FullWN07Report

The Durobrivae Project Working together

Water Newton RallyAugust 2007

Report sponsored byMulti Media Arts Ltd4th FloorMauldeth HouseNell LaneChorltonManchesterM21 7RL

Heritage ConsultantTraprain HouseLuggate BurnWhittingehameEast LothianEH41 4QA

T : 01620 861643 E : [email protected]

1.0 Introduction 42.0 Aims and objectives 53.0 Methodology 6 Archiving 7 Artefacts: Deposition and Conservation 7

4.0 Historical Background 9 4.1 Introduction. 9 4.2 Pre-Roman. 9 4.3 Roman. 10 4.4 Post-Roman. 12

5.0 Results 14 5.1 Fields Examined 14 5.2 Artefacts (Figures 5 – 12) 14 5.2.1 Prehistoric (Figure 5) 16 5.2.2 Iron Age (Figure 6) 16 5.2.3 Roman (Figure 7) 16 5.2.4 Saxon (Figure 8) 18 5.2.5 Medieval (Figure 9) 18 5.2.6 Post-medieval (Figure 10) 19 5.2.7 Brooches and Crotal Bells (Figure 11 & 12) 20 5.3 Coins (Figures 13 – 19) 29 5.3.1 The Material 29 5.3.2. Breakdown by Reece Periods 29 5.3.3. Bar Charts 30 5.3.4 Initial Comments 32 Additional studies of Coin Assemblage 40 ANALYSIS 41 THE IRON AGE COINS 41 THE ROMAN COINS 41 THE EARLY MEDIAEVAL COINS 43 THE MEDIAEVAL & POST-MEDIAEVAL COINS 43 CONCLUSION 43

6.0 General Reporting Statistics 44

7.0 Artefact Conditions 44

8.0 Reported issues and solutions 45

9.0 Conclusions and suggestions for Further Work 49 1. Limit and dating of settlement pattern. 49 2. External Rural Landscape Use 49 3. Recovered artefact damage 50

10.0 Thanks and acknowledgements 50

11.0 Bibliography 51 11.1 Further Reading 52 11.2 ADS and SMR Records. 53 Coin and Artefact Lists 54

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Durobrivae

Durobrivae Project, Cambridgeshire 2007

Intensive Detecting

Moderate Detecting

Slight Active Detecting

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Figure 1: Location of Survey Area and density of noted detecting

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Water Newton Metal Detecting Rally 20074

1.0 Introduction

A metal detecting event was proposed for farm land west and southwest

of the Roman town of Durobrivae to take place as a weekend rally over the period 17th – 19th August 2007 with an estimated 250 detectorists attending.

Archaeological advice was sought from Connolly Heritage Consultancy (CHC) to ensure that both the information gathered was archaeologically valid and that the event was organised in such a way as to assure all interested parties that no damage will take place to known or unknown subsurface archaeological deposits. The introduction of an archaeologically valid recording exercise to run in conjunction with this event was suggested by CHC as a responsible act, given the concerns of local groups, and the rally organiser agreed to this as both a cooperative venture and to ensure that concerns were met. Drafts of suggested methodologies were created and provided over a period from April to August 2007 for peer review, suggestions and comment, changes were made where appropriate. Although no statutory requirement for monitoring from external bodies was necessary, the need for openness and transparency, as well as my duty to adhere to the Institute of Field Archaeologists’ Code of Conduct (of which I am a full Member) allowed invited access to the rally to named individuals from all concerned parties and provision for a follow-up meeting post rally to take place on the 13th November.

This exercise of recording was carried out within accepted archaeological standards This was a public event and not a commercial venture for the archaeologists and volunteers involved. All archaeologists, fi nds liaison offi cers (FLO) and volunteers were present at the request of the rally organiser. It should be stressed that

this was an outreach exercise and with live coverage on BBC One Show, this was seen as a groundbreaking exercise in cooperative work.

The site itself (Figure 1) lies in land to the west of the A1 within the County of Cambridgeshire however Peterborough Council Archaeology Service have also been involved due to the proximity and historical connection with the main town site and environs.

Section 7 will deal with the highlighted issues that were raised prior to, during and after the rally. In some respects this event started without understanding the issues, and in part, the involvement of CHC was to ensure that where possible, best practice in the recovery, recording and reporting of recovered artefacts and coins was of use to the wider archaeological community and the local community. It was agreed that a full report would be produced.

The extensive crop marked area to the northeast of the proposed detecting area had been excluded from the detecting event on the advice of CHC, after receiving details from both Cambridgeshire and Peterborough HERs. This was in advance of the suggestions by English Heritage that the area would be scheduled immediately.

Below:Metal Detectorists begin detecting in one of the fi elds at Chesterton.


2.0 Aims and objectives

The three main research aims are as follows:

1. Limit of Settlement pattern and dating of expansions

The northeast area of the proposed detecting area contains extensive crop marks, and as such is excluded from the detecting area however no clear picture of the full extent of the extra mural settlement has been established empirically. The plotting of fi nds, with the potential of close dating evidence will allow the limit to be established as well as provide evidence for dates of occupation and may show post roman activity.

Tied with documents such as Kemp, S.N. 1995. Peterborough South Trunk Main: Archaeology at Haddon Lodge. Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit Report (Unpublished) these fi nd plots could provide valuable data for the evolution of, limits and post-Roman activity for the extra mural settlement. The results would inform English Heritage on suitable limits for future scheduling, ensuring the buffer zone includes the entire extra mural settlement.

2. External Rural Landscape Use

Plotting of fi nds would allow patterns and dating of areas in the larger part of the detecting area where little or no evidence for subsurface archaeology is present. It is clear from surrounding areas that this would have been an area of intense activity, however due to later land use this has been obscured. Filling in a vital gap on the map, the plotting of fi nds would allow zones of activity to be identifi ed, including routes and pathways, as well as identifying artefact clusters, representing dateable activity – these can be highlighted as areas of archaeological potential.

3. Recovered Artefact damage

It is clear that many assemblages within the disturbed plough soil are deteriorating whether through plough damage or chemical corrosion, leading to the loss of valuable data. The collection of a sizable sample dataset would allow a snapshot of damage. Given the organic status of the farmland, this could be re-examined in 10 years time to view whether artefacts are deteriorating in spite of or because of chemical fertilisers. The condition and completeness of each fi nd was recorded and can be examined in the relevant Artefact List appendices.

Objectives:

The objectives of (a) recording the fi ndspot, (b) identifying, (c) dating, and (d) assessing the integrity of any fi nds, and (e) reporting on these will be suffi cient to meet the aims above.

Aerial:View of Fields around Chesterton.

Left:Roman trumpet brooch.


3.0 Methodology

An initial setup of 1 day was re-quired to prepare for survey, to

ensure all equipment, computers and resources are in place, with the morn-ing of the fi rst day spent on induction, explanation of the project and the meth-odology to all participants. Prior to the meeting, all participants were informed that reporting would be required and fi nds were to be located. The rally or-ganiser agreed to provide the numbered bags, pinfl ags and marker pens for all detectorists.

The BBC broadcast this event as a live link television programme hosted by archaeologist and presenter Neil Oliver. This was deemed to project a balanced and even message about the responsibility placed upon those that detect, explaining the reasons behind reporting fi nds and an explanation on why scheduled sites are protected (something perhaps apparent to us but not to the general public). No dam-age to permanent pasture was to take place.

The ethos of preservation in situ was fundamental to this project, and there was no intention to excavate, evaluate, or otherwise disturb in situ archaeo-logical deposits. All detecting was to be carried out in disturbed ploughsoil layers.

Although there were a signifi cant number of known grave/coffi n sites in the area the potential for further dis-turbances was mitigated against by the presence of archaeological personnel in the fi elds at all times.

Archaeological volunteers were used for Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) location and fi nds photography/re-cording was carried out by FLOs and local fi nds specialists, professional ar-chaeologists were on site to ensure no sub-ploughsoil deposits are touched and were on hand to assist in the event of there being a major fi nd such as a hoard, to provide full archaeological evaluation.

(NOTE)Pre-numbered zip lock bags and 2500 pin fl ags were provided by the Rally Organiser, Norman Smith

1. Prior to detecting, each individual was given 20-30 bags and 10 pin fl ags. 2. In the fi eld, recovered artefacts are placed in a bag and the number written on a fl ag which is placed in the ground. - the detectorist can then move on.3. Using at least 6 handheld GPS units (accuracy of +/- 3m) the location and number of each pin fl ag is recorded (these numbers are ‘recycled’). In the event of large scatters of ceramic material being noted these will be recorded in situ by the teams (though given the ground cover this was not expected to be high).4. Permanently manned tables will process artefacts and coins using the record sheets (see appendix 1) and photographed on scaled graph paper. Large bags will be available for detectorists to write their name on, place their collected fi nds in and leave for processing to be collected later. This will remove queues and waiting times as well as ensuring staff are fully occupied throughout the day.5. Records of participant movement on the land will be made to ensure coverage is non-biased.6. Depending on the nature of the artefact, it can be returned to the owner, or donated to the relevant mu-seum service. 7. Treasure fi nds will be dealt with as per English Treasure Trove Laws.8. Any unexpected archaeological deposits will have immediate archaeological presence; however preserva-tion in situ is the only option – with artefacts recovered only from the plough soil horizons. In this unlikely event the Council Archaeology Service will be informed to allow appropriate action to be taken. 9. At the end of Friday and Monday a presentation and live TV link will inform the state of play, however, fi lming will take place throughout the event.

Above:Pin Flags.

Below:Ziplock bags.


A draft report was prepared within three months of the completion of fi eldwork. The report contained a site narrative, illustrations and artefact summary and location, a list of photographs with accompanying CD of images, 2 copies of the report in hard copy for Cambridgeshire and Peterborough HER.

A PDF of the report and database will also be included.

Funding has been kindly secured from MMA television production company to ensure the report and post-survey data analysis can be carried out – this is to cover the bare costs and expenses of volunteers only, and no commercial profi t has been included.

Comments on the report submited in November 2007 were encouraged by all parties, and all corrections and suggestions would be included. No such comments have been received, suggesting the draft report was acceptable.

Archiving

As this is not an archaeological survey, rather archaeological advice given to members of the public to ensure adequate archaeological data is gathered there is no provision for archiving of records other than the above report and data.

Artefacts: Deposition and Conservation

The fi nds will be fully processed on site under supervision, however further examination will take place post-event.

The following publications will be made known to all participants:

First Aid for Finds by D. Watkinson and V. Neal, Rescue and United Kingdom Institute for Conservation Archaeology Section, 3rd Edition 1997.

Guide to Conservation for Metal Detectorists by Richard Hobbs, Celia Honeycombe & Sarah Watkins, Tem-pus Publishing Ltd 2002.

Beginner’s Guide to Metal Detecting by Julian Evan-Hart & Dave Stuckey, Greenlight Publishing 2004. £9.95

Onsite advice will be provided for specifi c fi nds. In the unlikely event of a signidfi cant Treasure Trove fi nd, this will be placed under the control of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS).

As with all artefacts aquired outwith archaeological projects the requirement for conservation and depo-sition lies with the fi nder and CHC takes no responsibility beyond the recording of details (including the fi nder address) of artefacts and coins.

Artefacts may be offered to Peterborough Museum at the fi nders discretion, which has been actively encour-aged.


Figure 2: 1854 OS map showing area of detecting


4.1 Introduction.

The site of the Roman town of Durobrivae is partly within the parish (Huntingdonshire DCC) and lies to the northwest of Peterborough on the river Nene. The geologist and archaeologist Edmund Tyrell Artis (1789-1847) was active in this area and accidentally discovered a Roman tessellated pavement on Earl Fitzwilliam’s estates at Castor leading him to conduct a series of excavations between 1821 and 1827 which are known to have been very methodical for the time.

From 1844 until his death in 1847 Artis dug mainly on the Duke of Bedford’s Sibson lands, inspired by the fi nds made during the laying of the Northampton to Peterborough railway. A series of plates to illustrate his discoveries was published in 1828, The Durobrivae of Antoninus but the accompanying text never reached press due to his death, and more disappointingly his notebooks do not survive (Tomlinson 2004).

4.2 Pre-Roman.

The earliest fi nd from the area would be the Levallois core and handaxe found at Water Newton (Roe 1968: 133; Wessex Archaeology 1996: 66).

