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Title Energy audit for building energy conservation

Author(s) Li, Ka-ming.; gN[¶f.

Citation

Issue Date 1995

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/37223

RightsThe author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patentrights) and the right to use in future works.



Department

of

Mechanical

Engineering,Faculty o f Engineering)

ProfessorPeterHills

(Directorÿenter

o f

UrbanPlanning

and

EnvironmentalManagement,Faculty

o f

Science)



—

includingwork

th e

author

has

carried-out

for

purposesotherthan

for

thisprogramme

- -

h a s clearlybeenidentified a s such.









energy efficiencywill ultimately rise under environmental pressures a nd

energyconservationmeasures

are the

effectivesmethod

to

protect

ou r

environment.

Before,implementing an y energy conservation measuresÿn energy auditmust b e

carried out in order to find out the energy use pattern and identify t h e energy

consumptionequipment

fora

building.

Thispaperhighlights

the

environmental implication

of

electricity generation

an d

have

a

generalreview

ofthe

energypolicy

and

situation

at

HongKong. Alsoÿhe

paperillustrate

how

money

is

beingsaved

by

implementing

a

casestudy

in

building

energyaudit.



electricity

is one of th e

most

important form

of

energy sources

i n our

daily life

and

also contributes

t o

environmental pollution. Carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide

and

particulate

emissions resulting from

the

burning

of

fossil fuel during

the

process

of

electricity generation contribute

to the

greenhouse effect,global warming,

climaticchange

and

otherecologicalimpacts.

Because

of the

much publicized problems

of

global warming

and

ozonelayerdepletionÿeoplehavebecomemoreconscious

ofthe

enviromnent

an d

there

h a s

been

a

growing concern about energy consumption

in

Hong

Kong

andits

environmentalimplications

$ t . I n

Hong Kong w h

an

expand ng

economy

and a

rap d nc ease

ha

been

n

v n g s anda ds he e

ha

been

an

nc ease

i n

e ec r c y consump on ove

he

pas

yea per od (1979-1989)

p

A soÿhe most significant proportion

of the

electricity

is

used

fo r air-

conditioninginbuildings

C3]

.

Aspeoplebecamemoreconsciousno tonly of thequantity of energy

w e

utilize

but

also

the

need

to

know

in

whichareas

of our

societythatenergy

is

utilized,

the

concept

of

auditingenergyusagebecameestablished. Energy

audit

isa

systematicapproach

to

help

a

buildingowner

to

identify

how

energy



electrical,lighting andplumbingengineers,electronicspecialists,

environmental specialists, architects an d others. Prices f o r building energy

audits ca n vary dramaticallyÿepending on th e complexity o f t he buildingÿ

levelof detailandextentofthe analysisperformed.

This paper will take th e H o Sin-Hang Engineering Building o f t he

ChineseUniversity of HongKongasanauditsample. Thenext two sections

willgive abriefdescription of theEngineeringBuilding(auditbuilding)and

the buildingservicessystemprovided. Thecorrespondingoperationrecord of

majorenergy using equipment such as chiller, pump, f a n , lightingÿift and

escalator etc. during the audit period to be collected. However, the

Engineering Building

is a

recently built building without

a

completely

organizedpastoperationrecord. Therefore,

the

datacollectionperiod

i s

from

September

1993

untilDecember

1994.

1-2



a

brief literaturereview

of

energyconsumptionsituation

in Hong Kong and the associated environmental implications will be

discussed. Section 3 proposes and recommends some energy policy and

buildingenergyconservationstrategytobe implementedin HongKong.

StartingfromSection 4ÿ buildingenergyaudit-casestudiessurveyis

carried

out to

discuss

the

approach

and

procedures

for

buildingenergyaudit.

In Section 5 and 6ÿ briefanalysis of thehistorical energy u s edatawillbe

discussed by analyzing the energy consumption data obtained from th e

buildingmanagementsystemthrough

a

personalcomputer.

A ll

datacollected

willb econsolidatedandtransformedtoappropriatefiguresso asto representa

fullpicture

of

energy

use

status

ofthe

buildingstudied.

Based

on the

energy useage pattern provided

in

Section

7 and

questionnairesurveyresult in Section 8ÿ detailedanalysiswillbe carriedout

to identifyareaswhereenergymanagementopportunityexists. Section9will

bethe

focalpoint

of the

wholeenergy audit

and

studyexercise. Thissection

will evaluate h o w muchenergy and money that c a n b e saved. A financial

analysis will then

be

carried

out to

evaluate

the

investment

and the

corresponding savings of the energy management opportunity identified.

Section 12willpresenttheconclusionofthisdissertation.



energy

use

intensity

in

institutionalbuildingscontinues

to

grow,

the

electricity

tariff accounted for a large proportion of the general expense

[4

l Many

educationalinstitutionalbuildingsarepubliclysupportedwithtaxmoney,they

are

also subjected

to

scrutiny

for

operating expenses

as

well

as

capital

expenses. Before,formulatingand/or implementingany energy conservation

measures, an energy audit must be carried out first in order to reveal t he

energyusepatternforabuilding.



out of all proportion to populationgrowth. The

tenyearsfrom 1979to 1988 saw a 113% increase in electricityconsumption,

yetthe

populationgrew

by

only20%

p

l

Electricity generated

by the two

power companies,

The

Hong Kong

Electric

Co. and The

ChinaLight

&

Power

Co.

Ltd

.ÿ

ccounts

forbyfarthe

largestproportion of fossilfuelsconsumed inHongKong,at67%ofthe total

primary energy consumption

1

-

611

. There is currently a total 9,000 MW of

installedgeneratingcapacityoperatedbythetwopowercompanies;HKEand

CLP.

A majorproportion of the electricity consumed in the territory is in

commercialbuildings(about

50%) andin

residentialbuildings(about23%)

t7

l

About350,000tonneso fcoalareneeded tomeettheterritory'sdemandovera

fortnight in winter and a good deal more than that in summer when a ir-

conditioning requirements reach their peak

[8

l A detail breakdown of the

2-1



LPGÿil

4.7

MotorVehicles

Diesel 7.3

MotorVehicles Petrol

3.0

Table2.1 EnergyConsumptionbyEnd-user inHongKong. 1993

[6

0

F i g u r e

2 .1

E n e r g y C o n s u m p t i o n

b y

E n d - U s e r

in

H o n g

K o n g ( 1 9 9 3 )

Electricity Town g a s L P G o il

Commercial Commercial

3 1 5 % 7 1%

Domest ic Dome st i c ^

4 7 % 1 4 1 %



therefore,

t he

only incentive that

buildingmanagershave

to

conserveenergy

isto

ensurethattheirexpenditure

on thatitem isadequatelycoveredbythepresentrateschargedtotheirtenants.

If tenants consume less they are in most cases still expected to pay in

accordancewiththe sameflatrate. There isalso,therefore,littleincentive for

userso fleasedcommercialaccommodation to converseenergy

C8

l

According toMr. RonCookson

a

of consultingengineers OveArup&

Partnersÿs f ar a s owner-occupied buildings are concerned, managers a nd

users in HongKonghavetraditionallydisregardedenergy a s amajoritem in

theiroverallbudget. Thishas been partly due to therelatively l o w costof

electricity,andpartlyduetothelack ofawarenessofthescale ofcostsavings

thatenergymanagementinbuildingscanyield.

a

Mr.RonCookson,DirectoroftheOveAmpandPartnersHongKongLimited



the

majorformo fenergysupply to buildings, isperceived as acommodityrather

thanasanon-renewableresourcebecausethepowercompanies, thedesigners

o f n ew buildings, the managers of existing buildings and the users of

buildings,havelittleincentiveandnostatutoryobligationto conserveit.

