water from

neck to the ottom of the pycnometer.

%. To compare the theoretical values of viscosity of liquids with data otained from the

experiment. The result otain will calculate y using a specific formula to determine the

viscosity and density of cooking oil and distilled water. *ext, the calculations will e

compared to the real value that is otained from the experiment.

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4. THEORY

As said y Andrew immerman ones, viscosity is a measurement of how resistant a

fluid is to attempts to move through it. A fluid with a low viscosity is said to e 3thin,3 while a

high viscosity fluid is said to e 3thick.3 It is easier to move through a low viscosity fluid 4like

water5 than a high viscosity fluid 4like honey5 415.

6iscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation y shear stress or

tensile stress. The shear resistance in a fluid is caused y inter molecular friction exerted when

layers of fluid attempt to slide y one another 425.

The force exerted, / is directly proportional to area, A and speed, u ut inversely

proportional to fluid separation, y. This relationship is referring to the dynamic viscosity.

7ynamic viscosity is known y the 8reek symol 9, eta.It is sometimes also referred to as shear

viscosity. 7ynamic viscosity is otained y reformulating #aw. The !I unit is pascal:second

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7ensity is defined as the ratio etween mass and volume or mass per unit volume. It is a

measure of how much stuff an oKect has in a unit volume 4cuic meter or cuic centimeter5.

Lass is the measure of how much stuff an oKect contains and volume is the measure of how

much space an oKect occupies in three dimensional space 4)5. The formula is

EEE..EEE.Fquation 2

hereG D @ density 4kg'm%5

m @ mass 4kg5

6 @ volume 4m%5

8ases always have lower density than the condensation phases. Lost materials have a lower

density of the liquid state compare the solid state ut this is not always true. ater has a higher

density in the liquid state than the solid state, so ice cues float on the surface of water. The

density for cooking oil is H1B kg'm% while water is 1$$$ kg'm%.

A temperature is an oKective comparative measure of hot or cold. It is measured y

a thermometer , which may work through the ulk ehavior of a thermometric material, detection

of thermal radiation, or particle kinetic energy. Lany physical processes are affected y

temperature, such as physical properties of material including the phase 4solid, liquid, gaseous or

plasma5, density, soluility, pressure, electrical, rate and extent to which chemical

reactions occur, the amount and properties of thermal radiation emitted from the surface of an

oKect and speed of sound is a function of the square root of the asolute temperature 4(5.

Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules within the

sustance. /or gases, the volume is directly proportional to temperature y the equation


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/igure 1G 7ensity of pure water cited from ikipedia, ater 7ensity

/rom the tale aove, the density of water at 2?O- and compare that to a higher temperature,

B$O-. The density decreases from HH(.$&( to H(1.B as it is heated. hen the water is heated,

there is greater kinetic energy of the molecules and there are also more virations of the water

molecules. These mean that each water takes up more space as the temperature increases.

#iquid water and solid water have the same network of onds. #iquid water at 2?- is so

rapidly reaking onds etween N2> units and reforming them that extra water molecules get

trapped inside the water lattice. This is the reason why liquid water is denser than solid

water. The onds in water reak more slowly as temperature decreases and the structure tend to

trap fewer extra water molecules. At low temperature, more of the water has the same lattice as

ice 4B5.

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5. PROCEDURE

a5 7etermination viscosity of liquid

1. The ead was weight and diameter of the eads was measured y using vernier

scale.2. The pycnometer was filled with distilled water until it has reached neck of the

cell.

%. The ath was switched on to circulate water inside the water ath. The

pycnometer was sumerged inside the water ath. The temperature was set to e

at &$o c according to the experiment and waited for 1$ minutes to staili0e the

temperature inside pycnometer tue.

&. The ead was inserted into the top of the pycnometer tue.

?. The stopwatch was started when the ead passes the top mark on the column and

stopped when the all passes the ottom mark. The time taken was recorded.

). !teps 2 to ? were repeated using cooking oil.

5 7etermination density of liquid

1. Fmpty pycnometer was weighted.

2. The pycnometer was filled with distilled water and weighted again.%. The ath was switched on to circulate water inside the water ath. The

pycnometer was sumerged inside the water ath. The temperature was set to e

at &$o c according to the experiment and waited for 1$ minutes to staili0e the

temperature inside pycnometer tue.&. The pycnometer was removed from the water ath after 1$ minutes and weighted

again.

?. !teps 2 to & were repeated using cooking oil.

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6. APPARATUS

/igure 1G ater ath /igure 2G


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/igure ?G !top watch

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7. RESULTS

PART A" VISCOSITY OF FLUID.

7iameter of ead G 2.$H) mm

Lass of ead G $.$2 g

/luid Neight of all

earing fall 4m5

Time for all to fall

4s5

6elocity 4m's5

-ooking >il $.12% ? $.$2&)

7istilled ater $.12% $.&? $.2(%%

PART B" DENSITY OF FLUID AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.

-ondition Lass 4g5

-#FA* A*7 7MP LFTFM %(.&(

LFTFM A*7 ->>QI*8 >I# )(.&H

LFTFM A*7 ->>QI*8 >I# A/TFM +FI*8 NFATF7 )(.&?