A crop-mark rectangular enclosure of unknown date is known around 0.9km S of Water Newton. Other features of uncertain date known from aerial photographs are ‘U’ ring ditches which could be prehistoric or Roman which lie 1.25km E and 1.25km SE of Water Newton. A range of prehistoric features were uncovered during the evaluation phase of Minerva Business Park A, Alwalton, a multi-period site.

Later prehistoric fi nds are known from around Castor. The Late Bronze Age

barrow at Ford Green was excavated by Artis 1820-8 (Artis 1828: 31) and in the 1960s a Bronze Age cinerary urn was found (1966 Bulletin of the Northants Federation of Archaeological Societies 1: 5). A possible Iron Age square barrow was excavated by Artis in 1828, and was found to contain a Hallstatt brooch, fi bulae and a 7th-century BC bracelet, the barrow’s precise location is unknown due to disturbance caused by the nearby railway line, it lies just under 1km ENE of Water Newton. Rivet and Smith (1979: 348) note that neither aerial photographs nor small fi nds indicate any signifi cant Iron Age settlement. Similarly, they remark that there is no context for a pre-Roman bridge. The area was in the territory of the Corieltauvi (formerly referred to as the Coritani).

4.0 Historical Background

Type Grid ref. ADS Record no.Levallois fi ndspot TL1197 NMR_NATINV-364381Rectangular crop-mark TL100957 NMR_NATINV-364433‘U’ ring ditch TL121973 NMR_NATINV-364471‘U’ ring ditch TL117964 NMR_NATINV-364472LBA barrow TL1197 EHNMR-642239BA urn fi ndspot TL121976 NMR_NATINV-364292poss. IA square barrow TL11739765 NMR_NATINV-364354

Table 1. Prehistoric archaeology.


4.3 Roman.

Durobrivae (taken to mean ’bridge(s)-fort’ ) was a fortifi ed

Roman garrison town located at Water Newton, Cambridgeshire, where Ermine Street crossed the River Nene. It is not to be confused with the Roman town of the same name at Rochester, Kent. The settlement was fi rst established around 43AD and is fi rst mentioned in the late second century Antonine Itinerary. It was later replaced by Peterborough as the local urban centre (Wikipedia Foundation). A cropmark 1km E of Water Newton represents a Roman fort, probably auxiliary, which seems to have been established in 47AD and probably abandoned around 55AD.

Durobrivae started life as a settlement serving a fort, but

went on to become a regional capital of some importance, the town walls were built in the second century. The town was intensively occupied and was frequently rebuilt. Artis seemed to have located 22 buildings inside the walls but little is known of these. The industrial site at Normangate Field adjoined the town and seems to have been the centre of a major pottery industry. The Water Newton hoard is seen as an indication of the wealth of the town (Huntingdonshire DCC).

Excavation in 1956 uncovered the town defences and the following year at Billing Brook 2 a well, burial and oven were found. Geophysical survey at the fi ndspot of the Water Newton hoard showed the foundations of two heavily robbed buildings, a metal detector scan found various small ferrous objects. The areas around the scheduled Roman settlement were subject to fi eldwalking survey in 1993 to assess the level of plough damage, over 15,000 potsherds were recovered (Kemp 1993).

Villas are known in the area. Between 1820-8 Artis excavated

a villa in Sutton Field 2km S of Water Newton. In 1826-7 he excavated two villa sites, just E of Water Newton and on almost the same latitude, either side of the Great North Road. Excavation in 1956 revealed another villa not far from these, lying around 1km E of Water Newton. Excavations in 1957 at Kate’s Cabin Farm sites 3 and 4 revealed a villa and some industrial remains. The 2000 evaluation carried out at Mill Reach recorded a boundary ditch, occupation site, fence, pit and posthole, all of Roman date, within 50m of one of the villas partially excavated by Artis in the 1820s (see MacAuley 2000). Geophysical survey carried out in 1997 as part of the Peterborough to Lutton Pipeline project revealed another villa at Sibson Hollow.

Type Grid ref. ADS Record no.Levallois fi ndspot TL1197 NMR_NATINV-364381

Table2. Roman military remains.

Site name Grid ref. ADS Record no. Investigation( D u r o b r i v a e , Chesterton)

TL1296 EHNMR-642304 1820-7

Durobrivae 1 TL1297 EHNMR-642292 1956Kate’s Cabin 3,4 TL1296 EHNMR-642288 1957Billing Brook 2 TL1197 EHNMR-642848 1957extra-mural set-tlement

TL1197 EHNMR-642847 1958-60

hoard fi ndspot geophys.

TL123968 1975 geophys.

Durobrivae TL12249705 1978Durobrivae TL1296 E H N M R -

13144131993 f.w.

Table3. Durobrivae investigations.

Location Grid ref. ADS Record no. InvestigationSutton Field TL1096 EHNMR-642844 1820-8Water Newton TL11149733 EHNMR-642845 1826-7Mill Reach TL1112297371 EHNMR-1358399 2000-eval.Water Newton TL11089680 EHNMR-642846 1826Water Newton TL 116971 NMRMIC-19 1956Kate’s Cabin 3,4 TL1296 EHNMR-642288 1957Sibson Hollow TL1097 EHNMR-1115311 1997-geophys.

Table4. Villas.


Excavation in 1970 2.5km E of Elton revealed stone building

remains of C3-4AD on the left bank of the Billing Brook. In 1973, excavation near Kate’s Cabin beside the A1, 1.5km S of Durobrivae uncovered building remains, a cobbled area and pottery. Similarly, a watching brief in 1975-6 at the A605 Flyover at Alwalton noted structural remains associated with Roman pottery despite diffi cult conditions involving waterlogging and heavy machine damage.

Archaeological monitoring of the Peterborough South Trunk Main at

Haddon Lodge showed no archaeological features although a Romano-British farmstead partially excavated by the Fenland Archaeological Trust in 1989 was disturbed by an access road prior to archaeological involvement. Also in 1995 geophysical survey at Chesterton Reservoir failed to show any archaeological anomalies against a background of high magnetic noise. A watching brief on maintenance along the A1 encountered a small area of the late Romano-British cemetery known to exist outside the SW gate of Durobrivae. Parallel ditches from early Roman agriculture were also found as well as headlands and ridge and furrow suggesting the site returned to agricultural use in the medieval or post-medieval (Casa Hatton and Wall 1999, 2006; Wall 1998).

An important extant feature is the Roman barrow 380m N

of Hill Farm, which is possibly a very rare Roman barrow, believed to have escaped the depredations of antiquarian digging, or possibly a signal station which may have seen medieval re-use.

Evaluations and excavations at Minerva Business Park,

Alwalton, revealed an Anglo-Saxon cemetery and multi-period features from the prehistoric to medieval periods (Reynolds 1999; Roberts

1999; McDonald and Vaughan 1999; McDonald and Last 1999; Murray 1999; Reynolds et al 2000). Fieldwalking in 2001-2 returned a mixed, mainly ceramic, assemblage and indicated a possible (presumably Roman) industrial area near Alwalton (Hillier 2002). Surface fi nds made in 2002 at Alwalton suggested a kiln which was being newly disturbed by ploughing, fi eldwalking by Peterborough Regional College students proved this to be the case, other sherd concentrations N of this site suggested there had been further activity along nearby Ermine Street (Middleton 2002).

Excavation of land to the E of Mill Lane, Water Newton, revealed

Roman and Saxo-Norman features, the main feature being a Roman quarry (O’Brian 2002, 2003; Crank et al 2002).

Location Grid ref. ADS Record no. InvestigationHill Farm TL12859462 extant monu-

mentElton TL121941 1970 Kate’s Cabin TL13049565 1973A605 Flyover TL13129548 1975-6 w.b.A1 cemetery,Chesterton TL1220996576 EHNMR-1301435NMR_NAT-INV-1301921

1998 w.b.

Minerva A TL1396 EHNMR-1194585EHNMR-1318880

1998 eval.

1999 Minerva B TL1396 EHNMR-1301968EHNMR-1323513

1999 eval.

1999Alwalton/Chesterton

TL1314495534 2001/2 f.w.

Alwalton TL12809613 2002 f.w.Mill Lane TL1095797214 2002

Table5. Other Roman remains


4.4 Post-Roman.

In 1997, Network Archaeology undertook a programme of

fi eldwalking, fi eld reconnaissance and geophysics along the line of the Peterborough to Lutton pipeline discovering three substantial and previously-unknown sites and sixteen areas of archaeological potential (unpublished report number 106). The geophysical element of this survey, carried out by Geophysical Surveys of Bradford noted (unpublished report 1997) that ridge and furrow and ferrous signals dominated the survey area. Evaluation (six sites), excavation (two of former taken to full excavation), and topographic surveying of earthworks followed the fi eldsurvey, most sites seem to have been medieval in date (Taylor and Angus 1998). In the same year Cambridgeshire County Council carried out an evaluation on the route of a water main between Duddington and Chesterton, selecting nine high potential sites. No dating material or detecting fi nds were recovered, they are reported in Wall (1999), some were interpreted as Middle Saxon iron smelting sites.

An evaluation carried out in 2002 at St Michael’s Church, Chesterton,

showed ditches and gullies of probable medieval/post-medieval date suggesting the landscape has changed little since this period (Grant 2002).

The dedication of the medieval church to St Remigius is unusual

(Huntingdonshire DCC). The 18th century watermill and lock-keeper’s cottage at Water Newton are now converted into private residences (Huntingdonshire DCC). Archaeological monitoring at Oundle Road, Alwalton, in 1996, revealed no archaeology prior to 1802 when the almshouse was built, a small building a C19 well and the footings of the almshouses were discovered.

Additional information that came to light during the event were

the possible mislocation of HER site 01603 “Possible moat: subrectangular enclosure bounded by shallow ditch up to 10ft, 3ft deep - slight elevation of c 0,2m seen from adjacent fi eld. Farmer knows of nothing of interest being ploughed up.”

In the fi eld directly to the southeast, an area that may be worth further examination is located, covered in trees with a slight ditch surrounding a subrectangular space.

No references could be found for the location of Chesterton House (Fig. 2), which seems to lie to the northeast of the present church.

A column base from a substantial roman building within the churchyard at Chesterton.

Location Grid ref. InvestigationHaddon Lodge TL1341794370 1995Chesterton Reservoir TL12759460 1995 geophys.Oundle Road, Alwalton TL1345295848 1996Peterborough-Lutton TL1114593110 1997 fi eld surv.Wing-Peterborough TL1053096911 1997 eval.St Michael’s, Chesterton TL1268395448 2002 eval.

Table 5. Other investigations.

Below:Pillar base, with possible crossshaft socket.


Figure 3: 1776 map of Chesterton, with drawing of Chesterton Hall in 1798 prior to its demolition in the early 1800s. The House lies to the north east of the Church.

images from http://www.chesterton.moonfruit.com/


5.0 Results

5.1 Fields Examined

Although their was some initial confusion as to the precise

location of the rally, which will be dealt with in section 7, the location of fi elds examined and the density of survey is shown on Figure 1. With 7 fi elds being examined in detail. Examination of the fi rst edition Ordnance Survey (OS) map of the area (c1850s) (Fig. 2) shows that for at least the past 150 years, the areas examined were agricultural fi eld systems of post-medieval date.

5.2 Artefacts (Figures 5 – 12)

An astonishing array and number of artefacts were recovered and

reported during the event.

The range was from prehistoric to present day. The entire dataset including photographs are available for further study in the attached CD-R.

Finds were recorded in the fi eld and the identifi cation was supplied by the Portable Antiquities Scheme to whom I am very grateful.

Field Number Detecting Intensity Area (approx)1 High 80000 square meters2 High 69000 square meters3 Moderate 42000 square meters4 High 82000 square meters5 Moderate 79000 square meters6 High 53400 square meters7 High 56000 square meters8 High 19000 square meters9 Moderate 26000 square meters10 Low11 High 125000 square meters12 Moderate 67000 square meters13 Low14 Low15 Low

Total Area of high/moderate detecting

698400 square meters

Above: Detecting fi eld 5.

Above: Detecting fi eld 11


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All GPS located Finds


5.2.1 Prehistoric (Figure 5)

Few fi nds from this period were recovered, but a number of fl ints were reported, a fragment of Langdale Axe [3037] was of great value, given the distance from the source. A further badly damaged greenstone axehead was recovered (right). This shows there was defi nite Neolithic activity in this area. A fragment of a Bronze Age socketed axe [513] and a leaf-shaped arrowhead [3055] (below) show continuation of occupation.