ENVIRONMENTALIMPLICATIONS

Growing environmental awareness and concern can be expected to

highlight theimportance of energyefficiencyandconservation.The localand

globalenvironmentalthreatcaused

by

pollutingemissionsfrom

the

fossilfuel

combustion has become more concerned in effective and efficient u s e o f

energy recently. As •Ç esu ÿnergy efficiencywill ultimately rise under

environmentalpressures.

There a re many environmental implications which arise directly and

indirectly from t he use o f fossil fuels to generate energy. T h e build-up o f

carbondioxide in the upperatmosphere to aggravate the greenhouseeffect.

Emissionoftheproductsofcomplete orincompletecombustion o ffossilfuels

which m a y have adverse effecto n human health, such as lung disease and

cancer,andalsodamagethebuildingfabric.



be

it oil, gasor

coal,whosesupply is beingdepletedrapidly by humanconsumption. A t th e

sametimeÿower generation createspollutionwhich

is

severelyaffecting

the

environment.

All of the

energy

raw

materialsÿoal

is t he

worst

in

terms

o f

carbon

dioxideemission,

a

majorfactorresponsible

for

adversechanges

inthe

global

climate.

In

general,combustion

of

coalemits

40%

morecarbondioxidethan

naturalgas[

9

l

Taking the energy-usepatterns as itstands atpresent, andconsidering

th e

most readily quantifiableimplication, which

is th e

burden

of

polluting

emissions

to th e

atmosphere arising from

the

combustion

of

fossil fuels

in

stationary and mobile sources, t h e quantities emitted in Hong Kong during

1992

[10]

areas

shown

i n

Table

2.2.

Pollutant Quantity

Tonnes/Year

Potential Environmental

Implication

Carbondioxide

25,000,000

Globalwarming

Carbonmonoxide

72,000

Toxic,Adversecardiovascular

effects

Sulphurdioxide

Nitrogenoxides

350,000

120,000

Adverseeffects

onthe

lungs;acid

rain;visibility;degradation

of

materials

Particulates

13,000

Adverseeffects

onthe

lungs;

visibility

Selenium,vanadium,

radon

etc.

Tracequantities

Various

Table2.2 TotalEmissionsofAirPollutantsfromCombustion

ofFossilFuelinHongKong.1992

[10]





from

the

combustion

of

coal

inthe

powerstations$t T h e magn ude

o f

he amoun s nvo ved w i l l nc ease w h nc eased u e o f coa D sposa o f

a ge amoun s o f so d was e o en c ea es a space prob em w h c h m gh be

agg ava ed i f foss fue combus on es dues a e c ass f ed haza dous

Howeve ce a n ypes

o f

so d was e w hou adve se e ec from adon

ga

em ss on may b u zed o oad bu d ng and cons uc on A n d he mos

effec ve me hod s d spos ng he P F A i nP F A agoons



significantamounts of waterrecycling

mustb edesignedintothe plant.

2 . 2 . 6

Land

U s e

Problems

Sizes

of

actualpowerplantsites,even

fora

givenfueltype,varyover

considerablerange and depend uponfactorssuch as individualutilitydesign

specifications, land costs (which can affect design), on-site versus off-site

wastedisposal,ifany,plantlocation, andthe installedcapacity. Theirsitingis

oftenconstrained

by

theirimpact

onor

availability

o f

theseresources.

2 . 2 . 4

OtherEnvironmentalImpacts

Energy consumption

and

energy technologies cause many other

environmental impacts. Sulphur dioxide,

S 0

2

and

various nitrogen oxides,

N O

x

a re

some

ofthe

mostdiscussedpollutants

dueto

theirdamagingeffect

on

forestsÿuman health a nd buildings. But also t h e emission of radioactive



they stillconstitute

a

problem

asa

waste

tobe

depositedsomewhere.



energy production

ha s

been basedprimarily

o n

the

fossilfuels:coal,

oi l and

natural

gas.

Whenfossilfuels

are

produced

and

burnt, they release greenhouse gases

warming. Moreover coal

is th e

worst

gases, C0

2

ÿ

er unit of energy stored.

which

are

responsible

fo r

global

emitter of th e principal greenhouse

The two

uses

of

fossilfuelswhich

produce

t he

greatest

C 0

2

emissions

a re

electricity generation

a n d

transport.

The

production,transport

anduseofthe

availabletypes

of

energygiverise

to

manydifferentforms

of

environmental damage00

Atmosphericpollutioncausedprincipally

by

fossilfuel

usehas

both

a

local

and

regional

and

possibility global impact.

The

effects

on

health,

vegetation

and

materials

of

sulphur dioxideÿO

x

and

particulate

are

well

documented.

The

risk

and

reality

of

environmentaldegradationhavebecomemore

apparent. Growing evidence of environmental problems is due to a

combination

o f

factors. Over

the

last20-30years,

the

environmentalimpact

of

humanactivities

has

growndramatically

due to the

sheer increase

of

world

population,consumption

and

industrialactivity

[12]

.



as environmental regulations become more

comprehensiveandmorestringent,environmentalaspects ofenergyactivities

(e.g.prevention,control, and damage repair)have an increasing share in the

overallinvestmentand operationalcosts. Environmentalandsafetymeasures

can have weighty implications for total electricity generation costsÿ

particularly in countries in which thegenerationmixhasa highshare ofcoal

and/or nuclear energy. Thus, the scope and magnitude of some o f th e

problemsstillrequiringsolutionleads

tothe

conclusionthatcarefulstructuring

of

future response will

be

necessary

to

achieve energy security

in an

environmentally sensitive maimer

[12]

.

It

will

be

particularly important

t o

examine

the

ful lenvironmental impactsÿn

a

fullcyclesbasis,

ofall

policy

or

strategyoptions.

ENERGYCONSERVATION POLICY IN HONG KONG

HongKong is a netimporter offuelsandenergysources. Itdoesnot

have

any

indigenousenergyresources,

nor

will

i t

have

inthe

future.

A

review

ofthe growth in energydemand in thepastdecadeswillindicate aclear and

indispensable case

f o r

energy conservation, particularly

in th e

commercial

sector. I t iswellknownthatourearthhaslimitednatureresources for energy

production,rapidgrowth

in

energy demandwillexhaust

the

natureresources

withoutadequatetime

for

recovery.





his building

consultantshaveno directincentiveto promoteitintheirdesign.

LEGISLATION

Realisticenergytargets

in

terms

of

energyconsumption

(e.g.kWh)per

squaremeter ofusablefloorareaper yearÿndmeans to achievethesetargets

should

be

established. Actual targetswill vary according

to

buildingtypes,

locations

a n d

activities.

In

HongKong, there

i s n o

particular regulation

t o

govern theenergyusageand design ofbuilding and buildingservices system

concerningabout

the

energyconservation.