LFTFM A*7 7I!TI##F7 ATFM ($.2

LFTFM A*7 7I!TI##F7 ATFM A/TFM +FI*8 NFATF7 ($.$2

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8. CALCULATION

PART A" VISCOSITY OF LI#UIDS

Rsing equation 2, calculate density of eadG

ρ ead @ mass ' volume of ead

@ $.$2 x 1$:% ' &.B21& x 1$:H

@ &1&B.1(H kg'mJ

Rsing equation 1, calculate the viscosity of cooking oilG

@ dg 4 ρs- ρ) ' 1Bv

cooking oil @ 42.$H) x 1$:%5 x H.B1 x 4&1&B.1(H S H1B5 ' 1B x $.$2&)

@ $.%1&& kg'ms

Percentageof error= Real value−Theoretical value

Theoretical value x100


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. DISCUSSION

PART A" VISCOSITY OF FLUID

The oKective of this experiment is to determine the viscosity of liquids. There were two

different liquid that were used in this experiment which were cooking oil and distilled water. Todetermine the viscosity of the liquid, the time taken for the ead to fall from the top neck to the

ottom of the pycnometer was measured. /rom this experiment, the viscosity of the cooking oil

and distilled water was $.%1&& kg'ms and $.$2() kg'ms respectively. Leanwhile, the theoretical

viscosity of the cooking oil is $.$?( kg'ms and distilled water is $.$1 kg'ms. The result was

much more different with the theoretical value due to several error that have een identified

during the experiment. /irst of all, there is an error where the ule is present inside the

pycnometer filled with oil. +esides that, there is a human error involving the time recording

when the ead fall down to the ottom.

Temperature has different effects on viscosity of liquids which is a decrease in

temperature causes the viscosity of a liquid to rise 4Atahi, 2$$$5. hen the temperature rose,

the force of attraction etween the particles ecame weaker, leaving the larger spaces etween

them. This decreased the resistance of the fluid flowing, resulting in a decreased of the viscosity.

PART B" DENSITY OF LI#UIDS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE

This experiment was conducted to identify the density of the liquids at different

temperature. The experiment was started y weighing the pycnometer filled with distilled water

and cooking oil. The initial mass of pycnometer filled with distilled water was ($.2 g while for

cooking oil was )(.&H g. After that, the pycnometer was sumerged into &$Uc of water ath for

1$ minutes so that the pycnometer and the water ath achieve equilirium. The pycnometer was

weight again to see the different in the mass after the heating process. The final mass of

pycnometer filled with distilled water and cooking oil is ($.$2 g and )(.&? g respectively. The

change in mass was $.1B g for distilled water and $.$&g for cooking oil.

7ensity is the ratio of mass to volume while the volume varies with temperature.

8enerally, as temperature increases, the volume also increases due to thermal expansion which

resulting in a decrease in density. It was oserved that, the change in temperature would affect

the density of the liquid.

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1!. CONCLUSION

To identify the density and viscosity of the liquids, sample of cooking oil and distilled

water were prepared. The properties of the samples have een studied. It shows that when the

temperature increased, the density and the viscosity decreased. It is also shows that the cookingoil is more viscous than water. 7ensity is inversely proportional to temperature. /or oth liquid,

the density decreased after eing heated. This is due to the expanding of the volume due to

thermal expansion. hile for the viscosity, when the temperature rise, the force of attraction

etween particles ecame weaker. This decreased the resistance of the fluid flowing, resulting in

a decreased of the viscosity.

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11. RECOMMENDATION

This experiment was to study on the properties of liquids which is the density and the

viscosity of the liquids. In this experiment, there were a lot of factors that cause an error. >ne of

it is, inaccurate time taken for the ead to fall to the ottom of the pycnometer. The time takenshould have een repeated at least three times in order to get the average reading. The student

must ensure that there is no air ules inside the pycnometer since it will affect the accurate

reading. +esides that, the electronic alance should always e re:0ero to get the ideal reading of

mass of the pycnometer that filled with different types of liquid.

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REFERENCES

InternetG

1. httpG''utane.chem.uiuc.edu'pshapley'8en-hem1'#21'2.html

2. httpG''www.school:for:champions.com'science'densityVfactors.htmW.6i7*Vyvl:$6%. httpG''physics.aout.com'od'physicsuto0'g'6iscosity.htm&. httpG''www.engineeringtoolox.com'dynamic:asolute:kinematic:viscosity:dV&12.html

?. httpG''www.viscopedia.com'asics'types:of:viscosity'Wc2(1H

). httpG''www.slideshare.net'idctechnologies'hv:circuit:reaker:operating:mechanisms:

hydraulic:systems:%BHHH1%%

(. httpG''physics.info'viscosity'

B. httpG''study.com'academy'lesson'density:definition:formula:practice:prolems.htmlH. httpsG''en.wikipedia.org'wiki'Temperature

1$. httpG''utane.chem.uiuc.edu'pshapley'8en-hem1'#21'2.html

ournalG

1. Atahi, L. 42$$$5. Fxperimental Meservoir Fngineering.

+ookG

1. +asic


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APPENDI$

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Fully Report Lab 1