5.2.2 Iron Age (Figure 6)

A single rimsherd of coarse pottery was the only fi nd (excluding the fi rst-century BC staters) that relates to Iron Age occupation is this area, and as this is a late sherd it could be early Roman.

5.2.3 Roman (Figure 7)

A large number of Roman artefacts were found, and the range is to be expected in an area that has seen occupation and expansion from 43AD to the fi nal withdrawal in 410. Exceptional locational data points to a larger expansion in the area of the present Chesterton village in the 4th century, around what must have been a site of some wealth. The recovery of a single fragment of wall fl ue in fi eld 7 points to a high status building. The same density of fi nds is not recorded around fi elds 1 and 2, which seem to have a lower density of artefacts, except for two unusual bronze bracelets [953] and [950] (right) which may point to further burials along the western road from Durobrivae.


There are few fi nds to the northeast of fi elds 1 and 2, with no surface

pottery noted – given the slope down to the bounding river and the stony nature of the ground it is possible this may have been land that was neither occupied or cultivated in Roman times. However there is a strong possibility that Roman tombs may line this road. right is a selection of some of the personal items recovered from the site, mainly in the area of Chesterton village.

949 Oval ring seal 13x21 bezel possibly engraved with animal. 954 Roman iron fi nger key for box.2165 Roman trumpet brooch. 8080 Lead ‘curse’ fi sh with inscription.8105 Roman umbonate brooch.


5.2.4 Saxon (Figure 8)

There were relatively few Saxon period fi nds, and these seemed to

consist of brooch fragments, probably representing chance losses of dress accessories. A single blue frit bead was also recovered [2453] (right).

5.2.5 Medieval (Figure 9)

A relatively large concentration of medieval fi nds were recorded,

these ranged from domestic items such as pot legs, pottery and thimbles through to personal ornaments such as brooches and pins. The personal ornaments included a pilgrim badge with heraldic shield, probably dating from the early 16th-century [8069] (right). The concentration is obviously centred on the present village.

We are fortunate to have a full range of thimble types from

the medieval (below left) [2677], ) to the 17th century beehive type [8001] (below middle) and a perfect 19th century machine-made silver example [8210] (below right).


5.2.6 Post-medieval (Figure 10)

The post-medieval fi nds include items which show the local

importance of the area, including the now infamous ‘National Treasure’ which is a 16th/17th century merchant’s spoon with seal [6035] (right).

Other seals include simple signets and an interesting pipe tamper

ring seal with the initials ‘TB’ [6038] and what may be a tobacco plant motif;, indications that there were a number of both literate and merchant class locals. In conjunction with the lost Chesterton House, this suggests there may have been people of high status in the vicinity.


5.2.7 Brooches and Crotal Bells (Figure 11 & 12)

Examination of just two of the classes of artefact does show

genuine locational and cluster data. Crotal bells are found exclusively on the land directly around the village, and on the steep slope in fi eld 11 to the south of Chesterton, this may represent common grazing land.

The distribution of Saxon and early medieval brooches does show

activity in the Chesterton area, while the Romano-British brooches seem more evenly spread. The cluster around fi eld 7 does seem to follow the pattern of increased activity to the south of Durobrivae from the mid 3rd century, and far from the area being abandoned, there does seem to have been continuity of activity, if not full settlement. The presence of a possible high status Late Roman building would attract later settlement, given the name Chesterton (Enclosure by the Fort – using the ‘chester’ prefi x, which suggests an early origin).

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0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


Roman Period Finds

6054 6141

950

82093034

6052

2241

6317 6318

61186166

8150

6051

81983530

977

665

3449

6054

2719 23643487

954

381

2595

9493505

8197

3039

1088

631

8070


Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


819

741

2453

6050

Saxon Period Finds


Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


8148

500

387

2354

81427777

8145

3425

2130

8002

2298

8143 8148739 2291 6039

6152135

30508059

8146 432

6642711

666

6091

283

8086662411

260

26788060

2373

2258619

4172374

8064

317

618

2522

2677

Medieval Period Finds


Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


Post Medeval Period Finds

6170

2468

3466

8141

8144

8144

130

980

8001

1793526

2129 63912292

6038

2328124

35296441

2127

25866345

8006864 2558

6035

2382

2101

2256

526694 765

2300

2533

984434

694

23662544


Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


6054

819

6050 7777

6188

2291

8145

6052

6054

2719

2364

2165

8064619

8070

619

Brooch FindsRoman Saxon/Medieval


Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


6391

432

2678

2366

694 434

694

Crotal Bell Finds



5.3 Coins (Figures 13 – 19)

The Water Newton Rally Iron Age and Roman Coins, S. Moorehead. British Museum

5.3.1 The Material

Allocated to Reece Period 166 (incl. 3 Iron Age)Neronian to Antonine (3-9) 3Trajanic to Antonine (5-9) 2260-402 (13-21) 36333-402 (17-21) 59Total 166

5.3.2. Breakdown by Reece Periods

Reece Period Date Rally No. Rally per Mill Reece 44 No. Reece 44 per Mill1 Pre-41 1 24.12 41-54 1 13.893 54-68 2 6.944 69-96 1 6.02 5 34.725 96-117 2 12.05 3 20.836 117-138 1 6.947 138-161 2 13.898 161-180 3 20.839 180-192 1 6.9410 193-222 1 6.02 1 6.9411 222-235 2 13.8912 235-260 1 6.02 0 013 260-275 21 126.5 19 131.9414 275-296 19 114.45 12 83.3315 296-317 5 30.12 0 016 317-330 18 108.4 1 6.9417 330-348 46 277.1 37 256.9418 348-364 7 24.16 17 118.0619 364-378 36 216.9 27 187.520 378-388 1 6.02 2 13.8921 388-402 4 24.1 8 55.56Total 166 1000 144 1000


5.3.3. Bar Charts

Water Newton Rally coins (per mill); sample 166

Water Newton coins (Reece no. 44); sample 144


Water Newton – Rally coins vs Reece 44 (per mill)

Left:Licinius Junior – 321 – 324 AD – Nummus

Below:Mark Antony Legionary Issue AR Denarius


5.3.4 Initial Comments

a) The Reece coins have a much higher proportion of coins struck prior to c. AD 250. Indeed, the peak in Period 4 (Flavian; 69-96) shows that this site shares characteristics with urban and rural sites across Britain. This shows that Water Newton did have early foundations.

b) Both Reece and the Rally have a similar surge in periods 13 and 14 (260-96), typical of sites across the country.

c) However, in the 4th century, the Rally coins show higher proportions in periods 15 – 17 (296-348) and in period 19 (364-78), although Reece is well ahead in 18 (348-64) and in 20-21 (388-402). However, it is likely that the Rally will move further ahead in the 4th century when the uncertain coins are considered. 59 coins might be assigned to periods in the future.

d) The high Valentinianic peak is consistent with a series of sites in West Suffolk (as identifi ed by Jude Plouviez), Norfolk (Gregory and Davies), and Lincolnshire (e.g. Sapperton and Winterton; recently on PAS at Sudbrook). The fact that these coins are found outside the centre of the site strongly suggests major activity in the later 4th century spreading out from the town, probably commensurate with increasing offi cial activity in the region. Therefore, we can argue that Water Newton was a key centre in Valentinianic and Theodosian times (c. AD 364-390s). This is therefore a key site in the discussion of this phenomenon.

Sam Moorhead (PAS) - 21st Sept 2007

Above:Coin of the “Five Good Emperors” (Nerva, Tra-jan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius) and Commodus – AD 96 – 192 AD

Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


Iron Age Coins


749

673

Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


Roman Coin Finds 43AD - 117AD


974

Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8




6063

6074

6444

6367

841

341

175

Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8




Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8




Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


MedievalCoin Finds 6th - 15th C


142

6048 7452640

8143

709

1793535

63453060

81452369

80138185

2538523

21633031

744

2295

2233

Km0 1 2

Dur obr ivae R oman



& Fo r t S AM 130

090920909209092090920909209092090920909209092

0916

8

0916

8

0916

809

168

0916

809

168

0916

8

0916

8

0916

8


3464

8142

2464

Post-Med Coin Finds from 17th C



Above: Roman Nummus, pierced for wearing as a pendant

Additional studies of Coin AssemblageBy SIMON HOLMES BA (Hons) MA PIFA

During the course of the Metal detecting rally at Water Newton, Cambridgeshire, a total of 348 coins were

recorded. The coins were photographed and identifi ed during the rally by the author and members of the Portable Antiquities Scheme and the information transcribed onto record sheets, each having a unique reference number. The archive was then used to by the author to create a detailed catalogue of the coin assemblage. All of the coins could be attributed to broad archaeological periods. However, there are coins within each period that were totally illeg-ible.

The total number of coins per archaeological period are thus: Iron Age = 3, Roman = 295, early medieval = 2,medieval = 34, post-medieval = 14

Of special interest (for the rarity) are the following:

Denarius of Mark Antony [2675[Denarius of Otho [8127]Penny of Cnut? [1089]Penny of Edward the Confessor [3057]Penny of Stephen I from 1135 to 1154 (unknown mint) [2369]

Above: Penny of Stephen I


ANALYSIS

The coinage recovered at the rally refl ects the monetary exchange

mechanisms of each period in the Water Newton area. There are, however, certain coins (individual specimens or particular issue periods) that are worthy of note.

THE IRON AGE COINS

The Iron Age coinage, although only represented by the three specimens,

refl ects the usage of coinage within the pre-Roman invasion community of Water Newton.

The coins from the Late Iron Age comprised of 1 silver unit of the Iceni and 2 gold staters of the Corieltauvi. They are typical of the coinage available to the Pre-Roman invasion communities of the East Midlands and East Anglia and they have been placed in Reece’s Period 1 (Reece, 1987).

THE ROMAN COINS

The Roman coinage, which dominates the assemblage, is

interesting due to the almost complete absence of denominations from the 1st – 3rd centuries, unusual for a community and landscape Romanised by the end of the fi rst century. The earliest Roman coin found at the rally was a silver denarius of Marc Antony, struck c. 30 BC. Denarii struck before the Claudian invasion are well documented in Britain.

For a Romano-British site of this size it is interesting that there would seem to be an absence of the prolifi c issues of silver denarii from the reign of Trajan through to that of Severan Dynasty (c.

AD 98-238). Perhaps there has been a practice of hoarding within this area that has removed these issues from circulation, affecting their conventional loss.

Unsurprisingly then the Roman contingent of the assemblage

was dominated by the copper alloy coins from the issues of the fourth century, typically from the Houses of Constantine and Valentinian (Reece Periods 16 – 20). Coins from the last issue of coinage (AD 388-402) to enter Britain, that of the House of Theodosius (Reece Periods 20 and 21) are also present. Clearly the Romano-British population within the Water Newton

Above:Gold plated Corieltauvi staters– 1st century BC


area had a good supply of these issues suggesting that they had a healthy coin based exchange mechanism in the late 4th century, which continued into the early 5th Century.

Interestingly, there are relatively few late third and fourth century copies

within this assemblage, compared to other sites with similar totals as Britain relied heavily upon copies of issues from the previous issue period. Similarly, the common reverses: URBS ROMA, CONSTANTINOPOLIS and GLORIA EXERCITVS of the mid-4th century though well represented do not overwhelm as on other sites. Furthermore, the coins on which a mint mark usually exists, although numerous, have been badly affected by their state of preservation therefore very few of the 4th century mints that supplied Britain could be identifi ed. Those mints that could be identifi ed were: London, Trier, Arles, Lyon and Aquilea.

The pattern of periodic coin loss seen in refl ects a pattern established by

Reece (1991) for sites within the eastern

half of Roman Britain. The histogram shows that at certain periods there were far more coins coming into the Water Newton area and being lost than at other times. Therefore ‘breaks’ in the periodic sequence of the histogram could suggest that occupation and / or other activities that relied on the use of coin were not constant in this part of the landscape until the late Roman period.