The

HongKongapproach

to

efficientenergy

usehas

beenbegunwith

th e adoption of some very high standards of building fabric a n d building

services design

b u t a

lack

of

central governmentpolicy

a n d o f

performance

monitoring of the energy usage of the building

1

-

14

-

1

. The Hong Kong

Governmentdoes

not has any

design criteria

or

code

of

practice

f o r

energy

conservationmeasuresand approaches,Architectsand Engineersmay difficult

to

follow

and did

their jobs

on a

case

by

case basis. Moreoverÿhe

governmentdoes

not hasany

longtermprogram

fo r

performancemonitoring

ofthebuildingto establishsomereferenceguidelines.



theBuildingRegulations

of

HongKong

are

onlyconcerned

withsafety

and

publichealth. There

i s no

special clauses

to

careabout

the

energy conservation

in

building. Most likely,

the

general guidelines

f or

assessment

of

building energy conservation required complicated

mathematicalmodeling

and

computer simulationtechnique. Buildingenergy

simulation i s a combination of sciences, which involved a large number o f

building variables and uncertainties in weather date and user behavior.

Therefore,

i t i s

difficult

to

find

a

general regulations

or

rules

to

govern

the

overallthermalperformance ofthebuildingenvelopas wellas buildingenergy

conservation. Therefore,

itis

necessary

to

establishsomekinds

of

legislation

or

minimumstandards

for

energyefficiency

innew

buildingdesign.

In

terms

of

regulations,there

areat

least

two

approaches.

The

first

is

to

imposequotaswhichlimit

the

amount

of

energyused

per

squaremeter

ofa

building.

The

secondapproach

andone

which

the

HongKongGovernment

is

presently consideringÿlace limitsÿuch as Singapore's OTTVÿn the amount

of energy that flows through th e building fabric. A s a first step towards

encouraging more efficient building designÿhe Government

has

commissioned

a

consultancy study

on

energyconservation

in

buildings,with

th e

focus

onthe

OverallThermalTransferValue(OTTV)approach

1

-

141

.

Fortunately,HongKong Governmenthasconfirmed an intentionthat

buildings

in

HongKongshould

be

constructed

in an

energyefficientmaimer.



this should

be

considered only

an

initial step

in th e

right

direction. TotalEnergyManagementmust

be the

ultimate

a imfor

buildingsÿ

both

atthe

design

and

later

the

facilitymanagementstage.

3.3.1 OverallThermalTransmittanceValue(OTTV)

The

concept

of

OTTV

is the

solarheatgainthroughbuildingenvelop

constitutes

a

substantialshare

of

heatload

ina

buildingwhichwillhave

tobe

eventuallyabsorbed

by the

air-conditioning system

a t the

expense

of

energy

input. The OTTV requirement, which applies only to air-conditioned

buildings,

is

aimed

at

achieving

t he

design

of

adequately insulatedbuilding

envelope

so a s to cut

downexternalheatgain

and

hencereduce

the

cooling

load

ofthe

air-conditioningsystem

[15

l

The OTTV concept takes into consideration t h e 3 basic elements o f

heatgainthrough

the

externalwalls

ofa

building"

6

ÿ

7

]ÿ

iz.:

a)

heatconductionthroughopaquewalls



and also

lighting levels

in

building

of

various categories. Since 1979ÿingapore

Government

has

introduced

the

Building Control (Space, Lighting

and

Ventilation)RegulationandsetamaximumOTTVo f45W/m

2[18

'

19

l

In

HongKong,

in

order

to setan

acceptablecriteria

for

overallthermal

transfervalue (OTTV)

to

control

t h e

thermal envelop

of th e n e w

building

designÿrchitectsand engineersmayworktogether to advisetheirclients,so

astopromotemoreenergy efficientdesignthan thatrequired by legislation.

A s an

initiative,

the

Hong Kong Government

m ay

take this factor into

consideration during design

and

construction

of new

building project

a s

example

to

promote

the

public

topay

muchmoreattentiontowardsachieving

realistic energy targets f or the design of a new building and its services

system.





giving them

a

financialincentive

to

produce

o r

purchase,respectively,somegood

or

service. Subsidies

are

generallygiven

to

producers

as

compensation

if

their costs

are

higher than profits under



or

in

order

to

obtain some activity

or

additional

productionthat,

fo r

somereason,

is

deemed

a

policypriority. Financial

and

economic incentives in th e form of grants and soft loan can improve th e

financial attractiveness

f o r

energy conservationmeasures such

as

insulation

and other energy saving modification for building and introduce new

technologiesinto

the

market.

Consumer subsidies

are

generally given

to

induce certain behavior,

such

asthe

installation

of

moreenergyefficientequipment.

Say fo r

instance,

th e

government

can

encouragepeople

touseandbuythe

moreenergyefficient

equipment

or

productswith specialpriceoffers

tothe

consumersthanother

traditionalequipmentwithoutenergysavingdevices.

Subsidies

may

also include government funded research

and

development

(R & D)

work

and

subsidies

fo r

demonstration projects

a nd

commercialintroduction ofemergingtechnologies. In thiscontext it isworth

highlightingthatsubsidies

canbe

used

to

capturepositiveexternalities,that

isÿ

benefits

to

society which result fromsome productive process

b u t a re n ot

necessarily reflected i n th e producer's cost and pricing structure. In such

cases, increased production activity

as

induced

by a

subsidy

c an

indeed

b e

efficient

and

willtend

tobe

sociallyoptimal.



function a nd

activitiesarranged by the government give informationt ocitizensregarding

the energy conservation to protect our environment. The publicity should

focuson everydaysituations,suchas usercontrol oflighting,air-conditioning

andso

on

[14

l

Awareness of the need to be energy conscious and kind t o our

environmentshould

be

createdthrough

the

educationsystem.

T h e

concept

of

energy saving

and

environmental conservation should

be

introduced

t o t h e

children from their secondary

and

primary school studies.

For

those



Australia0]. In HongKongÿworkingparty

consisting of t he Consumer Councilÿanufacturers and suppliers could b e

formed

to

carry

outa

feasibilitystudy.



Hong Kong'sprimary energy requirements

increased

by 113% , per

capita consumption

of

energy

by 82% and

Gross

Domestic Product by 104%

[26]

. Therefore, a huge amount of Hong Kong

people'sincomewerespent to improvetheir living standard a n d maintain a

comfort living

or

working environment, such asÿnstallation

of air-

conditioning system. It is well knownthatenvironmentalpollutionbecome

moreworsta speopleconsumemoreenergy. Consequently,energysavingand

conservation is the major concerns in the recent years fo r environmental

protection

1

^

7

].

Beforeÿormulating and/or implementing any energy conservation

measures,

an

energy audit must

be

carried

out

first

in

order

to

reveal

t h e

energy

use

pattern

fora

building.

An

energyaudit

isa

systematicapproach

to

identify

h o w t h e

energy

is

being used

and

wastedÿnd

to

devise suitable

energyconservationmeasures

tocutthe

energywastage.

BUILDING DESCRIPTION

TheHoSin-HangEngineeringBuildingisanelevenstoreyhighbuilding

with 19ÿ52 m

2

grossfloorareabuilt inthecampusoftheChineseUniversityof



fueltank room, transfer

watertankandpumproom. In addition italsohouses themainentrancelobby

as wellastwolaboratorieswhichinvolveheavyequipment. Thesprinklertank

an dpumproom isprovidedunderthetransferwatertankandpumproominthe

form

o f a

small basement.

The

building

is

linked

to the

adjacentLady Shaw

Buildingatlevel5byanopenairlinkbridge.

The

common facilities

f or all th e

engineering departments such

as

auditorium,classrooms,readingroom,staffcommonrooms,studentunionand

th e

facultyoffice

are all

located

on

level

5 and 6. T he

laboratories, seminar

roomsÿecturer's offices and departmental offices are distributed in the

remainingfloorsondepartmentalbasis.

