FullView COPY - 3TIER · FullView Site Climate Variability Analysis ANALYSIS OF 13-YEAR RECORD DATE Joshua Tree, California May 13, 2010 FOR CONTACT Client X, Inc. NOTICE ... the

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPYS O L A R

FullViewSite ClimateVariability Analysis

ANALYSIS OF 13-YEAR RECORD DATE

Joshua Tree, California May 13, 2010

FOR CONTACT

Client X, Inc.

[email protected]

2001 6th Avenue, Suite 2100Seattle, WA 98121-2534

ph: +1 206.325.1573fax: +1 206.325.1618

NOTICECopyright c©2010 3TIER, Inc. All rights reserved. 3TIER claims a copyright in all proprietaryand copyrightable text and graphics in this Report, the overall design of this Report, and theselection, arrangement and presentation of all materials in this Report. Reproduction andredistribution are prohibited without the express written permission from 3TIER. Requestsfor permission may be directed to [email protected].

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY

IntroductionJoshua Tree

For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3TIER has been retained by Client X, Inc. to assess the variability and magnitude of solar irradiance, wind speed andtemperature at the Joshua Tree project site located in California. This report provides a retrospective analysis of the past13 years of solar irradiance, wind speed and temperature data.

The long-term (January 1, 1997 – December 31, 2009) average global horizontal irradiance value at the Joshua Tree site(Latitude: 34.017◦N, Longitude: 116.183◦W) is 5.898 kWh/m2/day (245.7 W/m2). The long-term average direct normalirradiance value is 7.292 kWh/m2/day (303.8 W/m2), and the long-term average diffuse horizontal irradiance value is1.415 kWh/m2/day (58.96 W/m2).

The long-term average wind speed at 10 meters above ground level (AGL) is 4.17 m/s. The long-term average temperatureat 2 meters AGL is 15.4 ◦C.

No on-site observations were provided at this project location; thus, all data presented within this reportare purely processed satellite output and raw model output. If observational data become available, 3TIER canincorporate the data via additional analysis and provide statistically-corrected results.

c© 2010 3TIER, Inc.1

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY

Table of ContentsJoshua Tree

For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Explanation of Irradiance Values 32.1 Global Horizontal Irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Direct Normal Irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Solar Resource Assessment 43.1 Monthly-mean Variability of Solar Irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.2 Solar Irradiance Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.3 Diurnal Variability of Solar Irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 Tabular Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 Model simulations by 3TIER 10

5 Wind and Temperature Resource Assessment 115.1 Monthly-Mean Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.2 Diurnal Variability of Wind Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.3 Diurnal Variability of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.4 Tabular Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14


SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY

MethodologyJoshua Tree

For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 EXPLANATION OF IRRADIANCE VALUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The irradiance values presented in this report are from 3TIER’s solar dataset. This dataset is based on the past 13years (January 1997 through December 2009) of half-hourly high-resolution (roughly 1 km) visible satellite imagery fromGOES satellite data (GOES East and GOES West, using the broad-band visible wavelength channel). The satellite imageryhas been processed to create 13 years of hourly values of Global Horizontal Irradiance, Direct Normal Irradiance and DiffuseHorizontal Irradiance at a horizontal resolution of 2 arc minutes. To develop and validate the model, and estimate theerror, 3TIER compared the derived irradiance values with observations from the direct surface radiation measurementscontained in the National Solar Radiation Database and the Baseline Surface Radiation Network.

2.1 Global Horizontal Irradiance

Global Horizontal Irradiance is the quantity of the total solar radiation per unit area that is intercepted by a flat, horizontalsurface. This value is of particular interest to photovoltaic installations. It includes both direct beam radiation (radiationthat comes from the direction of the sun) and diffuse radiation (radiation that has been scattered by the atmosphere andwhich comes from all directions of the sky). The estimate has a standard error of 10%.

2.2 Direct Normal Irradiance

Direct Normal Irradiance is the quantity of direct beam solar radiation per unit area that is intercepted by a flat surface thatis at all times pointed in the direction of the sun. This quantity is of particular interest to concentrating solar installationsand installations that track the position of the sun. The estimate has a standard error of 16%.