Purple (Rally Coins) Blue (Reece Period)


THE EARLY MEDIAEVAL COINS

The coinage recorded from the Early Mediaeval period comprises

of two specimens. They are, however very fi ne examples of the late Anglo-Saxon kings Cnut (a cut halfpenny) and Edward the Confessor (a penny). Though Anglo-Saxon coins are not as common compared to Roman coins, it is interesting that specimens from some of the more prolifi c earlier monarchs such as Burgred, King of Mercia, are not present. THE MEDIAEVAL & POST-MEDIAEVAL COINS

The coinage from the Mediaeval and Post-Mediaeval periods is (as with the majority of the Roman coinage)

what is to be expected to be in circulation. The Mediaeval assemblage comprises of pennies and halfpennies of the 12th – 15th centuries, including a very fi ne specimen of a Penny of Stephen. The Post Mediaeval coinage is similarly represented by the ‘common’ issues: penny, sixpence and threepence of the monarchs, Elizabeth I and Charles I. Interestingly 43 % of the Post Mediaeval coinage comprises of 17th century trade tokens.

CONCLUSION

The coinage recovered from Water Newton is therefore a standard representation of what one would expect from a

site with a long history. However, as with any site one or two exceptions and interesting factors have presented themselves.

One very important point, as it encompasses all of the coinage and not just that from one particular period, is their

state of preservation. The majority of coins recovered are in a very bad state. Most are corroded almost to a point to make them illegible (primarily the Roman coinage as this is predominately produced in copper alloy) thus it should be emphasised that those specimens recovered have been ‘saved’ from certain destruction as a consequence of modern farming practices and the environment. Clearly their recording has provided important information that would have been lost in less than 20 years, if current farming practices in the area continue.

Effects of chemical degredation - Blue represents coins too corroded to be identifi ed


6.0 General Reporting Statistics

585 recorded fi nds

366 with GPS location +/- 3 metres

78 location within a given fi eld (+/- 50 metres

141 with no location

(240 fl ags were geolocated with no subsequent reported fi nd – or fi nd was discarded, either due to being a natural object, in some cases being non-reportable or other reason – see section 7)

A number of c320 active detectorists and the number of unique names gives around 65% reporting, added to this there were further unnamed fi nds (based on the same ratio) and this could add a further 20% who

left no contact details. It would also be reasonable (given a number of ‘complaints’ that they found nothing worth recording – from reputable and trusted individuals) to add a small percentage of 2-5% giving at least a recording rate of 87%.

Given the nature of this event and the problems with communication and the potential for mistrust this can only be seen as a success. It should be noted that this was seen as an unusually high level of recording

and given the methodology of data collection, the sample size is excellent.

It is often best not to dwell to long on statistics, as they are too open to interpretation, all that can be said with any defi nite certainty is that nearly 600 artefacts and coins were recorded that would otherwise not

have been. There were 9 instances of treasure fi nds from this site, with further treasure fi nds from elsewhere reported specifi cally at this event:

1. Silver penannular object, possibly Viking in date. 2. 10 x copper alloy coins (radiates and nummi) dating to the late 3rd and 4th centuries AD.3. A silver Roman fi nger ring with possible TOT inscription4. Fragment of hack gold, possibly Viking in date5. A Roman gold wire necklace link6. Fragment of gold wire jewellery, possibly Roman or modern7. Fragment of hack silver, possibly Viking in date8. Incomplete 17th century silver spoon9. Silver heart shaped buckle, possibly medieval in date

7.0 Artefact Conditions

In general the condition of artefacts and coins seemed to be consistent with other recorded rallies (Thornborough, Panton, Wantage, Corfe etc) where a similar percentage of copper rich Roman coins were

unreadable – c30-40% through chemical corrosion (the silver and gold coins did not seem to be affected). In part this may be down to the conversion to organic and/or the land use. Pottery was no larger than 50mm square and abraded, many artefacts showed plough damage. However, it would only be by matching this assemblage with a further sample some 10 years from this site and any adjacent farm that still uses chemicals that any defi nite conclusions could be drawn.

It is clear that once within the plough soil horizon, the fi nds are subjected to mechanical damage, and a change in conditions. Changes in farming over only the past 50-60 years have been great, and as discussed

in “Ripping Up History: Archaeology under the Plough EH 2003” the challenge is to match differing and often confl icting requirements.


8.0 Reported issues and solutions

Communication with HERs and local Groups.

It was clear that communication was a problem from the start, an issue that lies at the heart of the ensuing diffi culties. It is fair to say that both rally organisers and interested archaeological bodies are equal in this

criticism, with several misconceptions, assumptions and perceived antagonism springing directly from the original communication failure. However, part of the point of this project was to highlight the protocols that could be followed in the future.

Early discussion with both the County Archaeologist and HER offi cer, English Heritage, Natural England and the PAS would allow each a chance to comment on any potential issues that may arise, including

sensitive areas, scheduling, stewardship or other environmental issues. It is clear that knowing who to talk to is often a complex matter, as in this case, where contact with Peterborough is not immediately apparent given the location of the site in Cambridgeshire. The onus should then be upon the local County Archaeologist to inform the rally organiser of other groups who may be working in the area, or projects being conducted in the area that may be either affected by the rally OR would like to be informed of results to add to their own research agendas. This becomes the fi rst stage of a tick box approach.

a. Contact HER and Statutory Bodies (the correct address could indeed be provided by the HER, unless a direct point of contact for each body could be established.

Equipment – from fl ags to GPS units

As detailed in the fi nal part of this section (Levels of Rally – which is only a suggestion based on observation) the equipment required is dependant on the type of rally undertaken. However, provision for Pinfl ags

(available from York Survey Supplies – white fl ags are recommended with visibility of over a kilometre ), prenumbered fi nds bags, and ballpoint pens should be made, based on providing every detectorist with 5 pinfl ags (to be reused) 20 bags and a pen (and a number spare). One possibility which may be carried out in conjunction with the farmer are blue barrels or similar with a fi eld number sprayed on that relates to the map. Field defi nitely excluded from the rally may also benefi t from a barrel (or similar) with a ‘No entry’ sign. An additional item of equipment which can be supplied is the very inexpensive funnel-based tripod/diffuser, macro stabiliser . It also goes without saying that provision should be made for comfortable and suitable table and chairs for the FLOs and other recorders. A large map of the area also helps to provide a visual guide to how the rally is progressing, with different coloured dots for fi nds, marked roughly on the map. Enough GPS units, download cables and record sheets (White Artefact and Blue Coin sheets)

b. Ensure the equipment needed matches the rally requirements.

Requirement for maps detailing fi elds (including fi elds excluded)Sending short description of recording methods to all participants prior to rally

It is understood that it is impossible to decide on exactly which fi elds will be detected until the day before, giv-en changing conditions such as weather, ploughing, seeding and ground conditions. Therefore, it is important for all, including the participants to have a map of the entire area with numbered fi elds. This also ensures that a morning briefi ng can consist of announcing the fi elds (by number) that will be detected on that day/morn-ing/afternoon. As each participant receives information (either by post or on the day) they can receive both this map and a short (A5) description of what is to be expected.

c. Send copy of Map and Rally Code of Conduct. Send Details of methods and requirements to all participants


Ensuring adequate staffi ng with use of local archaeologists (as appropriate) and FLOs with a specifi ed lead in time.

As with all projects and events, it all depends on the type of rally, the numbers of participants, the expected volume of recordable fi nds (an impossible fi gure akin to archaeological excavation, where we are asked

to specify the amount of archaeology that is in a given site). However based on a rally similar to this (and confi rmed by a further rally at Corfe) a suitable ratio would be (per hundred participants) one FLO with one volunteer taking digital photographs and at least one GPS unit in the fi eld recording pinfl ags. Of course this has to be fl exible, where for 300 detectorists the numbers could be two FLOs, two volunteers on photography, two on weight/measurement and four GPS Units in the fi eld plus two professional archaeologists (also with GPS units) as backup and onsite advice. It is possible with enough discussion, to involve a local unit that will have used detecting volunteers on commercial projects to provide suitable fi eld staff for the weekend as a reciprocal act.

d. Decide on numbers of support staff needed and ensure they are adequate to cover all requirements..

Costs and implications of reports

A fi nal product is essential, to both show the validity of carrying out these large scale events in archaeological terms and to place the recovered artefacts into some context, creating the basis for further work. Based

upon this event, and the methodology of report production, collation of data and the GIS element it is suggested that the report is in line with similar fi eld-survey recording, where lists of artefacts are prepared and linked to locations, with a brief overview and discussion with suggestions for further work. A CD of images and paper copy as a thumbnailed appendix can be attached. In keeping with similar event reporting, a shp fi le showing the event boundary can easily be attached to the HER GIS system, showing where work has been carried out. The report can then be made available through the HER and OASIS. It was suggested that this and similar events cannot fi t into research agendas, and produces data without purpose. However, it is true to say that as development control archaeology makes up some 80-90% of all archaeological interventions in the UK presently this can be said of much of the archaeology that takes place now. (We have to be mindful that commercial archaeology is based on where development or construction takes place rather than where archaeology research agendas are centred, though thankfully they can coincide by accident rather than design.)

e. Allow for data input, overview and preparation of digital images, to prepare a standardised report, CD, database and GIS points and polygon fi le. (I am happy to prepare for discussion a template and instruction manual for all of these) This will take place after the event within a set timescale.

Inviting locals to see what is happening

One important aspect is to ensure that the people most directly affected by this event, benefi t from this event. The local community, should be allowed access to view the fi nds, and provision made for a return visit to explain the results. I understand that this may be diffi cult, but if a local detecting group who has attended the event in conjunction with either a FLO or archaeologist can consider this, then it seems a logical conclusion.

Understanding of concerns.

It is impossible to please everyone all of the time, it is however possible to agree that all parties have concerns, issues and diffi culties. To actively seek workable solutions does not need to mean capitulation to ideas that may be diametrically opposite to personal views. Therefore it is important for all parties to view their own behaviour and see where lessons could be learned, and actions (no matter how innocent) could be misconstrued, mistakes seen as deliberate or assumptions made without taking time to fi nd out whether they are true are not. I am more than happy to admit to failings, but use this as a positive move forward. It is too easy to point out


specifi c slights or perceived transgressions, much harder, but more rewarding to highlight issues, isolate them and unravel them to a point where all parties can agree it is the most workable resolution.

After the meeting in Cambridge on the 13th November 2007, it was heartening that no substantial problems were highlighted in the recording methods, or the reporting and that their was talk of movement on a Rally Code of Conduct, building on work from various bodies and strengthened by this and other cooperative events. Facts have replaced assumptions, and that is no bad result.

Suggestions for Rally Levels with associated requirements

Type I rally. (PAS aware of rally and can accept fi nds either at rally or afterwards)

After contacting the County Archaeologist or HER offi cer, it is clear that nothing is really known about the area. The rally takes place and interesting or important or recordable fi nds are recorded either at the Rally

or afterwards… It would be good for everyone to know what was found… and what it ‘means’ Type II rally (PAS aware and provision made for FLOs on site - Archaeologists invited to provide additional help (photography and archaeological advice))

After contacting the County Archaeologist or HER offi cer, it is clear that there is known archaeology however as no ‘below the ploughsoil’ detecting then further information, ploughsoil artefact rescue will

be of great use, recording of interesting or important or recordable fi nds should take place either at the rally or afterwards. It would be good for everyone to know what was found… and what it ‘means’, especially if important new information or sites are found thanks to this. GPS location of fi nds should be considered, and a method of managing it in conjunction with archaeologists investigated at the earliest possible – It should be perfectly reasonable (for commercial rallies) to allow for at the least covering expenses for archaeologists as well as proving the equipment needed to carry out a basic record. Type III rally (PAS aware and provision made for FLOs on site Archaeologists invited to provide additional help (photography and archaeological advice in the fi eldand to oversee student volunteers in Geolocating fi nds)

After contacting the County Archaeologist or HER offi cer, it is clear that there is known archaeology and the potential for signifi cant archaeology - however as no ‘below the ploughsoil’ detecting then further

information, ploughsoil artefact rescue will be of great use, recording of interesting or important or recordable fi nds should take place either at the rally or afterwards (though ideally it would take place at the rally. It would be good for everyone to know what was found… and what it ‘means’, especially if important new information or sites are found thanks to this. GPS location of fi nds should be considered, and a method of managing it in conjunction with archaeologists investigated at the earliest possible – It should be perfectly reasonable (for commercial rallies) to allow for at the least covering expenses for archaeologists as well as proving the equipment needed to carry out a basic record. Type IV rally (PAS aware and provision made for a number of FLOs on site Archaeologists essential to provide additional help (photography and archaeological advice fi eld and use of accurate GPS equipment and to oversee student volunteers in conjunction with local groups sub metre GPS required, long term funding commitment and no loss of fi nds.)