The roof is accessiblefromthelowerfloorby allfourstaircases. The

fresh

and

flushwatertanks,fireserviceswatertank

and

pumproomÿiftmachine

roomsÿhilledwater pumproom and a ir cooled chillersareal l locatedonthe

roof.





— E D

ØE F ?

R S ^ R

C H L TE D

W A ~ E R

R I S E R »

C H L .

E D

W A T E R R I S E R (

F I G U R E 4 . 2 C H I L L E D W A T E R S C H E M T I C

4 .2 .2 Air-ConditioningSystem

Offices a nd Laboratories

Theofficesand laboratories a re air-conditioned by chilledwater f a n

coilunits. Eachroom

is

providedwith

a

roomthermostat

and a

threespeed

switch. Pre-treatedfreshairare suppliedtotheofficesareabytwo primaryair

handlingunits onroofvia two verticalprimarya ir ducts locatednext to the



a returnairfan,cooling coilÿlectrica irheater,

filter,mixingboxÿreshairdamperandexhaustairdamper. Conditionedairis

distributed via supply air diffusers at ceiling level. Return air is drawn

throughthetwo returnairgrillesmountednear the stage.

4 . 2 . 3

MechanicalVentilation

Toilet Ventilation

All toilets a remechanicallyventilated byexhaustfanswithmakeup

airdrawnfromadjacentspaceviadoorlouvers. Exhaustfansareinterlocked

withthelightingswitchesserving thesamearea.



50Hz.

Thepowersupplydistributionsystemincludedthefollowings:

(1)

Powersupply

for

generallighting

and

power.

(2) Powersupply tolifts.

(3)

Power supply

for

ventilation

and

air-conditioningsystem.



which

are

divided

into

two

groups. Group

1 is

consisted

o f 2

passengers lifts

( L I & L 2) a nd

Group

2 is

consisted

of 1

cargo lift

(L 3). T he

lifts

are

arranged

to

serve





actuators

and





such

as

chilled

watersupply

and

returntemperature,chilledwaterflowrate,roomtemperature

oftheauditoriumÿnd the totalelectricityconsumptionofthewholebuilding

wererecordedthroughtheCentralBuildingManagementSystem (BMS) from

September

1993to

December

1994

(Figure

6.2).

Onthe

otherhand,sitevisitsurveys

forthe

EngineeringBuildingwere

takenfrom 5th to 17th September 1994 (total 10 days exclude t h e public

holidays)during

the

summerseason.

The

objectives

of

thissurveywereused

to

identify

the

source

of

energy consumption equipment,

and the

operating

schedule

of the

energy consumption equipment.

In

addition

to

these,

t he

identifiedenergy consumptionequipment werecounter checkedwith

the as-

fitteddrawingsofthebuildingservicesinstallation to ensurethat the as-fitted

drawingswereindicating

the

updated information. Sinceÿhe energy saving

calculation

and

analysis

in the

later sections

a re

based

on the

information

of

th e as-fitted drawings and greatly affected the calculated results andfinal

conclusions.

5 - /



and thetime-table

o f t he University lectures were carried out to verify t he precision o f th e

operating schedule. Sinceÿhe accuracy

of th e

as-fitted drawings

an d t he

operatingschedulewillaffect the energy savingcalculation in Section 10 in

certainextent.

ENERGYCONSUMPTIONEQUIPMENT

ThemajorenergysourceoftheEngineeringBuilding iselectricityand

dieselfuel. Electricity,which issuppliedfromtheChinaLightandPowerCo.

L td . and diesel fuel fo r generator sets which is seldomly used unless f or

emergency.

The majorelectricityconsumptionequipmentarelistedas follow:-

Powersupplyforgenerallightingandpower.

Powersupply

for

lifts.

Powersupplyfor ventilationandair-conditioningsystem.

4) Powersupplyforfireservicesinstallation.

Powersupplyforplumbingandsumppumpsystem.

6) Powersupplyforlaboratory.



2 & 3 (200 TR each)

locatedattheroofoperatesimultaneouslyfrom 8:00to 17:00. After17:00ÿhe

chillersno.l

?

2 &3(200TReach)willbeshutdownandthe chillerno.4(200

TR)

willstart

to

operateuntil

the

next

day

morning(8:00).

In

winter seasonÿ

two(2)

chilleroperatefrom

8:00to 17:00andone(1)

chillerafter

17:00

until

8:00ofthenextmorning.

5 .3 .2

Air-ConditioningSys tem

The operating schedule of th e a ir handling unit and pre-treated a ir

handlingunitsarepre-settedbythebuildingmanagementsystemthrough the

personal computer terminal The operating time is started from 8 :0 0 an d

stopped

at 17:00

everyday except public holidays.

In

case

of an y

events

arrangedafter 17:00ÿheplantwill

b e

manuallyoperated

atthe

remotecontrol

panellocated

atthe

groundfloor

byan

authorizedperson.



liftlobbies

andcar

park

at

groundfloor

ofthe

EngineeringBuilding. They

are

controlled by the time schedule of the building management system

automaticallyeveryday.

The

operatingtime

is

from

7:00to

24:00everyday.

5 .3 -4 PlumbingSystem

There is no particular pre-determined operating schedule of the

plumbingsystem. Thewaterpumpsofthe plumbingsystemwilloperateonly

when the water storageo f the tankreach the low level. Usuallyÿhe water

pumps operate

f o r

thirty minutes after

11:00 am and 3 :0 0 p .m .

everyday.

Since

the

peakwaterconsumptionoccur

at

morning

and

lunchtimeÿhewater

storage

a t the

tankdecreaseuntil

low

water levelreach

to

operate

the

water

pumpsto refillthewatertank.





power

and

other

miscellaneouselectricalappliance.



Diesel fuel f o r generator sets which is seldomly used unless fo r

emergency.

According

toMr.S.H.

Liang

a

ÿheannualelectricitycharges

are

about

HK$3 million

p e r

year.

The

potable/flushingwater costs

are

insignificant

compared with electricity costs and these are n ot evaluated in th e energy

conservationmanagementstudy.

6 . 3

ELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONBREAKDOWN

Themainelectricityuse in the building canroughly be brokendown

intothe followingcategories:

(1 )

Powersupply

for

generallighting.

(2 ) Powersupplytolifts.

(3 )

powersupply

for

ventilation

and

air-conditioningsystem.

a

Mr.S.H Liang,Assistantto Director,BuildingsOfficeoftheChineseUniversityo fHongKong

6-2



andfire

servicesinstallation.

(5)

Powersupply

for

laboratoryequipment.

The

rough estimate

of

proportion

of

electricity consumption

o f th e

above mentioned equipment and installation of the whole building are

according to th e informationprovided from the equipment catalogues an d

operatingschedulea sdetailedinTable6.1and Figure6.1respectively.

SystemDescription

Percentageo fTotal

ElectricityConsumption

(%)

MechanicalVentilation andAir-

conditioningInstallation

53

Lighting 17

Plumbing

&

Drainage,

and

Fire

ServicesInstallation

2

LiftsInstallation

10

PowerSupply

18

Table6.1 ElectricityConsumptionBreakdownoftheEngineeringBuilding

From Table 6.1ÿt isobservedthat themajorelectricityconsumption

equipment

is

mechanical ventilation

and

air-conditioning installation,

as

expectedÿir-conditioning is th e biggest single electricity consuming itemÿ

accounting for over 50% . A nd the second major electricity consumption

equipment is general power supply (18%) then follow with lighting

installation(17%).



especially asharpincreaseatMay1994to

September 1994. Thismay due to moving m o f various department o f the

University to t he n e w buildingÿifferenttypes of electrical appliances a re

installed, such asÿomputer facilitiesand laboratoriesequipment. Moreoverÿ



lighting demand

and

electricityconsumption

fo r

computerfacilities

and

laboratoriesequipment

are

varied

at

differenttimeschedules

in

accordingwith

th e

timetable

of

classrooms

and

laboratoriesbeingoccupied

bythe

students.