2.3 Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance

Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance is the quantity of diffuse solar radiation per unit area that is intercepted by a flat, horizontalsurface that is not subject to any shade or shadow and does not arrive on a direct path from the sun. The estimate has astandard error of 10%.


SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY

Solar Site Climate Variability AnalysisJoshua Tree

For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 SOLAR RESOURCE ASSESSMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

This section provides a retrospective analysis of the past 13 years of solar irradiance data at the Joshua Tree projectsite (Latitude: 34.017◦N, Longitude: 116.183◦W). All irradiance data presented within this section are valid only for thisparticular location.

3.1 Monthly-mean Variability of Solar Irradiance

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

100

200

300

400

W /

m2

Global Horizontal Irradiance

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

200

300

400

W /

m2

Direct Normal Irradiance

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecMonth

20

40

60

80

100

W /

m2

Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance

Figure 1: Variability of monthly-mean Global Horizontal [top], Direct Normal [middle], and Diffuse Horizontal[bottom] irradiance. Long-term monthly-mean values are denoted by colored circles. Upper and lower boundariesof the dark shading correspond to the 75% and 25% quartiles, while the light shading denotes the maximumand minimum monthly-mean irradiance values. Please note that the vertical scale varies between the plots.


SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY


For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2 Solar Irradiance Distributions

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 11000

4

8

12Fr

eque

ncy

(%)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 11000

4

8

12

16

Freq

uenc

y (%

)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100


0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100W / m2

048

121620242832

Freq

uenc

y (%

)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100W / m2


Figure 2: Distribution of hourly Global Horizontal [top], Direct Normal [middle] and Diffuse Horizontal [bottom]daylight irradiance values using 50 W/m2 bins. (0 W/m2 bin contains only values ≤ 25.) Each vertical barrepresents the frequency of irradiance values occurring within each bin. For example, a vertical bar centered on200 W/m2 reaching up to 10% means that one-tenth of all daytime values are between 175 and 225 W/m2.Please note that the vertical scale varies between the plots.


SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY


For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3 Diurnal Variability of Solar Irradiance

January

0 4 8 12 16 20 240

200400600800

1000

W /

m2

February

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

March

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

April

0 4 8 12 16 20 240

200400600800

1000

W /

m2

May

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

June

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

July

0 4 8 12 16 20 240

200400600800

1000

W /

m2

August

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

September

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

October

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hour of Day (PST)

0200400600800

1000

W /

m2

November

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hour of Day (PST)

Global Horizontal Direct Normal Diffuse Horizontal

December

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hour of Day (PST)

Figure 3: Diurnal cycle of Global Horizontal (black), Direct Normal (orange) and Diffuse Horizontal (blue) irradiancefor each month of the year. The horizontal axis is Pacific Standard Time (PST). Figures 4, 5, and 6 show thediurnal cycle of Global Horizontal, Direct Normal, and Diffuse Horizontal solar irradiance, respectively, for eachcalendar month as a ”12 X 24” table.


SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY


For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4 Tabular Data


Hour

of D

ay (P

ST)

0123456789

1011121314151617181920212223

AvgJan

Jan

Feb

Feb

Mar

Mar

Apr

Apr

May

May

Jun

Jun

Jly

Jly

Aug

Aug

Sep

Sep

Oct

Oct

Nov

Nov

Dec

Dec

Avg

Avg0.00.00.00.00.00.00.01.378.0235.6383.5491.0536.0521.5453.7344.7200.155.40.30.00.00.00.00.0

137.5

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.011.7130.9307.4467.7582.1629.7618.7548.7436.1292.2129.110.80.00.00.00.00.0