After contacting the County Archaeologist or HER offi cer, it is clear that there is not only known archaeology and the potential for signifi cant archaeology but it is a battle site – This is where it gets interesting…

as where other site types are subsurface and the ploughsoil contains artefacts that have been pulled up from sealed contexts and features.. the battlesite starts at the top of the ploughsoil down… the entire ground surface is the site. The fragility is exceptional… a broken buckle, a line of lead shot, a button, a piece of armour or a fragment of stirrup… without exact location of each of these items, without recording of every scrap, the story


that could be told will be lost forever… you could change history… discovering that the lines of battle are different from previously thought… that a cavalry charge took place there, that a cannon position was here not there, and that affected its fi eld of fi re… the possibilities to change history are enormous. Think two men in a trench and the extensive use of metal detecting…!

Here – it could be argued that the one type of event that would not suit a battlefi eld would be a rally….. and if such an event took place on a known battlefi eld the amount of preparation would have to be done long

in advance… here, the locations would have to be mapped using either diff GPS or a Total Station Theodolite, allowing sub metre accuracy, there would have to be elements of fi eldwalking, a serious investigation into archaeological input and fi nds identifi cation (with a need to retain most fi nds to analyse further.. as it would be diffi cult in most cases to properly identify slight features that could tell the difference between a brown bess trigger guard and a continental musket type… or what type and period the lead shot came from… whether that was a piece of iron or part of a arquebus shot.. And when people left the fi eld it would not end there, as reports would need to be written, information collated, artefacts examined, conservation of artefacts, historical analysis, etc etc… a major commitment… So would it be worth considering?

If you had the time, the money, the commitment, and were part of a larger project that also involved the local community, then perhaps yes… properly organised, funded (you could get funding from HLF even) and

with enough specialists and archaeologists to ensure that what you found was not just saved from the ground, but saved from obscurity


9.0 Conclusions and suggestions for Further Work

Success is a relative term, based on the interpretation of the fi nal result. It is however possible to use this term with relation to the event, based on the following criteria. A substantial amount of recorded artefacts

and coins have entered the public domain for research and study, the locations of the artefacts and coins are also available, and this report, with accompanying photographs, GIS data and database has been lodged with both Cambridge and Peterborough HERs. This can only be seen as a success given that the only alternative was none of the above.

The project itself was from certain angles experimental, however, a precedent was set by work in Yorkshire (http://www.iadb.co.uk/osbaldwick/osbaldframeset-1.htm ) at Osbaldwick - Archaeology and metal-detecting. A model for engaging the local communityin a greenfi eld development, Neil Macnab, 2005, Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

It is important to recognise that the benefi ts from the exercise were engagement with detector users, collection of archaeological valid data and further development of future methodologies. The criticisms of the event stem from using this site as a test case, the easy rebuttal to this is that not using this site as a test case would have resulted in the potential loss of any information at all. During the extensive discussions on the project, there was very little workable alternative given. With ideas such as sub surface test pitting, complete geophysics of the area and even gridding 100 hectares into 10 metres square being either impractical and/or exorbitantly expensive.

The problems and solutions have been detailed in section 8 above, and need no further discussion, other than the requirement that these solutions are implemented by all parties. Communication and openness being crucial to further working models, with Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeology Service admitting themselves that they were as much to blame for this early loss.

Detecting to must be aware that the resource they utilise for these events is not one which should be seen as inconsequential and must require consideration for the long term effects. By simple addition of an archaeological component it is possible for all participants to enjoy a family event and provide useful data for further study. This situation brings a genuine win-win solution, to what is and wall fl ewas a divisive issue. More cooperation from both groups will provide a sustainable and inclusive future.

In terms of the stated objectives, the following results have shown that the data did bear archaeological data that could be interpreted and utilised. The results are open to other groups for study and the Portable Antiquities Scheme has already initiated a study of the coin typology and distribution.

1. Limit and dating of settlement pattern.

The distribution of coinage, and subsequent interpretation (including a recognition of coin density at different period) has shown a signifi cant expansion of late Roman date to the southeast of Durobrivae, with the potential of a nucleated pattern around what is now Chesterton. The collection of a fragment of wall fl ue and the seemingly uninterrupted continuation of artefacts and coins in the area of Chesterton would suggest that further no intrusive and detailed study of this area would be a target worth following.

2. External Rural Landscape Use

The areas of Fields 1 & 2 (see Fig. 2) had a very limited number of fi nds, which may suggest that rather than the expected roadside settlement pattern, it is possible the area was used for other activities, which may even be connected with burials (these features have been uncovered previously in the area) or woodland/agricultural land. had a very limited number of fi nds, which may suggest that rather than the expected roadside settlement pattern, it is possible the area was used for other activities, which may likely be connected with burials ( coffi ns have been uncovered previously) or woodland/agricultural land.


3. Recovered artefact damage

As has been previously mentioned we have another confi rmation of the gradual degradation of metallic artefacts and fi nds. The details of condition for each recorded fi nd are found in the database, however in brief, over a third of the roman coins were indecipherable. Artefacts were often very corroded or broken, it should be considered that at this rate of loss, recorded collection is at the very least, a requirement to prevent complete loss of the information.

It would be useful to carry out further work in this area in fi ve years to compare the amount of decay, in both the areas or organic farming and non organic chemical fertiliser use.

It is hoped that the information contained within this report will be of as much use as previous fi eld walking exercises in this area, and can spur local involvement, perhaps with support from organisations.

10.0 Thanks and acknowledgements

Special thanks Jon Welsh (historical Research and editing), Maggie Struckmeier and Corinne Mills (who also supplied all the photographs of the work in the fi eld) for fi eld supervision and research, data input and support, Simon Holmes for fi eld supervision and coin research. Suzi Thomas and students (Lynda Jackson, Wendy Fail, Christine Alford, Hannah Guthrie and Emilie Sibbesson) from International Centre for Cultural and Heritage Studies, University of Newcastle, for invaluable help in GPS location. The amazing efforts of FLOs Steve Ashby, Ros Tyrell, and Phillipa Walton for fi nds identifi cation and both Roger Bland and Sam Moorehead from the PAS, Cambridgeshire Council Archaeology Service, Sarah Poppy, Ben Robinson for SMR data and offprints of articles and research relating to Durobrivae.

MMArts bear special mention including Luke, Gro, Kerry, and Mark Gorton who supported the production of this report both fi nicially and with all the excitement of live fi lming, and without which this would not have been possible.

Norman and Margaret for the invitation to be on this event..All the detectorists who took part in the spirit of cooperation.

Mr and Mrs Wright of Chesterton and the Landowners, I would like to give my special thanks, and to the locals of Chesterton who showed so much interest as well as inviting me down for a talk on the results in the church.

And of course Neil Oliver, a big thanks for all the support, both before, during and after!


11.0 Bibliography

Artis, E.T. (1828) The Durobrivae of Antoninus Identifi ed and Illustrated, London: the author.

Casa Hatton, R. and Wall, W. (unpublished 1999) A Late Roman cemetery beside the A1 near Durobrivae (Water Newton): Archaeological Recording, Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit Report 165)

Casa Hatton, R. and Wall, W. (2006) ‘A late Roman cemetery at Durobrivae, Chesterton’, Proceedings of the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society 95: 5-24.

Crank, N., Wotherspoon, M., Britchfi eld, D. and Grant, J. (unoublished 2002) Land East of Mill Lane, Water Newton, Cambridgeshire. An Archaeological Interim Site Narrative, Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust Report 1169.

Geophysical Surveys of Bradford (1997 unpublished) Report on Geophysical Survey. Peterborough to Lut-ton Pipeline, Volumes 1 and 2. Report 97/24.

Grant, J. (unpublished 2002) Proposed extension of burial ground, The Rose Garden, St Michael’s Church, Chesterton, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. An archaeological evaluation, Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust Report 1098.

Hillier, R. (unpublished 2002) Report of Fieldwalking, Alwalton and Chesterton 2001/2.

Kemp, S. (1993) English Heritage Fieldwalking Programme, Draft Report: Durobrivae, Cambridgeshire Archaeology Reports.

MacAuley, S. (2000) ‘Romano-British Settlement Remains at Mill Reach, Water Newton: an archaeological evaluation. Report no. 172,’ Cambridgeshire Archaeology Reports Cambridgeshire County Council Archae-ological Field Unit.

McDonald, T. and Last, J. (1999) Minerva Business Park, Alwalton, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. Area B Interim Excavation Report, Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust Report 0599.

McDonald, T. and Vaughan, T. (unpublished 1999) Archaeological excavation, Minerva Business Park, Alwalton, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. Area A Interim Excavation Report, Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust Report 0531.

Middleton, P. (unpublished 2002) Field walk report. Alwalton, Cambs. TL12809613.

Murray, J. (unpublished 1999) Minerva Business Park, Alwalton, Cambridgeshire. An Archaeological Evalu-ation (Area B) Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust Report 0510.

Network Archaeology (unpublished 1997) Peterborough to Lutton Proposed Gas Pipeline. Archaeological Fieldwalking, Field Reconnaissance and Geophysical Survey, Network Archaeology 106.

O’Brian, L. (unpublished 2002) Land East of Mill Lane, Water Newton, Cambridgeshire. AN Archaeological Excavation. Archive Report, Archaeological Solutions Report 2056.

O’Brian, L. (unpublished 2003) Roman and Medieval fi nds at Land East of Mill Lane, Water Newton, Huntingdonshire. Excavation. Report, Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust Report 1270.

Reynolds, T. (1999) ‘Fieldwork in Cambridgeshire’, Proceedings of the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society


87: 101-6.

Reynolds, T., Parsons, J., Malim, T. and Robinson, B. (2000) ‘Fieldwork in Cambridgeshire’, Proceedings of the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society 89: 91-101.

Rivet, A.L.F. and Smith, C. (1979) The Place-Names of Roman Britain, London: Batsford.

Roberts, J. (unpublished 1999) Multi-period features on land at Minerva Business Park, Alwalton, Cam-bridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit Report 155.

Roe, D.A. (1968) A gazetteer of British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic sites, London: Council for British Archaeology.

Taylor, C. and Angus, C. (unpublished 1998) Peterborough to Lutton Gas Pipeline. Archaeological Trench Evaluation, Excavation and Field Survey. Interim Statement, Network Archaeology.

Tomlinson, S. (2004) ‘Artis, Edmund Tyrell (bap. 1789, d. 1847), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37128) accessed 22 Aug 2007.

Wall, W. (unpublished 1998) A Roman cemetery beside the A1 trunk road near Durobrivae (Water Newton) TL12069662, Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit Report.

Wall, W. (unpublished 1999) Middle Saxon iron smelting furnaces and other sites along the Wing to Peter-borough pipeline, Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit Report 158.

Wessex Archaeology (1996) The English Rivers Palaeolithic Project. Report no.2, 1995-1996: the Great Ouse Drainage and the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Wolds.

11.1 Further Reading

Tomlin, R.S.O. (1983) ‘Roman Leicester, a Corrigendum: For Coritani should we read Corieltauvi?’, Trans-actions of the Leicester Archaeological and Historical Society 48.

Tomlin, R.S.O. (1983) ‘Non Coritani sed Corieltauvi’, The Antiquaries’ Journal 63.

The Romans in Cambridgeshire Jane McIntosh and Gerald Wait


11.2 ADS and SMR Records.

Period unknown NMR_NATINV-364433 NMR_NATINV-364471 Chesterton, U-ring ditch. NMR_NATINV-364472 Chesterton, Huntingdonshire, Cambs; U-ring ditches.

Palaeolithic NMR_NATINV-364381

Bronze Age NMR_NATINV-364292 Castor, cinerary urn.

Late Bronze Age EHNMR-642239 Ford Green barrow, Castor, Peterborough.

Iron Age NMR_NATINV-364354 Castor, barrow site.