On the other handÿhere was a sharp decrease in electricity

consumption

f o r

meter

n o . l and

sudden increase

f o r

meter

n o.2 a t

April

o f

1994.

According

to theMr. K. O.

Fung

andMr. M.T.

Chu

b

o f the

Chinese

University

of

HongKong,

the

powersupply

for

chiller

no.land2are

obtained

fromtransformerno.l (meterno . l ) and chillerno.3and4are obtainedfrom

transformer

no.2

(meterno.2). DuringApril

of

1994ÿhechiller

no. l wasout

of

service

and

underrepair

and

maintenance,onlychiller

no.l 3 a nd 4

were

operated. Therefore, the electricity consumption f o rtransformerno.2 were

increasedÿencedecreaseinelectricityconsumptionfortransformer no.2.

b

Mr.K.O.

Fung,

Mr.M.T.

Chuÿlerk

of

Works,BuildingsOffice

ofthe

ChineseUniversity

o f

Hong

Kong



— h

1 1 i 1 ÿ 1

C 0

o

Z Q ' ^ l l 2 < 2 ~

: ,

< C 0 O Z C

M o n t h

Me e No 1 Me e No 2 To a Consump on

n e ms o f e ec r c y consump on pe un g oss f oor aeaÿt ha sbeen

found tobe230kWh/m

2

1993/1994. Thesefigurescomparequitefavorably

withdatafrom

a

recentsurvey

of

someofficebuildings

in

HongKoiig

[30

’

31

l

Resultsfromthat surveyindicatethat energyconsumption in air-conditioned

officebuilding varies from about 200 kWh/m

2

to just over 400 kWh/m

2

.

Consumption in a particular office building depends very much on the

functions of the building, the population density and office equipment

required.

te

p r o

1

: 1994

<sBUi

tycngDecci-

l neel

M

w

#

:Ieg 1

En p

y EM

nthlthe(s¬

i

2

6 .

a?

u

" l g

450000

400000

350000

300000

250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

D

c

o

o .

B

3

O

o

6-6



Mj\r

I

—(~HhHh-H~ÿIN h

H~~~"""

A R COND T ON NG COOLING LOAD PROFILE

ns an aneous coo ng oad

o he

bu d ng

s

ca cu a ed

by

measu ng

he

c h e d wa e supp y

and

e u n empe a u e

and he

ch ed wa e f o w a e

h ough

he

bu d ng managemen sys em Read ng

aken from

0 00 o

24 00

and

yp ca summe

day

a cond on ng coo ng oad

and

ch ed wa e

supp y e um empe a u e prof es shown i n he F gu e 64 and 6 5 s

obse ved ha

he

da y a r-cond on ng coo ng oad prof e

and he

e ec r c y

consmnp on prof e

s m ar

n

va a on pa e n

expec ed

a

cond on ng sys em

s he

b gges e ec c y consum ng ns a a on

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o q o o o o o p o o o p p o p

o ^ n ^ w

o < S i

k d o

*

x

— t — t — r - t — r— t — t""" x— x— 0 4

C O C

Tlire

T r

accoimtiiig

for

over

50%ofthe

totElelectricitycoixsmxiption.

In

Figure 6.5ÿt



—

s

s

00

§

—

<s

o

cr

8

tn

o

ir>

O

800T––200

wo



all the majorenergyusersareidentified. I t i s

foundthat the mostsignificantareas ofenergyuseare air-conditioning. This

section will concentrate on the analysis of this area and established

preliminary energy maBagement opportunities (EMO). Detailed analysis

based

onthe

capital investmentÿayback periodÿtc.will

be

described

in the

lattersectionÿlongwithrecommendations

onthe

implementation.

7 . 2 CENTRAL REFRIGERATION PLANT A N D CHILLED WATER

SYSTEM

7.2.1 ChilledWaterSupply/ReturnTemperature

The

chilledwatersupplytemperature

is

maintained

at

6.5

0

C

and

9.0

o

C

at

day-time

and

night-time respectively

as

shown

on

Figure

6 .5 .

This

is

considered as an acceptable figure a s a design value

C3:2

l The differential

7-1



is about24

0

C for thermalcomfort.

Hencethereis3

0

C different inroomtemperaturewhichresultin excessenergy

use.

1

The

CharteredInstitution

of

BuildingServicesEngineers



no matterwhat is t heactual

occupation

of the

auditorium. Even when lectures

or

functions

are

finished,

theairhandlingunitwilloperate,until the scheduledfinishtime. Moreover,

somelighting inthe auditoriumwasstill on evenwhen the lectureor fonction

werefinished and the auditoriumunoccupied. Staffmay no t switchoff the

lights

andthe

air-conditioningsystem. Lights

and

air-conditioningremaining

on aftera lectureorfunctionwillresultin excessenergyuse.

7 .3 .2

General Offices

a n d

Laboratories

Fromsitesurvey i t wasindicatedalthough theaveragetemperature is

kept

at

24

0

C

?

some area

are

higher

or

lowerthanthatspecified

(as

reflected

fromthequestionnaires). Thismaybe due to theunevendistributionof the

supply a ir. T he air-conditioning layoutwas originallydesigned for an open

officesand laboratories. Partitioning,fullheight cupboard and cabinetÿnd

large size equipment were done and moved in after the completion o f t h e

ceilinglayout. T heresultisareuneventemperaturedistribution.

In some instances,blinds a re notused to effectivelycontrol sunlight

penetration into the buildingÿspecially in t he afternoon. Moreoverÿn

7 - 5



non-ventilated fluorescent luminaries provide artificial

lighting f or t he whole building. They are conventional lighting systems

without automatic time-based switch. There

i s n o

planned maintenance

or

replacementforthe lightingsystem.

In thisbuilding, theaveragelightingloaddensity is 30W/m which is

muchhigherthanthe energy-efficientrequirementof 20W/m

2[33:i

. Theaverage

lighting level measured in open plan office is about 5 50 lu x which is just

slightlyhigherthan500luxrecommended byCIBSEInteriorLightingCode.

T he lightings i n t h e perimeter area together with t he day light cause high

illuminationlevelof1000luxnearthewindows.

Manual on/off switching of lights is employed in t he officeareas.

Occupants

may

forget

to

switch

offthe

lightswhentheyleave

the

offices

and

laboratories.

A s th e

building

is

designed

as an

openoffices

and

laboratories,



it is found that most of the personal

computersinthe computerroomsareturnedo neventhoughthecomputersare

notusedby the students orstaff. Theheatrejectfrom the computerswould

increase t h e sensible load of the air-conditioning system and waste much

energy. Moreover,theunoccupiedcomputersstillconsumeenergythatwould

increase

the

electricityconsumption. Thissituation

was

muchworstespecially

in

lunchtime

and

afterschooltime.