173.5

0.00.00.00.00.00.01.6

75.8265.1471.9642.1759.6807.2788.9703.9585.8417.8221.944.30.00.00.00.00.0

241.1

0.00.00.00.00.00.0

29.1188.7403.5609.3773.6877.9915.3895.3814.7682.5501.1294.194.72.50.00.00.00.0

295.1

0.00.00.00.00.02.487.8284.3504.5707.2869.5972.3

1007.3982.5897.3760.4578.3371.2159.019.00.00.00.00.0

341.8

0.00.00.00.00.06.1

110.1312.5530.7731.8891.0994.5

1038.31021.1944.7810.8635.2428.2212.041.20.00.00.00.0

362.8

0.00.00.00.00.01.778.4267.0483.9682.4841.5953.1993.3976.6910.1776.3611.8414.5202.638.30.00.00.00.0

343.0

0.00.00.00.00.00.036.5205.7425.9632.8798.8908.8945.0922.8841.6704.8536.0335.5130.311.40.00.00.00.0

309.8

0.00.00.00.00.00.013.0149.3363.9567.1728.8832.8857.1812.3714.0585.4408.6210.641.20.10.00.00.00.0

261.8

0.00.00.00.00.00.01.279.5265.4456.3609.8702.6720.5669.4576.2445.6264.186.82.30.00.00.00.00.0

203.3

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.023.9158.9326.4466.0553.3575.2535.8445.5319.0157.326.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

149.5

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.03.488.4

241.7377.7468.5501.4481.4403.1290.6140.319.60.00.00.00.00.00.0

125.8

0.00.00.00.00.00.8

30.0134.1309.0498.3654.9758.8794.5769.5688.4562.4395.7216.575.29.40.00.00.00.0

245.7

0 200 400 600 800 1000

W/m2

Figure 4: Hourly-mean Global Horizontal Irradiance values in W/m2. The vertical axis is Pacific Standard Time (PST).Time series graph of the diurnal variability is shown in Figure 3.


SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY


For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


Hour

of D

ay (P

ST)

0123456789

1011121314151617181920212223

AvgJan

Jan

Feb

Feb

Mar

Mar

Apr

Apr

May

May

Jun

Jun

Jly

Jly

Aug

Aug

Sep

Sep

Oct

Oct

Nov

Nov

Dec

Dec

Avg

Avg0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.8

219.3552.0673.6726.0724.3698.7654.9602.5488.7183.5

0.30.00.00.00.00.0

230.2

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.032.9323.9568.5670.9714.5708.8690.0642.9589.6521.5363.137.60.00.00.00.00.0

244.3

0.00.00.00.00.00.03.8

201.1532.1702.3775.2806.0797.2772.4728.8711.1644.0498.2123.6

0.00.00.00.00.0

304.0

0.00.00.00.00.00.0

62.0392.4607.4725.0780.6800.4790.2777.3759.6728.0657.3520.2209.9

3.90.00.00.00.0

325.6

0.00.00.00.00.03.1

201.5525.7694.5790.8838.7857.7848.7835.8818.0784.1722.1609.2358.148.20.00.00.00.0

372.3

0.00.00.00.00.0

13.6270.9578.1729.3815.2858.5874.3876.8872.0860.8825.2771.3671.0461.499.80.00.00.00.0

399.1

0.00.00.00.00.01.3

175.0497.5672.2761.3803.8828.5821.6812.6805.1762.1722.3628.3420.287.80.00.00.00.0

366.6

0.00.00.00.00.00.074.3414.8631.8744.6797.3818.8803.2787.0758.7717.6665.5550.9284.427.00.00.00.00.0

336.5

0.00.00.00.00.00.036.6375.8644.0766.2817.6837.0812.1762.8718.3705.9634.4465.2107.4

0.00.00.00.00.0

320.1

0.00.00.00.00.00.01.6

210.2547.4709.8784.6807.9779.7715.3683.7664.4533.9241.4

5.30.00.00.00.00.0

278.5

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.072.3410.0621.7716.7752.5736.1696.3645.2586.1419.893.90.00.00.00.00.00.0

239.6

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.07.8

260.7570.9680.0722.4715.6701.3652.7599.9423.380.80.00.00.00.00.00.0

225.8

0.00.00.00.00.01.5

69.1276.8523.4694.6766.9795.9784.9760.5727.8690.2600.8408.9168.122.40.00.00.00.0

303.8

0 200 400 600 800

W/m2

Figure 5: Hourly-mean Direct Normal Irradiance values in W/m2. The vertical axis is Pacific Standard Time (PST).Time series graph of the diurnal variability is shown in Figure 3.


SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY


For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


Hour

of D

ay (P

ST)

0123456789

1011121314151617181920212223

AvgJan

Jan

Feb

Feb

Mar

Mar

Apr

Apr

May

May

Jun

Jun

Jly

Jly

Aug

Aug

Sep

Sep

Oct

Oct

Nov

Nov

Dec

Dec

Avg

Avg0.00.00.00.00.00.00.01.341.872.293.7109.5121.4124.6118.798.669.726.50.20.00.00.00.00.036.6

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.08.3

59.193.3118.1137.1150.7153.4151.2132.899.855.06.90.00.00.00.00.0

48.6

0.00.00.00.00.00.01.4

39.084.5113.6134.0149.7164.1170.6166.0140.1113.476.825.70.00.00.00.00.0

57.5

0.00.00.00.00.00.020.079.5

121.1148.5169.5184.2197.6199.9186.7165.6137.3101.952.62.30.00.00.00.073.6

0.00.00.00.00.02.249.797.4127.9148.3166.9179.3191.3192.5180.1162.6138.6110.071.013.00.00.00.00.076.3

0.00.00.00.00.05.156.496.3124.0144.6160.9174.4181.5179.9168.9156.6137.8112.680.126.80.00.00.00.075.2

0.00.00.00.00.01.646.295.6127.8152.3173.5187.4198.0196.8185.8172.3145.1118.683.025.70.00.00.00.079.6

0.00.00.00.00.00.024.984.4122.5148.1168.8184.2198.7199.4192.9172.1144.3110.464.28.20.00.00.00.076.0

0.00.00.00.00.00.09.162.897.2119.2139.3154.1168.8180.4172.8140.0111.076.824.70.10.00.00.00.060.7

0.00.00.00.00.00.01.241.684.0107.8124.1137.2152.4167.6152.2116.786.741.01.90.00.00.00.00.050.6

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.015.162.189.2106.1117.6129.2132.3121.595.863.013.90.00.00.00.00.00.039.4

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.02.944.071.390.1103.1114.5113.9104.882.655.010.90.00.00.00.00.00.033.1

0.00.00.00.00.00.717.552.291.5117.5137.1151.5164.1167.7158.5136.3108.571.334.46.40.00.00.00.059.0

0 50 100 150 200

W/m2

Figure 6: Hourly-mean Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance values in W/m2. The vertical axis is Pacific Standard Time (PST).Time series graph of the diurnal variability is shown in Figure 3.


SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY

Model SimulationsJoshua Tree

For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 MODEL SIMULATIONS BY 3TIER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The assessment of the wind resource at the Joshua Tree project site presented in this report is based on 13 years ofsimulated data (January 1997 through December 2009). The simulated data set is constructed using a state-of-the-artNumerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model that processes coarse-resolution historic gridded data and high resolutiontopographical and surface data to generate the meteorological time series data.

The NWP model simulated data set is constructed from two separate model runs: a 13-year 15km resolution simulationand a 1-year 5km resolution simulation. Some details of the NWP model configuration are shown below in Table 1. Theextent of the coarsest grid was selected to capture the effect of synoptic weather events on the wind resource at the site,as well as to allow the model to develop regional, thermally-driven circulations. The increasingly fine 45km, 15km, and5km grids were selected to model the effect of local terrain and local scale atmospheric circulations.

Parameter ValueMesoscale numerical weather prediction model WRFHorizontal resolution of valid study area 5.0kmNumber of vertical levels 31Elevation data base 3 second SRTMVegetation data base 30 second USGSSurface parameterization Monin-Obukhov similarity modelBoundary layer parameterization YSU model (MRF with entrainment)Land surface scheme 5-layer soil diffusivity model

Table 1: Numerical weather prediction model configuration.

c© 2010 3TIER, Inc.10

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY

Wind and Temperature Site Climate Variability AnalysisJoshua Tree

For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 WIND AND TEMPERATURE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

This section provides a retrospective analysis of the past 13 years of wind and temperature data at the Joshua Tree projectsite (Latitude: 34.017◦N, Longitude: 116.183◦W). All data presented within this section are valid only for this particularlocation.