Roman EHNMR-1115311 Sibson Hollow, Ailsworth, villa. NMRMIC-19 Burial, well, villa. EHNMR-1358399 Mill Reach eval. EHNMR-1090819 Normangate Field, Ailsworth, Peterborough. EHNMR-642253 Normangate Field, Castor, Peterborough. EHNMR-642276 Normangate Field, Castor, Peterborough. EHNMR-642279 Normangate Field, Castor, Peterborough. EHNMR-642304 Durobrivae. EHNMR-642844 Sutton Field; villa. EHNMR-642845 Water Newton; villa. EHNMR-642846 Water Newton; villa. NMR_NATINV-364291 Durobrivae. EHNMR-642847 Durobrivae extra-mural settlement; occupation, industrial. EHNMR-642848 Billing Brook Site 2; well, burial and oven. NMR_NATINV-364445 NMR_NATINV-364448 NMR_NATINV-364454 NMR_NATINV-364460 The Castles, Chesterton. NMR_NATINV-364464 Chesterton, pottery site. NMR_NATINV-364468 Chesterton, Durobrivae hoard (1974). NMR_NATINV-364469 Water Newton Hoard. NMR_NATINV-364470 Chesterton, two milestones. NMR_NATINV-364488 Elton, possible building. NMR_NATINV-364496 Chesterton, stone coffi n. NMR_NATINV-1164915 Ermine Street. EHNMR-1301435 A1 Roadside, Water Newton, cemetery. NMR_NATINV-1301921 Chesterton, cemetery in drainage ditch adjacent to A1. EHNMR-642288 Kate’s Cabin Farm, Chesterton. EHNMR-642292 Durobrivae Site 1. EHNMR-1314413 Durobrivae fi eldwalking survey.

Early MedievalEHNMR-642843 Enclosed settlement.NMR_NATINV-364378 Water Newton.

MedievalEHNMR-642843 Pound.NMR_NATINV-871177 St Remigius Church.NMR_NATINV-364378 Water Newton.

Post-medievalNMR_NATINV-364497 Water Newton House.NMR_NATINV-364498 Water Newton Lodge.NMR_NATINV-871177 St Remigius Church.

102 mount material cu alloy Post-med? to Coordinate Object description rectangular plate with slightly convex sides, each corner slightly bent over TL

124 buckle material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description TL 12326 95781

130 mount material cu alloy Post-med? to Coordinate Object description lozenge-shaped TL 12178 95906

152 key material fe Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description bit, three square teeth, stem has hollow end, circular section rubbed stem, extending to hoop, broken TL

179 token material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description obverse: shield with beaded circle FORB? Rev: illegible TL 12495 95477

185 buckle material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description central bar TL

236 ingot material silver Unknown to Coordinate Object description semi-circular lump TL

260 dagger chape material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description one folded sheet, perforated at wide end TL 12737 95201

271 openwork mount material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description uneven pattern, pale green patina TL

283 Unknown material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description curved D-section strip, pointed terminal, groove at attachment end TL 12740 95257

317 seal matrix material pb Medieval to Coordinate Object description vessica-shaped, initial cross, S'ATILA P_UIDER, chevrons on arm to look like palm tree TL 13032 94555

369 Unknown material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description D-section stem, curves at one end and extends to cast zoomorph, other end thins out, perforated TL 12782 95047

369 Unknown material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description D-section stem, curves at one end and extends to cast zoomorph, other end thins out, perforated TL 12684 95119

381 pin material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description ridged round head TL 12811 95177

387 stud material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description small stud, D-section, small attachment lug on underside TL 11371 96299

417 weight material pb Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description conical with central perforation TL 12920 94682

432 crotal bell material ae Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description squared-off suspension loop, lower half incomplete, two opposing circular holes in upper half TL 12367 95516

434 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description plain TL 12851 94955

483 sheet material pb Unknown to Coordinate Object description crushed sheet of lead, possible corner of 3D shape TL 13263 94730

484 nail material fe Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description square head, stem rectangular in section TL

485 Harness fitting material Cu Alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description small sheild shaped harness pendant, loop incomplete TL

487 vessel material cu alloy Unknown to Medieval-Post- Coordinate Object description rimsherd TL 13046 94539

488 potsherd material ceramic Unknown to Coordinate Object description rimsherd, metallic TL 13042 94541

493 bead material glass Early Roman to Saxon Coordinate Object description elongate bead, blue, opaque, circular hole through axis TL

500 buckle plate material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular strip, two extensions bent over to accommodate frame, held by one rivet, 2 rivet holes at TL 11378 96467 attachment end, domed rivet in situ, another rivet hole

513 socketed axehead material cu alloy Prehistoric to Coordinate Object description fragment of socket and loop TL 13227 94710

526 pot leg material cu alloy Post-med? to Coordinate Object description rectangular, ridge down reverse TL 12891 94719

565 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description dolphin brooch, semi-circular wings, vertically ribbed either side of bow, perforated lug to secure TL bow with prominent dorsal ridge which tapers to a rib which continues along length of bow, triangular openwork catchplate

614 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description circular, six-pointed star with curved sides in red enamel, some of which survives, rounded TL terminals, circular central, hemispherical catchplate, square scars mark position of pin lugs

615 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description oval buckle, central bar, not offset, TL 12521 95536

617 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description slightly offset TL 12954 94711

618 mount/horse furniture? material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description triangular plate with lug TL 12985 94525

619 brooch material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description zoomorphic head TL 12301 95902

631 vessel material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description rimsherd TL 13319 94154

641 potsherd material ceramic Iron Age to Late Roman Coordinate Object description possible rim handle from large terracotta vessel, 2 ribs on exterior TL 12339 95738

648 hooked tag material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description openwork hooked tag, square attachment loop, foliate plate, bent tapering hook TL 12360 95742

664 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description offset bar, decoratively profiled egde, slight crack in loop TL 12166 95180

665 terminal material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description human head in high relief, flat plain reverse, twisted-rope style hairline, perforations for eyes, sculpted TL 12227 95323 nose, mouth barely visible, curved line for chin, green patina with brown patches

666 miniature ampulla token? material pb alloy Medieval? to Coordinate Object description openwork object, cross/orb design cast rubbed description, underside smooth and plain, TL 12756 95228

666 miniature ampulla token? material pb alloy Medieval? to Coordinate Object description openwork object, cross/orb design cast rubbed description, underside smooth and plain, TL 12023 95187

694 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description plain, square loop with perforation TL 12787 94922

694 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description plain, square loop with perforation TL 12897 94702

726 brooch material cu alloy Saxon to Coordinate Object description moulded eyes, horizontal-ribbed leg, D-section catchplate TL

739 strap end material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular strip bent over and secured with round section, decorated with marginal groove, gilded TL 12263 95627

741 coil material silver Saxon? to Coordinate Object description hack silver? TL 12569 95566

765 button material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description TL 12948 94724

767 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description plain TL

808 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description gilded triangular plate attached, 2 rivets folded over TL 12806 95186

819 brooch material ae Saxon to Coordinate Object description equal-arm, 'anstate' brooch, hinged for pin TL

862 Unknown material fe Unknown to Coordinate Object description horse fitting? Rectangular-section and round-section shafts separated by moulded decoration, round- TL 12498 95681 section shaft divides at end

864 buckle material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description offset bar TL 11961 95246

903 buckle material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description small harness buckle, TL

915 Unknown material pb Unknown to Coordinate Object description flat, circular, D-section extension TL 12210 95855

949 finger ring material cu Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description oval 13x21 bezel possibly engraved with animal TL 12784 94907

950 bracelet material cu alloy Late Roman to Saxon Coordinate Object description TL 11313 96187

953 bracelet material cu alloy Late Roman to Saxon Coordinate Object description TL 11319 96186

954 key material cu Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description 30 wide at teeth, 25 at loop TL 12913 94631

971 Unknown material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description fragment, possibly of brooch? TL 12461 95578

972 weight material pb Medieval to Post-Medieval Coordinate Object description cylindrical, perforated TL

977 fitting material cu alloy Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description TL 12550 95586

978 fitting material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description flat plate, some gilding remains, point, perforation TL

980 hooked tag material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description circular plate, trapezoidal attachment loop, tapering hook, male bearded face TL 11987 95597

984 pot leg material cu alloy Post-med? to Coordinate Object description TL 12908 95011

986 powder measure material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description flat base, cylindrical, small lead loop, TL

1020 ingot/weight material pb Unknown to Coordinate Object description rectangular TL 12779 94978

1052 finger ring material base silver? Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description large round bezel missing stone TL

1066 sword belt hanger material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description moulded floral decoration TL

1088 Unknown material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description mount/stirrup? Rectangular, ornately profiled top, 3 longitudinal lines on front face, reverse has TL 13083 94588 straight perpendicular attachment lug,

2035 strip material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description TL

2101 plaque material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description gutter decoration TL 13072 94533

2127 net weight? material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description sphere with circular perforation TL 12386 95414

2129 movist material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description floral-shaped, decorated movist, cast with loop for attachment button in centre of reverse TL 12273 95570

2130 casket key material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description circular, circular-section stem TL 12383 95763

2135 key material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description key and suspension loop, double collar, slight inward-curving projection TL 12513 95530

2150 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description grooved underside, TL

2165 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description trumpet brooch, acanthus and disc decoration on head loop and trumpet head,incised cross hatch TL 12819 94828 decoration on leg, triangular catchplate

2171 button material tin? Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description Dandy button' round 25 diam. 0.5 thick, rough cu alloy loop soldered on back TL

2235 whorl material Medieval to Coordinate Object description TL

2241 nail material fe Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description large, trapezoidal section stem, flat square head TL 12166 95637

2256 hook fastener material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description hooked tag with missing hook TL 13035 94602

2256 hook fastener material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description hooked tag with missing hook TL 12908 94604

2258 belt mount material cu Medieval to Coordinate Object description scallop shell with protrusions, pin TL 12912 94722

2265 spout material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description filed, TL 12374 95635

2291 brooch material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description hexagonal-section TL 12343 95632

2292 buckle frame material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description hexagonal with iron pin TL 12530 95614

2298 harness pendant material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description Fleur-de-lis body, D-section, gilded upper surface, perpendicular attachment with small circular TL 12238 95725 perforation at terminal

2300 button material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description round with loop TL 12994 94764

2321 buckle material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description TL

2328 sword belt hanger material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description 3 iron rivets TL 12572 95514

2354 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description TL 11959 95753

2356 pinhead material cu alloy Saxon to Coordinate Object description round TL

2364 brooch plate material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description circular, six-pointed star with curved sides in red enamel, on blue enamel background, melted back TL 12141 95168 with rectangular catchplate

2366 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description plain, radial grooves, v thick, attachment loop missing TL 12737 95090

2370 brooch material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description 6-pointed star, tunnelled brooch, no pin, 6 lugs on reverse, one perforation TL

2373 ampulla material pb Medieval to Recent Coordinate Object description plain, no design TL 12904 94821

2374 button material cu Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description domed button with intact loop TL 12909 94654

2382 hoe head material fe Recent to Coordinate Object description angled shank, most of blade missing TL 13083 94605

2392 strip material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description sinuous strip TL 12995 94175

2411 mount material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description square mount with openwork pentefoil decoration, circular perforations at each corner, diagonally TL 12759 95251 opposing perforations have square attachments and a stud. rockework decoration on upper surface

2453 bead material frit Saxon to Coordinate Object description blue opaque annular glass bed TL 12681 95200

2468 buckle material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description openwork frag TL 11345 96318

2522 swivel mount material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description rectangular with small lug TL 13004 94088

2533 weight material pb alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description octagonal lead weight, central groove on upper suface, iron retaining loop TL 12906 94948

2544 bag seal material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description TL 12672 95095

2553 weight material pb Unknown to Coordinate Object description cylindrical, iron loop in top, groove running along it TL

2558 buckle material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description v thin with offset bar TL 12202 95306

2586 key material fe Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description kidney-shaped bow, circular section stem, rectangular bit with cut-outs forming 2 teeth TL 12345 95478

2590 vessel material ae Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description bronze rimsherd TL

2595 pinhead material ae Late Roman to Coordinate Object description pinhead, shaft cut off, round, domed, badly cast in two-part mould TL 12812 94935

2601 buckle? material cu Medieval? to Coordinate Object description 8mm diam. Swivelling loop in centre TL

2642 buckle material tin? Unknown to Coordinate Object description D-shaped frame, bar fixed to back of bow, notches at ends and pin closing TL

2677 thimble material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description cylindrical, topless TL 13073 94208

2678 crotal material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description vertical lines, reaching up to horizontal collar around circumference, perforation at top TL 12719 95242

2679 weight/spindlewhorl material pb Unknown to Coordinate Object description s-shaped projection, probably a weight TL