7A 3

PlantRoom

Somemotors forventilation fansÿirhandling units andpumpswere

foundwith ratings exceeding their load requirement

i n the

building. These

causeinefficientoperation of the equipment andreduce the powerfactor for

th e electricalsystemof thebuilding. In th eexisting LV distributionsystem,

the

mainbusbar

do no t

havepower factorcorrection equipment installed

t o

copewiththesupplycompanyrequirement o fhavingnotlessthan0.85 power



status indicationÿemperature monitoringÿlarm indicationÿtatus

of

lighting switch f o r public areas, schedule start/stop f or a ir handling unitsÿ

chillerplantand publiclighting.

7-6



operator access and controlÿ

maintenance loggingÿime and special programmingÿemand limitingÿuty

cyclingÿraphicdisplaysystem,andpowerfailmotorre-startprogram.

Ofthe aboveinstalledsoftware or programÿnlyafeware beingused

bythe operator. Applicationof the programswouldbetterimprovebuilding

maintenance,function

and

energymanagement.

7 .6 .3

CurrentOperation

TheBMSis

mainlyused

for

startingsomeequipment.

The

monitoring

function

is

currently

not

folly functioning. Generally,

the

equipment,

especially the sensors and terminals,havenot beenre-calibrated or checked

sincecommissioning. A saresultthesignal/datafedbackfrom theBMSmay

notalwaysreflectthe actualconditionofthebuilding.



a questionnaire survey w a s carried o ut to g et t he

comments

and

opinionsfrom

the

occupants

ofthe

building.

In this questionnaire survey, 300 questionnaires were issued to th e

occupants a nd 173 numbers of questionnaires were collected from t h e staff

working

in the

EngineeringBuilding.

The

staff

of the

EngineeringBuilding

included of lecturers, technical staffÿdministrative staff an d postgraduate

studentswho have thepermanentofficesandworkplace in theEngineering

Building.

Other undergraduate students

are no t

treated

as the

target sample

because students have not permanent work place shall no t be taken into

consideration.Theyarenotstaying in thebuilding fo r morethanhalfday in

Hie

sameroom

or

location

to

give

a

trulysubjectivecomment

to the

building



the samplepopulation is restricted tothestaffofthe

EngineeringBuildingonly. Sampleofthe questionnaireisshownin Appendix

A.

Their subjectivefeeling

of the

workingenvironment

a re

summarized

in

terms

of a i r

temperatureÿirmovement,humidity

and

lightingcondition,

are

shown

in

Figure

8.1,8.2,8.3and8.4.

QUESTIONNAIRE

The questionnaires are prepared in a simplified format that allow

respondentseasily to select theiropinions to theworkingenviromnent. The

answersarearrangedinaformof multi-choicestylewithrankingin orderwith

respect

t o the

various thermal comfortcriteria

o f the

environment, such

as,

very strong,just right and very weak etc.(sample of questionnaire refer to

Appendix

A).

Thermal comfort

is

expression

of

human's thermal sensation

o f t he

interactionbetween

h is

body

andthe

enviromnent.

The

heatbalance

of

this

interaction will depend on a combination of the following six major

parameters

[62]

:

(1) A irtemperature

(2 ) Meanradianttemperature





excessivehumiditylevelsmaybedetrimentalto

the

building envelop

or

cause indoor

air

quality problems

by

encouragingmouldgrowth

and

shouldtherefore

be

avoided.

Lighting condition of the room

Basically,lightingintensity of theluminaries isnotthecriteria

for

thermalcomfort. However,

thelow

illuminationlevelwill



to certain extent, people will feel uncomfortable

with toohigho r too low illumination levelÿence t he it will

haveindirecteffect onthe thermalcomfortcondition.

8 .3 RESULTOFTHE QUESTIONNAIRE

8.3.1

General

From

th e

collected questionnairesÿt

w as

foundthat about

83% o f

respondentsaremaleand 17%ofrespondentsarefemale. Generally,thereare

tw o groupso fnormalworkinghoursclassified as follows:

Natureo fWork

WorkingHours

Generalofficework

9:00to 17:00

Laboratoryworkfor undergraduate

students

9:00to 17:00

Laboratoryworkfor postgraduate

students

10:00to

23:00

Table

8.1

WorkingHoursSchedule

ofthe

EngineeringBuilding



comfort air-conditioning should provide

a

thermal environment

acceptable t o 80% or more o f th e occupants. It appears that t h e space is

slightlyover-cooled and the air-conditioning is slightlyover-provided. A s a

result,energywastageoccurred inair-conditioninginstallation.

Figure

8.1

Response

of

People

toAir

Temperature

Aboutnght

76%

Slightcool co ld

10% o%

Hot

0%

3% 7%

a

AmericanSocietyof Heating,RefrigerationandAir-conditioningEngineers



fromFigure 8.5ÿt found

ou t

that

the

response frommale

and femalerespondents about t h e thermal comfort a re totally different. It

seem that among

t h e

male respondents, they tend

to

prefer slightly cooler

environmentthantheirfemalecolleague.

Itmay d u e t o t he

factthatfemales

are always wear light dressing, such ¶ gh b ouse and acke The e o eÿ

females will more easily feel cold compare

to

males

in

this Engineering

Building.

Figure Cdmparison ofResponse toAirTemperaturebetvueen

Made andFemale

50

Y

0

ÿ

0

10



the humidity

of the

room

is

acceptable

by

over

90% of the

occupants(see Figure8.3)within thecomfortrange of relativehumidity(i.e

50%to60%).

Figure8.2 Responseof PeopletoAirMovement

Just right

unc omfor ta bl e Str onga cc eptable

0 %

3

o

/ o

Figure8.3 ResponseofPeopleto RoomHumidity

Justright



therespondents

sit

next

tothe

walls

or

partitionssaid

that

the

lighting level

is

slightly dark becausewalls

or

partitionswithdark

colourwouldhaveseriously

onthe

illuminancelevel

ofthe

rooms.

In

general,

it is believed that the lighting conditions of the building are generally

acceptabletothe occupants.

Figure8.4 ResponseofPeoplet o Lighting Condition

Justbright

9 2

T o o dark

0%

Slightlydark

Slightlybright

T o o

bright

3%

5% 0%

8-9



the energy conservation measure

may be

divided

into

3

categoriesaccording

tothe

level

of

investment

[36]

ÿamely:

-

no/lowcostmeasures

(ECO

Category

I)

-

mediumcostmeasures

(ECO

Category

II)



medium

and

highcostnormallyreflect

the

levels

of

expenditure

for

whichdifferentauthority

or

institute

i s

required.

The followingproposedenergyconservationmeasures arebasedonthe

analysisandauditedresultdescribed intheSection 5ÿand 7ÿnd dividedinto

th e followingsixareas:

-

centralrefrigerationplant

and

chilledwater system,

-

ventilation

and

air-conditioningsystem,

-

electricitysupply

and

lightingsystem,

-

liftsinstallationÿnd

-

buildingmanagementsystem.

9 .2 CENTRAL REFRIGERATION PLANT AND CHILLED WATER

SYSTEM

The central air-conditioning system uses approximately 5 0% o f th e

total electricity energy u se o f t h e whole building a n d consisted of a large

number of energyconsumptionequipment,such as chillerplant, airhandling

units, and fa n coil units. Thereforeÿt provides great opportunities fo r

9-2



hencesavemoremoney.

Centralrefrigerationplantand chilledwatersystemscome inavariety

of types and configurations. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness o f any

proposedinitiativewithinthisarea ofapplicationwillbehighlydependenton

theexistingequipmentconfigurations. Themostcost-effectiveinitiativeswill

normally involve the improvement of system controls, and the development

an dimplementationofappropriatesystemmanagementstrategies toovercome

designproblemswith theexistingequipment. Thereplacementofequipment

isseldomfeasibleÿnlessmajorreflirbishmentaretotakeplace.