5.1 Monthly-Mean Variability


2

3

4

5

6

7

Win

d Sp

eed

(m/s

)

Figure 7: Variability of monthly-mean wind speed at 10m AGL at Joshua Tree. Long-term monthly-mean values aredenoted by colored circles. Upper and lower boundaries of the dark shading correspond to the 75% and 25%quartiles, while the light shading denotes the maximum and minimum monthly-mean wind speeds.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

Figure 8: Variability of monthly-mean temperature at 2m AGL at Joshua Tree. Long-term monthly-mean values aredenoted by colored circles. Upper and lower boundaries of the dark shading correspond to the 75% and 25%quartiles, while the light shading denotes the maximum and minimum monthly-mean temperature.

c© 2010 3TIER, Inc.11

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY


For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2 Diurnal Variability of Wind Speed

January

0 4 8 12 16 20 241234567

Win

d Sp

eed

(m/s

)February

0 4 8 12 16 20 241234567

March

0 4 8 12 16 20 241234567

April

0 4 8 12 16 20 241234567

Win

d Sp

eed

(m/s

)

May

0 4 8 12 16 20 241234567

June

0 4 8 12 16 20 241234567

July

0 4 8 12 16 20 241234567

Win

d Sp

eed

(m/s

)

August

0 4 8 12 16 20 241234567

September

0 4 8 12 16 20 241234567

October

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hour of Day (PST)

1234567

Win

d Sp

eed

(m/s

)

November

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hour of Day (PST)

1234567

December

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hour of Day (PST)

1234567

Figure 9: Diurnal cycle of wind speed at 10m AGL for each month of the year. The horizontal axis is in Pacific StandardTime (PST). Figure 11 shows the diurnal cycle of wind speed for each calendar month as a ‘12 X 24’ table.

c© 2010 3TIER, Inc.12

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY


For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3 Diurnal Variability of Temperature

January

0 4 8 12 16 20 2405

101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

February

0 4 8 12 16 20 2405

101520253035

March

0 4 8 12 16 20 2405

101520253035

April

0 4 8 12 16 20 2405

101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

May

0 4 8 12 16 20 2405

101520253035

June

0 4 8 12 16 20 2405

101520253035

July

0 4 8 12 16 20 2405

101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

August

0 4 8 12 16 20 2405

101520253035

September

0 4 8 12 16 20 2405

101520253035

October

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hour of Day (PST)

05

101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

November

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hour of Day (PST)

05

101520253035

December

0 4 8 12 16 20 24Hour of Day (PST)

05

101520253035

Figure 10: Diurnal cycle of temperature at 2m AGL for each month of the year. The horizontal axis is in Pacific StandardTime (PST). Figure 12 shows the diurnal cycle of temperature for each calendar month as a ‘12 X 24’ table.

c© 2010 3TIER, Inc.13

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY


For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.4 Tabular DataHo

ur o

f Day

(PST

)

0123456789

1011121314151617181920212223

AvgJan

Jan

Feb

Feb

Mar

Mar

Apr

Apr

May

May

Jun

Jun

Jly

Jly

Aug

Aug

Sep

Sep

Oct

Oct

Nov

Nov

Dec

Dec

Avg

Avg4.384.334.284.234.214.204.194.184.334.915.335.555.695.775.785.725.584.844.694.594.534.504.484.454.78

4.484.424.374.324.294.294.284.294.645.295.675.926.066.156.176.156.145.494.994.834.704.614.564.525.03

4.073.993.933.893.873.853.823.964.645.005.295.525.675.795.895.976.105.995.164.834.634.464.344.244.79

3.953.773.613.503.423.383.403.874.444.825.195.495.765.976.156.316.646.665.985.374.964.584.324.094.82