2711 key material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular key bit with tapering stem TL 12073 95179

2719 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description dolphin brooch, cylindrical wings with ends pierced to hold axis bar, cut-out for pin, D-section bow TL 12098 95190 tapering to foot, trapezoidal catchplate

3034 potsherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description bodysherd, thrown, throwing rings on exterior, light orange-pink surface, grey fabric, voids TL 11936 95624 throughout

3037 lithic material volcanic tuff Prehistoric to Coordinate Object description worked fragment possibly of Langdale polished axehead or similar, one polished face all others TL 12834 94827 fractured, fine blue-grey tuff with fine porosity no large inclusions

3039 handle material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description part of amphora handle TL 13064 94662

3047 steelyard weight material pb Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description biconical with iron core TL

3050 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description D shaped frame and circular section bar TL 12461 95486

3055 lithic material flint Prehistoric to Coordinate Object description flint arrowhead TL 12414 95443

3070 buckle plate and frame material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular frame with slightly convex slides, slight expansions on outer edge corners, plate is TL rectangular wrapped around bar

3080 musket ball material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description TL

3081 slag/waste material cu Unknown to Coordinate Object description TL 12786 94915

3081 slag/waste material cu Unknown to Coordinate Object description TL 12687 94987

3108 buckle material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description TL 12066 95024

3425 buckle plate material ae Medieval to Coordinate Object description two thin strips secured by rivets at each end, only one of the two holding loops survives TL 12451 95733

3438 Unknown material ae Unknown to Coordinate Object description broken-off handle or brooch end TL 12068 95666

3449 curse tablet? material pb Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description folded rectangular sheet, one side has incisions and circular perforations, other side has two rows of TL 11933 94939 incised dots

3461 stud material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description conical stud with central perforation, concave reverse with 2 rivets TL 12047 95147

3466 finger ring material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description D-section with circular setting, radiating notches, marked on inside TL 11510 96165

3467 lithic material flint Prehistoric to Coordinate Object description thumbnail scraper TL

3473 buckle frame terminal material cu Late Roman to Coordinate Object description 2 dolphins biting a sphere, incised dots for eyes, notches for teeth, vertical grooves and ribs for TL fins,one side continues to a curled tail extending into a circular perforated lug, underside plain

3482 stud material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description circular lug, completely perforated, foliate TL

3486 nail material fe Unknown to Coordinate Object description large square-headed nail with rectangular shank TL 12231 95189

3487 potsherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description base of Nene Valley ware pot TL 12289 95136

3505 potsherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description rimsherd, orange coarse fabric, possible Nene Valley ware, TL 12907 94928

3513 spoon material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description bowl only TL

3526 button material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description spherical head, flat base extending to circular loop, incised sunburst with curved rays decoration on TL 12332 95594 head

3529 stopper material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description pot stopper with truncated conical knob TL 12437 95557

3530 potsherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description red ware rimsherd TL 12511 95628

3642 potsherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description rimsherd, coarse, wheelthrown TL

6035 spoon material silver Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description merchant's spoon, square shank with gilt seal end, merchant's initials PK? Bowl missing TL 13734 94681

6038 pipe tamper on finger ring material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description initialed TB on design, TL 12666 95665

6039 seal matrix material ae Medieval to Coordinate Object description circular, dragon/griffon on reverse, raised spine with suspension loop TL 12548 95615

6041 weight material pb Unknown to Coordinate Object description oval with round perforation TL 12341 65588

6050 brooch material cu alloy Saxon to Coordinate Object description chip-carved TL 12000 95900

6051 potsherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description thin basesherd of fine white ware TL 12351 95661

6052 brooch material Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description cylindrical head with end-plates to the wings, possible head loop as 2 nobs,end-plates perced to hold TL 12107 95579 axis bar pin in place, arched bow, D-section with flat forward facing foot, small trapezoidal catchplate

6054 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description dolphin brooch, semi-circular wings with vertical rib decoration, worn hook, D-section bow tapering TL 11290 96571 to pointed foot, small triangular catchplate,

6054 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description dolphin brooch, semi-circular wings with vertical rib decoration, worn hook, D-section bow tapering TL 11984 95113 to pointed foot, small triangular catchplate,

6058 shoe pattern material fe Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description TL 12738 95480

6071 brooch? material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular plate with central perforation, gilded onion-shaped stud, extends to rectangular split plate TL with two perforations

6091 riveted stud material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description TL 12072 95028

6105 harness pendant material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description circular, D-section, hollow incised upper surface, extending to square section with perforated terminal TL

6141 sherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description orange coarseware, possible Nene Valley TL 11436 96598

6166 spoon material ae Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description upper half or 'rat tail' spoon with typical hook where the bowl begins, bowl missing, zone of notched TL 12348 95815 decoration behind hook

6170 button material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description flattened sphere, signs of attchment TL 11461 96623

6188 brooch? material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description miscast brooch? D-section bow, mangled head TL 12358 95868

6216 lithic material flint Prehistoric to Coordinate Object description broken blade, one edge retouched TL 12176 95749

6233 crotal bell material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description radial design TL

6237 palm guard material pb Unknown to Coordinate Object description TL 11992 95841

6245 crotal bell material ae Medieval to Coordinate Object description large, squared off suspension loop,two opposing circular holes on upper half, cast floral decoration TL couplettes cover lower half directly underneath

6317 pot mend material pb Early Roman to Medieval Coordinate Object description TL 12230 95896

6318 potsherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description grey ware bodysherd TL 12255 95899

6319 sherd material ceramic Unknown to Coordinate Object description grey sherd, ridged, pink fabric, shelly core TL 12312 95926

6345 token seal material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description initialed R.H TL 12372 95538

6391 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description incised WG, decorated around circumference TL 12316 95571

6441 hook tag material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description scallop shell body, square lock at top, hook broken TL 12406 95523

6549 chape material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description claw-shaped, ribbed, round in section TL

7100 bracelet material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description strip, one terminal with incised grooves, other end broken, possibly recycled as ring TL

7777 brooch material cu Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description heart-shaped, some gilt, pin wrapped round frame TL 12345 95900

8001 thimble material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description domed thimble, incised dots on sides TL 11916 95515

8002 mount material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description bar mount, central round perforation TL 12369 95724

8006 bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description cut in half TL 11908 95221

8014 swivel mount material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description trapezoidal, small perforation TL

8015 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description TL

8016 lithic material flint Prehistoric to Coordinate Object description bladelet, prominent bulb of percussion, longitudinal flakes removed TL

8017 lithic material flint Prehistoric to Coordinate Object description small thumbnail scraper, retouch and bulb of percussion TL

8020 buckle material ae Medieval to Coordinate Object description single loop, D-shaped, pin missing TL

8021 decorative finial material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description conical with knop on top TL

8024 belt mount material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description TL

8026 plate/pendant? material cu alloy Post-medieval? to Coordinate Object description decorated with rough ring-and-dot pattern TL

8028 buckle frame material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description near-hexagonal frame, angled edged and ornate outer edge (rubbed centre, knopped outer) TL

8029 backing plate material ae Medieval to Coordinate Object description wafer-thin, lozenge-shaped, perforated at one end TL

8030 backing plate material ae Medieval to Coordinate Object description oval, central perforation TL

8031 backing plate material ae Medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular, perforated in top two corners TL

8032 button material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description circular,slightly domed in section, attachment on back is missing, central raised boss surrounded by TL rings of pellets

8033 brooch material ae Early Roman to Coordinate Object description Colchester-type, pin and string missing, two circular perforations through catchplate TL

8043 openwork mount material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description n/a TL

8044 weight material pb Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description annular, small central perforation, rough manufacture TL

8046 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description Hod Hill-type, head absent, vertically ribbed body, two arms, horizontally ribbed leg, catchplate TL extends to length of leg

8049 button material pb Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description circular, semi-circular in section, moulded rib decoration radiating from central knop, underside has TL rib and scar for loop

8050 weight material pb Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description spherical weight with round perforation TL

8051 mount material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description circular plate extending to cylindrical bar, underside has two lugs ending in rectangular end plates TL

8052 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description undecorated, square loop with collar at midpoint TL

8056 hairpin material ae Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description globular head and proximal part of pin, no collar under head, not Anglo-Saxon TL

8059 strap end buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description TL 12392 95432

8060 potsherds material ceramic Medieval to Coordinate Object description 2 sherds red pot, orange, sandy fabric TL 12724 95238

8061 barrel tap material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description TL

8062 vessel material pb Unknown to Coordinate Object description rimsherd of lead urn, cut off at one end TL

8063 Unknown material cu alloy Roman to Unknown Coordinate Object description possible nail cleaner or brooch fragment TL

8064 brooch material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description possible annular brooch TL 12871 94683

8067 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description bow of Colchester-type brooch, TL

8069 document seal material pb Medieval to Coordinate Object description A large circular lead or lead-alloy pendant of the late medieval to early post-medieval period. The TL front of the pendant depicts a square-topped shield bearing the royal arms of England as used between the reigns of Henry IV and Elizabeth I. Above and at each side of the shield there is a saltire, and around it, between inner and outer circles, there is a border of rosettes. The reverse is plain. The remains of a suspension loop with a front reinforcement rib survive, but the pendant is damaged and incomplete. It probably dates to the early Tudor period, a souvenir of the type sold to pilgrims prior to Henry VIII's abolition of the shrines in the late 1530s.

8070 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description fibula brooch, headstud type, gently tapering bow, semi-circular spring cover, reeded bow decoration TL 13704 94714

8071 buckle frame material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description D-shaped buckle frame , ornate outer edge, pin looped round bar TL

8073 brooch pin material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description pin from annular brooch TL

8074 masonry material marble Early Roman to Recent Coordinate Object description flat fragment from arch, square in section TL

8075 fastener material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description hooked fastener, rose field with square loop TL

8077 perforated coin material Early Roman to Coordinate Object description dupondius or as, perforated for re-use TL

8078 Unknown material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description possible harness pendant or mount, gilded one side, extension with circular perforation at terminal TL

8080 votive miniature material pb Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description pisciform inscribed object TL

8083 buckle frame material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description D-section, expansion on outer edge TL

8102 button material pb Medieval to Unknown Coordinate Object description cast, seam and integral loop on underside, shows mounted knight with shield and lance advancing R TL in a circular field, inscription at margin illegible

8103 button material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description coiled alloy strip, decorated with central rib and knurling openwork knot, small circular wire loop TL

8104 pottery assemblage material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description Up to 50 sherd assemblage of Roman pottery, mainly coarseware TL

8105 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description umbonate brooch. Hemispherical in section, four spherical knops, head loop, 2 semi-circular lugs TL securing pin, pin intact but corroded, sunburst pattern created with triangular cells of reb and blue enamel, circumferencial groove

8106 buckle material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular with round end and crossbar TL

8107 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description oval,with process and pin TL

8108 finger ring material silver Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description bent hoop with oval inlaid bezel TL

8111 buckle material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description spectacle buckle TL

8117 weight material pb Unknown to Coordinate Object description annular, 23mm diameter internal perforation TL

8118 strap swivel material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description TL

8120 Unknown material silver Unknown to Coordinate Object description squashed object with scalloped edge and incised pattern round margin, possible bell TL

8121 votive miniature material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description miniature axehead, flat, incised marginal dots on one side, circular perforation separated from head by TL 2 ribs

8122 ampulla material pb Medieval to Coordinate Object description side lugs, ribbed base, underside decorated with ribbed flower motif, Walsingham? TL

8128 buckle frame material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description oval frame, small central nipple on outer edge, integral forked spacer, pin wrapped between TL

8129 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate Object description folded-over head with cut-out for pin, Hod Hill-type, tapers then expands to trapezoidal bow with TL groove and central vertical groove, horizontal groove at foot, triangular catchplate, tinning on bow

8130 weight material ceramic Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description pierced halfway through TL

8134 brooch material cu alloy Saxon to Coordinate Object description applied knob from brooch, hollow, hemispherical section, cast, zoomorphic with prominent snout, TL ribbed nostrils and eyes extending to regular strip in circular end socket, iron corrosion below

8135 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description plain square loop TL

8136 book clasp material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular plate with bent-over loop, splayed opposite end, stamped with concentric circles, two TL rivets, repair plate on underside

8138 cross material pb alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description square in section, bent-over loop, possible crude face TL

8139 finger ring material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description octagonal/round bezel only TL