Optimize Chiller Operation

by

Existing

BMS (ECO I)

A s mentioned in the Section 5.3.1ÿperation o f the chillerplant a re

according toapre-settedtimeschedule intheexisting BM S . Itdoesnot folly

utilize

the

function

ofBMSto

control

the

operation

of the

chillerplant

The

existing building management system (B MS ) m ay b e used to optimize or

advise the operators on the start/stop and operationsequence of chillers and

th e associated chilled water pumps according to th e characteristics of th e

chillers,

the

building cooling load fluctuation

and the

cooling load

calculations^

52

].



C in summerÿ.50 inintermediateseasonsand 20 in winter).

Duringwintertimeÿutdoortemperaturemaybewellbelowthe indoor

temperature

by5

0

Cor

more,shutting

offthe

chilledwaterplant

and

regulate

th e freshair damper a t t he a i r handling plant using outdoor a i r fo r winter

coolingwillsaveenergy inmostareasofthebuilding.



andmotorefficiencyimprovements.

Configuration improvements refer

t o t he u se o f

fans

in

outdated

or

inefficientair-conditioning system layoutsÿr

to the use of

more appropriate

fan

types.

In the

first caseÿnergy savings

are

achieved

by

modifying

the

existing air-conditioning system

to

achieve

a

more efficientoperation.

The

mostcommon

of

these modifications

is to

convert

an

existing system

t o a

variable

air

volumesystemÿllowing

the

fans

t o

reducetheiroperationsduring

times

o f lo w

air-conditioning load. Some fans

m ay be

removed entirelyÿ

depending

onthe

initialsystemconfiguration.

Control improvements refer

to the

installation

o f

control functions

which a r e appropriate t o t h etype of systemÿo reduce total running hoursÿ

and/or

t o

reduceoperations

t o

suit

the

actualdemands

on the

system,such

as

th e installation of variables speed controls o n fanswhich m ay be operated

frompressuresensors

in

ductwork[

41

]-

A

largenumber

of

smallerair-conditioning

and

fansunits

are

supplied

as

pre-assembledpackagedunits.

The

selection

ofa

unitwith

a

high-efficiency



andwouldinvolvecostly

and

lengthydelays.

I n th e

largerbuilt-upair-conditioningandventilation systemsÿhemotorisspecified

separatelyÿnd

is

readilyinterchangeablewithhigh-efficiencyversions.

The

motors

in

some

o f t h e

packaged units

can

also

be

eventually replacedwith

higherefficiencyversions

[38

l

9.3.1 Auditorium

(b )

Control

the

Operating Time

of

Air-conditioning System According

to the Actual BuHding Occupancy (ECO I)

A s

mentioned

in

Section 7.3.1ÿheoperation

oftheair

handlingunit

is

according to a pre-setted time schedule. Howeverÿost of the time th e

auditorium

i s

unoccupied

or

partialoccupied. Therefore,reducing

the

internal

sensibleload

in the

auditorium

by

turning

o f f

somelightingluminaries

may

reduce t h e energy consumption. Lighting and air-conditioning should be

controlled according

to the

actual occupancy,

no t to the

pre-scheduled timeÿ

and

turned

off

duringlunchtime

and

unoccupiedperiod.



auditoriumcould

b e

modified

to

providebetter

air

distributionpattern

to

allow

an

increase

in

temperature

to

24

0

Cwhich

isthe

comfortdesigntemperature^

28

^.

Freshairquantitiescouldbereducedfor auditoriumduring thelunchtimeand

low occupancyperiod. Exactfreshair quantity should bechecked to ensure

conformitywithdesign

and

existing occupancy. Saving

can be

achieved

by

modulation

ofthe

supply

air

flowrateaccording

tothe

occupancypatterns,

or

by

sensing

theair

quality. Soÿulti-speedmotors

forthe

fresh

air

unitcould

be adoptedto reducethefreshairquantityduringlow occupancyperiod

1501

.

Regularcleaning

of

cooling coil

of the a ir

handlingunit

can

increase

th e

heattransferefficiency

ofthe

equipment,hence,reduce

the

chilledwater

demand for cooling purpose and conserve energy for thermal comfort

40

].

Furthermore,

in

order

to

reduceheatloss

and

heatgainÿepair insulationwhere

tornoff.



staff should be encourage to reduce energy u se by switching o f f the

lighting

and

air-conditioningunitwhen

a

room

is

unoccupied.

The

fresh

air

loadofthe pre-treatedairhandlingunitmaybereducedduringthelunchtime

andbeforeandafterthegeneraloccupiedhours.

(b)

Reset

the

Thermostat

to

25.5^C

(ECO I)

During thesite surveyÿt w a sfoundthatsomeofthethermostatshave

temperaturesetting at20

o

Cfortheofficeareas. Energyconservationmaybe

achieved by resetting thethermostat to25,5

0

Cratherthanlowerthan20

o

Cin

order

to

have

a

comfort condition.

On the

other handÿaunch

a

energy

conservationcampaignandeducatepeopleto switchofflightsÿquipmentand

air-conditioning units during lunch time and after office hours. Alsoÿ

encourage

theuseof

blinds

in

summer

can

save

a

certainamount

of

money.

9-8



it

was

found that

the

lighting

and air-

conditioning of someof theofficeareas stilloperated afterofficehours and

duringlunchtime. Thereforeÿt

is

recommended

to

install

a

localtimerwith

manualbypass switch

for the

officearea

and se t the

light switchingtime

to

correspondingwith theofficehour. A manualbypass device is required to

switch

onthe

lightsagainwheneverover-timework

is

necessary.



Similar

to

problem described

in

Section 9.3.2.2, people

are

easy

to

forget to turn o ff th e lighting and air-conditioning when the rooms are

unoccupied. W e caninstallprogrammableinfra-redmovementsensorsforthe

detection of occupancy in officesto switchoff the lighting and the fancoil

units when

t he

offices

are

unoccupied, especially during

t he

lunch time

is

anotheralternativemeasure

to

reduce

the

energyconsumption.

9 4 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY A ND LIGHTING SYSTEM

9 A 1 Plant and Equipment

(a )

Power Factor Compensator

(ECO // HI)

F or th e

motor equipment,

a

power factor compensator (localize

capacitor) m ay be used to raise t he power factor t o 0 .9 when motor is in

operation

1

-

381

. Moreover,power factorcorrectionequipmentmaybe added to

the busbar riser to reduce the demand cost o f the maximum demand tariff.

This is th e least expensive method of reducing the reactive power of th e

system.

9-10



resulting

in furthersavings.

The total energy saving potential in lighting systems using the

technologies available today

is

estimated

to be a

significant

35% of th e

existing consumption

[54

l It is estimated that 20% of energy management

initiativesi n thisareacanbeachievedwithin a2-yearpaybackÿnd afurther

15%

with

a

paybackgreaterthan

2

years

3

.

Furthermore, the officeequipment i s themajorcomponent o f energy

consumerintheoffices,electronicequipmentisthemajorsource ofthisload.

Althoughtheapplication of thesesystem isincreasing at staggering ratesÿhe

energy efficiencyof the technology h as improved at rÂh gh enough a e o

supp ess any nc ease o f ene gy use

[54

S ephen Pup ÿirector,EMETConsultants

9-II



add pilot lights outsideroomswhere

thereisno otherexternalindicationthatlightshavebeenlefton.