2.972.722.532.422.352.322.372.933.243.654.104.504.885.175.425.656.026.196.005.204.614.053.613.274.01

2.952.632.372.182.062.002.042.613.003.504.034.504.955.285.565.776.196.366.255.394.814.193.703.293.98

2.912.572.272.011.821.701.672.212.542.973.493.984.454.795.065.325.715.965.895.164.584.023.593.233.66

2.682.402.141.901.731.621.591.982.412.853.363.844.264.544.774.935.215.334.904.503.993.533.202.933.36

2.452.342.232.152.112.092.082.222.833.213.634.004.304.474.584.644.684.493.653.403.102.852.682.563.20

3.113.053.002.952.932.912.902.913.323.904.254.504.674.784.824.804.894.243.783.613.473.363.283.223.69

3.663.633.583.543.513.483.443.403.534.124.484.724.864.944.934.884.753.933.753.693.673.673.673.663.98

4.374.354.334.314.304.304.294.274.354.775.265.495.635.695.675.585.284.634.554.504.484.464.464.464.74

3.493.353.213.113.043.003.003.233.604.084.504.835.095.275.405.475.605.344.974.594.294.023.823.664.17

2 3 4 5 6 7Wind Speed

m/s

Figure 11: Hourly-mean wind speed values at 10m AGL in m/s. The vertical axis is in Pacific Standard Time (PST).Time series graph of the diurnal variability for each month is shown in Figure 9.

c© 2010 3TIER, Inc.14

SAMPLE

COPY

SAMPLE

COPY


For Client X, Inc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hour

of D

ay (P

ST)

0123456789

1011121314151617181920212223

AvgJan

Jan

Feb

Feb

Mar

Mar

Apr

Apr

May

May

Jun

Jun

Jly

Jly

Aug

Aug

Sep

Sep

Oct

Oct

Nov

Nov

Dec

Dec

Avg

Avg5.24.94.74.54.34.13.93.85.37.28.59.410.210.610.710.49.78.57.67.06.56.15.85.46.8

5.85.55.35.04.84.64.44.76.78.29.4

10.411.111.511.711.510.99.88.77.97.46.96.56.27.7

8.88.48.17.87.57.27.18.510.712.113.214.214.915.315.615.515.114.012.511.510.710.19.69.211.1

10.09.69.28.98.68.38.811.613.615.116.317.318.018.518.618.517.916.815.013.312.311.611.010.513.3

14.714.213.813.413.012.814.818.220.321.923.224.224.925.325.425.124.423.221.318.917.616.716.015.419.1

17.717.216.716.315.915.718.521.923.825.426.627.628.228.628.628.327.626.424.422.020.519.618.918.322.3

21.621.220.820.420.019.822.225.627.629.130.331.231.832.032.031.731.029.727.725.424.123.222.622.126.0

21.320.820.520.119.819.520.524.426.628.229.430.330.931.231.230.930.329.026.824.723.522.722.221.725.3

18.418.017.717.317.016.816.719.622.624.325.726.727.327.627.727.326.725.322.921.420.419.719.118.721.9

12.712.312.011.711.411.211.011.814.916.818.219.219.920.320.420.119.518.016.115.114.313.713.212.815.3

8.48.17.97.67.47.27.07.08.710.812.013.013.614.014.113.913.412.010.910.39.79.38.98.610.2

4.24.03.73.53.33.13.02.94.06.17.48.49.29.59.69.38.67.36.45.95.45.14.74.55.8

12.412.111.711.411.110.911.513.415.417.118.419.420.120.420.520.319.618.416.715.314.413.813.312.815.4

5 10 15 20 25 30Temperature

oC

Figure 12: Hourly-mean temperature values at 2m AGL in degrees Celsius. The vertical axis is in Pacific StandardTime (PST). Time series graph of the diurnal variability for each month is shown in Figure 10.

c© 2010 3TIER, Inc.15

Documents

FullView COPY - 3TIER · FullView Site Climate Variability Analysis ANALYSIS OF 13-YEAR RECORD DATE Joshua Tree, California May 13, 2010 FOR CONTACT Client X, Inc. NOTICE ... the