8141 musket ball material pb Post-medieval to Recent Coordinate Object description TL 12362 95642

8142 seal matrix material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description REDE?BP???*?I central motif- animal with star and fleur-de-lis above star and crest below, TL 12214 95566 quatrefoil handle, collared below

8143 coin weight material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description coin type coin weight, obverse- crowned bust right I.R.M. BRITAIN reverse-illegible TL 12579 95795

8144 book clasp material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular plate with stamped concentric circles, one splayed terminal one square hooked terminal, TL 12344 95525 leather intact, 2 fe rivets in situ

8145 buckle/brooch material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description triangular-section frame, decorated with knurling, trapezoidal section central bar TL 12346 95528

8146 mount material Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description TL 12287 95615

8147 Unknown material ceramic Unknown to Coordinate Object description TL 12243 95697

8148 buckle plate and frame material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate Object description rectangular frame and plate wrapped around, perforated TL 11269 96561

8149 lithic material flint Prehistoric to Coordinate Object description blade? No clear bulb one straight worked edge TL 12895 94721

8150 vessel material pewter Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description pewter rim, rib below rim on outer edge TL 12468 95745

8197 CBM material ceramic Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description arched tile frag, terracotta, either Roman CBM or post-med field drain TL 12927 94907

8198 CBM material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description box flue corner, exterior ribbed TL 12447 95610

8199 potsherd material ceramic Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description TL

8200 potsherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description beaded rimsherd, orange-pink TL

8201 potsherd material ceramic Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description rimsherd, damaged, some brown glaze remains TL

8202 button material tin Post-medieval to Coordinate Object description Dandy button' round 18 diam, 1 thick, rough tin loop soldered on back TL

8203 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate Object description double loop sub-rectangular buckle, linear decoration on outer border TL

8204 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate Object description brooch fragment, wavy denticulate edge, pinched below TL

8205 brooch material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate Object description small frag, pinched in centre TL

8209 Imperial Seal Box Lid material pb Roman to Coordinate Object description circular mid plate with classical bust(Nero?), loop missing TL 12334 95644

8210 Thimble material Silver Post-Med to Coordinate Object description Silver thimble with decoratated base, including heart TL

8211 Dagger Chape material Cu Alloy medieval to Coordinate Object description A sword or dagger scabbard chape dating from the late medieval to early post-medieval period. The TL sub-triangular chape comprises a thick cast front. The front is decorated with a scalloped edge across the top, with circular openwork holes in corresponding positions below. With globular tip.

8212 Axe head material greenstone Prehistoric to Coordinate Object description Greenstone polished axe head, badly chipped, but still reasonably complete. TL

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 101 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 104 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 106 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 123 Roman 260-75 Radiate 13 134 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12387 95575 138 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 13064 94180 140 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 11227 96336 140 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 13014 94196 141 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 11413 96215 142 Medieval 1558-1603 SS 13046 94165 142 Medieval 1558-1603 SS 11499 96148 145 Medieval token 162 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 11946 95642 162 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12384 95799 169 Roman 347-8 Nummus 17 172 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 11933 95677 175 Roman 238-44 Denarius 12 13283 94371 177 Roman 323-4 Nummus 16 12391 95335 178 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12443 95679 179 Medieval token 12495 95477 195 Roman 353-8 Num copy 18 12385 95579 207 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 13080 94417 220 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 238 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12418 95893 283 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12740 95257 288 Roman 347-8 Nummus 17 290 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12736 95248 291 Roman 330-41 Num copy 17 11936 95626 297 Roman 286-93 Radiate 14 12503 95535 316 Roman 98-117 Sden 5

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 340 Roman 323-4 Nummus 16 11376 96156 341 Roman 41-192 DU/AS 3 9 12969 94780 360 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 375 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12784 94986 375 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12685 95058 384 Roman 260-96 13-14 12761 95250 385 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12759 95251 385 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12350 95663 386 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12746 95280 392 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 405 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12327 95646 455 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12002 95084 456 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 458 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12745 95280 489 Roman 330-35 17 12342 95612 512 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 13232 94711 514 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 13234 94711 514 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12711 95223 523 Medieval 1558-1603 S3P 12842 95138 532 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12839 95132 582 Medieval jetton 616 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 13074 94443 650 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12529 95607 655 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12583 95502 673 Iron Age Stater 13141 94414 693 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 12822 95003 709 Medieval coin weight 12462 95581 730 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 13160 94385 731 ain coin 732 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 738 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12854 94842 738 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12043 95552 742 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 743 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12208 95531 744 Medieval token 12814 94928 745 Medieval 1558-1603 SS 12205 95637 749 Iron Age Stater 12076 95006 788 Roman 313 Nummus 15 12166 95180 789 Roman 324-30 Nummus 16 12218 95299 802 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12289 95136 807 Roman 260-402 Copy 13-21 12811 95210 809 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12850 94768 809 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12807 95186 820 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 841 Roman 96-192 DU/AS 5 9 12875 94840 866 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12188 95783 960 Roman 330-41 Num copy 17 12715 95258 961 Roman 330-402 Num copy 17-21 13092 94450 963 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12082 95134 969 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 11411 96642 974 Roman 98-117 Sestersius 5 12405 95524 976 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12093 95673 982 Roman 37-41 AS 1 983 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 11826 94983 985 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12950 94967 985 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12377 95846 999 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12950 94967 1053 Roman 353-8 Num copy 18 12884 95017 1053 Roman 353-8 Num copy 18 12646 95150 1074 Roman 324-30 Nummus 16 13022 94575

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 1076 Roman 260-8 Radiate 13 12819 95201 1084 Roman 307-17 Nummus 15 1097 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 2121 Roman 330-5 Nummus 17 2142 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12874 94987 2163 Medieval jetton 12930 95005 2164 Roman 367-78 19 11334 96253 2166 Roman 318-20 Nummus 16 2167 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 13067 94572 2170 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 2176 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12409 95887 2225 Medieval 1450-1550 VS 2233 Medieval 1485-1509 SP 12896 94622 2246 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 12820 94798 2250 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 2252 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 11449 96579 2276 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 2293 Roman 330-5 Nummus 17 11415 96197 2293 Roman 330-5 Nummus 17 12442 95782 2295 Medieval jetton 12826 94736 2320 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 2350 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 12781 95213 2367 Roman 270-5 Radiate 13 12060 95089 2390 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 13757 94667 2393 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12819 94895 2394 Roman 330-402 Num copy 17-21 13024 94130 2464 Post Medieval token 12851 94755 2504 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 13132 94416 2538 Medieval coin weight 12748 95193 2574 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 12767 95097

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 2580 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12008 95758 2581 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 2582 Roman 293-6 Quin 14 12380 95700 2583 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 11438 96117 2587 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12307 95526 2588 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 11256 96273 2613 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 2637 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12874 94748 2638 Roman 347-8 Nummus 17 12276 95724 2639 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12507 95669 2640 Medieval token 12386 95622 2670 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 12835 94831 2675 Roman *32-1 Denarius 1 2690 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12848 94953 2691 Roman 353-8 Nummus 19 12088 95234 2692 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12247 95109 2727 Roman 350-3 Nummus 18 12269 95240 3031 Medieval SP 12782 94944 3044 Roman 350-3 Nummus 18 12809 94921 3048 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12286 95925 3051 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 11400 96244 3053 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 3054 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12285 95626 3056 Roman 271-4 Radiate 13 3058 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12357 95586 3060 Medieval jetton/token 12425 95495 3061 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 3071 Medieval jetton 3090 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12400 95533 3100 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 3426 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12580 95776 3427 Roman 367-78 Nummus 19 12300 95819 3429 Roman 347-8 Nummus 17 12445 95755 3430 Roman 330-402 Num copy 17-21 12487 95743 3439 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12423 95717 3463 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12377 95508 3464 Post Medieval 1625-1649 SCI 12385 95865 3475 Roman 347-8 Nummus 17 3476 Roman 270-5 Radiate 13 12493 95484 3477 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 3504 Roman 353-8 Num copy 19 12797 95137 3521 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12366 95480 3535 Medieval jetton 12328 95486 3553 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12360 95436 6001 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 6002 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12392 95866 6007 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 11381 96130 6037 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 6048 Medieval CHS 11995 95635 6063 Roman 96-192 AS 5 9 11365 96159 6074 Roman 41-192 DU/AS 3 9 12411 95763 6077 Roman 260-8 Radiate 13 11430 96222 6089 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 11972 95795 6093 Medieval uncertain 6165 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12414 95739 6167 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 11922 95060 6168 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12343 95837 6169 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12404 95697 6178 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12023 95187 6179 Roman 330-402 Num copy 17-21 12370 95761

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 6183 Roman 317-24 Nummus 16 12305 95695 6185 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12332 95685 6197 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 12326 95713 6199 Roman 383-402 SI 21 12276 95582 6218 Roman 387-88 Nummus 20 12102 95047 6221 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12027 95029 6222 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 6231 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12440 95653 6232 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12132 95789 6239 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12420 95654 6304 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 6345 Medieval token/seal 12372 95538 6367 Roman 193-211 Sestersius 10 12486 95636 6443 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12379 95451 6444 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12416 95527 6445 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12391 95454 6448 Roman 364-75 Nummus 19 12165 95206 6463 Roman 364-78 19 12361 95907 6474 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12308 95871 6494 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12179 95226 6495 Medieval jetton 6504 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 6646 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 7779 ain coin 7779 ain coin 7779 ain coin 7779 ain coin 8000 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 11790 95430 8003 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12483 95732 8004 Roman 364-75 Nummus 19 12478 95741

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 8005 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12222 95098 8007 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12290 95205 8008 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 13725 94725 8009 Roman 364-75 Nummus 19 12239 95792 8010 Roman 330-5 Nummus 17 12479 95646 8011 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 12325 95841 8012 Roman 311-17 Nummus 15 12283 95868 8013 Medieval 1485-1509 SP 12800 95300 8019 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 8022 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 8023 Roman 347-8 Nummus 17 8025 Roman 307-17 Nummus 15 8027 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 8034 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 8035 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8036 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8037 Medieval token 8038 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 8039 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 8040 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 8041 Roman 313-17 Nummus 15 8047 Medieval jetton/token 8053 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8054 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 8055 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 8072 Roman 364-78 19 8077 Roman 41-192 DU/AS 3 9 8079 Roman 317-24 Nummus 16 8082 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 8084 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 8085 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 8086 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 8087 Roman 330-35 Num copy 17 8088 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 8089 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 8090 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8091 Roman 321-4 Beata Tran 16 8092 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 8093 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8094 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 8095 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 8096 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8097 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 8098 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8099 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8109 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 8110 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8112 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 8116 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 8119 Roman 350-3 Nummus 18 8123 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8124 Post Medieval 1694-1702 SWIII 8125 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 8126 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 8127 Roman 69 Denarius 4 8132 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 8133 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 8137 Roman 318-24 Nummus 16 8142 Post Medieval 1727-1820 HP 12214 95566 8143 Medieval coin weight 12579 95795

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 8151 Medieval 1558-1603 S3P 11959 95086 8153 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12816 95198 8154 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12810 95191 8155 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12826 95185 8156 Roman 388-408 Nummus 21 12824 95198 8157 Roman 340-41 Nummus 17 12830 95181 8158 Roman 388-92 Nummus 21 12811 95190 8159 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12812 95205 8160 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12409 95884 8161 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12455 95875 8162 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12467 95842 8163 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 13035 94525 8164 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 21289 95662 8165 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 21275 95644 8166 Roman 286-93 Radiate 14 11245 96622 8167 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 11350 96656 8168 Roman 318-20 Nummus 16 11362 96678 8169 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 11289 96546 8171 Roman 347-48 Nummus 17 12295 95572 8172 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12295 95689 8173 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12247 95521 8174 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12282 95538 8175 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 12262 95568 8176 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12346 95866 8177 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12385 95875 8178 Roman 388-402 Nummus 21 12471 95528 8179 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12466 95545 8180 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12458 95589 8181 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12462 95573 8182 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12485 95672

Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing 8183 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12412 95628 8184 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12278 95295 8185 Medieval jetton 12775 95254 8186 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12434 95732 8187 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12367 95798 8188 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12369 95745 8189 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12375 95648 8190 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 13190 94492 8191 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 13156 94425 8193 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12389 95847 8195 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 13058 94569 8196 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12848 94839

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