Illumination Levels and Task Lighting (ECO II)

To

conserveenergy

for

lighting

by

reducingIlluminationlevelswhere

they need

not be

high

and

removing

or

disconnecting excess lighting

altogether. Convertuniformlighting systems

to

non-uniform,

so

that each

distinctfunctionalareawithin thebuildingandthediscretetaskswhichoccur

within

t h e

same room

are

lighted only

to th e

lighting levels

an d

quality

required

for

eachtask,

and

only

forthe

periodwhen

the

tasksoccurÿspecially



wallsÿnd floors

by

cleaning or by painting with colors of higher reflectance^

441

to increase the

surfacereflectance. Since, greater reflectanceenhances

t h e

performance

of

daylight as well as artificial lighting. Remove the louvers or lens from t h e

fixture where

no

critical reading

or

writing tasks

are

involved, such

asÿ

corridors,staircases,storewithhighceilingsÿquipment

and

plant roomÿtc.

Install Local Timer (ECO U)

Time-based on/off switching

of

bulk lighting

to

match

t h e

normal

working

d ay

with localmanual reset

to

cater

f o r

special equipment. Timer

controlsaimed

at

reducing

the

operation

of

lighting system outside

the

hours

of normaloperation, or whenstaffarenot at theirdesks. Thesecantake the

formo fcentralcontrolledsystems, o rlocalresetorindividualswitches.

9-13





week-endsÿolidays

and

slack periods during lunch time. Where security

arrangementspermit, educate staff to walk up an d down one flight of stairs

ratherthan to use verticaltransportation zoneare also effectivemeasures to

reduce

the

energy

usein

liftsinstallation.

9 - / 5





PAU foreach floor.

As mentioned in the previous sectionsÿ large proportion of energy

costsareforthechillerplant

[571

. Therefore,lj su ab e p og am emp oyed for

ch er sequenc ng con o wou d educe he excess u e o f ene gy bu s

9-17







how long is it until th e

investorreceivesenoughbenefitstoatleastcoverhisinvestcosts? Thereare

tw o possibleways to usingpaybackperiodindecisions:

a)

Accept

any

project which repays

t h e

initial outlay within

a

targetperiod.

b) Rankprojectsaccording to thetimetaken to repay the initial

outlay.

Simplepaybackperiod (SPP)canbe regardasthemostsimplestform

of

evaluationtechnique.

T he

calculation

ofitis

simply:

SPP =

CapitalCost

AnnualrevenueCost

ÿ0-2



the final

judgmentisdependsontheinvestor'sinvestmentplanningandpolicy.

10 2 2 Net Present Value

The calculation of the ne t presentvalue (NPV) o f aprojectinvolves

discountingallthe cashflowsofaprojectto theirpresentvaluesandsumming

th e

results

[58,59

l

Thene t

presentvalue

maybe

used

intwo

ways:

a) Acceptanyprojectwhichhasapositivenetpresentvaluewhen

discountedbytheappropriaterateofinterest.

b)

Rankprojectsaccording

tothe

size

o f

theirpresentvalues.

The net present value of the relevant benefits ( BJ and costs ((¾

regarding the investment on l j bu d ng se v ces sys em based on a d scoun

a e

can be

ca cu a ed

by

N P V = K B t - Q - a +r )

1

whe e = yea numbe ÿ

n = finalyearnumber

10-3



a simplepaybackperiodanalysismaybe used. Alsoÿhe

data f o r capital investment are obtained from the electrical a nd mechanical

installationcontractorsand/orequipmentsuppliers, andannualcostsaving are

calculated

asthe

followingsections.

In

generalÿnergyconservationopportunities

(ECO)

category

II

would

have

a

payback

of

lessthan

2

years

and

category

III

wouldhave

a

payback

periodof2to4years

[54]

. Forsimplicitypurpose,simplepaybackperiodover

theseshort

imesÿhe

nflation

and

discountrates

maybe

neglected.

10-4



respectively. By using th e B MS controlÿhe optimise number of

chiller

tobe

operated

at

siunmerseason

istwo(2)atday

time

andone

(1)atnighttime. On theotherhand,the requirednumberofchillerfor

winterseasonisone(1)forthewholeday. Therefore,energysaving

canbecalculatedasfollows>

10-5



§ ÿ O ? ^ § C 3 § S §

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dioor oioioh idf Ld

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w o g

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3 Q ^

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p s

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0 o o

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C _ õ

£

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e ^ E

3 C 05

g 8 J

0

u

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< D C M ^

^ 0) g

R | O

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m C

s H < O

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cm"

ud

Jel__llo

s

t

s

s

u

j

^



and the pre-scheduled operating time of the air-conditioning

system is nine hours p er day. That means, only 55 % of th e p re -

10-7



it isslightlyaffectedbythe

solarloadandgreatlydependonthe occupancyonly.

Power consumption of the air-

conditioning plant for the

auditoriumbeingunoccupied

28kW

N o s. of

hour

of the

auditorium

beingunoccupied

9-5=4hrs

Totalenergysavingforelectricity

consumption

28x4=112kWhr

Costo felectricity HK$0.65/kWhr

Moneysaving

perday

112x0.65=HK$72.80

Theannualcostsaving(excludingtheSundayandpublicholidays)

=72.80x297=HK$21,621.60 (say HK$22,000.00)

10-8



Thepowerconsumptiontotheair-conditioningplantisthesum

of

powerinput

totheair

handlingunit

andtothe

chillerrequired

to providethecoolingload.

2 . The

powerconsumption

ofthe

variable

and

constantspeed

air

handlingunit

is

based

onthe

equipmentcatalogues.

The

annualcostsaving(excluding

the

Sunday

and

publicholidays)

=31.14

x297: HK$

9,248.58

(sayHK$

9,200.00)

10-9





that

can

turn

off

thefan coilunitduringlunchtime (1hour).

Power consumption of smallest

fan coilunits

3 k W

Energy saving for electricity

consumption

3x1= 3 kW hr

Costofelectricity HK$0.65/kWhr

Moneysaving

perday

3x0.65

=HK$ 1.95

The annualcostsaving(excludingtheSundayandpublicholidays)

=1.95x297=HK$

579.15

(sayHK$

500.00)

10-11







the lighting level may be reduced to 350 lux.

Therefore,

it may

reduceabout

20% of the


in

lighting. The lighting installation consumed about 17% of th e total

buildingelectricityconsumption.

Power consumption by lighting

installation

650x0.17=110.5kW

Operating time of the lighting

installation

9hoursperday

Totalenergysavingfor electricity

consumption

110.5x

9x0,2

=

198.90kWhr

Cost

o f

electricity

HK$0.65/kWhr

Moneysaving

perday

198.9x0.65=HK$ 129.29

The annualcostsaving(excludingtheSundayandpublicholidays)

=129.29

x297=HK$

38,397.65

(sayHK$

38,000.00)

10-14













theChinaLight

&

Power

Co.Ltd.

onlyissue

one

electricitybill

to

cover

allofthe

buildings

ofthe

University.

A s a

resultÿt

is

impossible

toget

separateelectricitybillfortheEngineeringBuilding. Fortunately,thebuilding

maintenance and operation team of the Chinese University have routine

monthlyrecord

of


for

eachbuilding.

B y using the electricity consumptionrecords of the past monthsÿhe

electricity consumption patterns of the Engineering Building are obtained.

However,only theelectricityconsumptionunits are gotÿhe actual electricity

bills a r e unknown. The calculations of the electricity tariff o f the Chinese

Universityare differentfromothercommercial and industrialbuilding. The

power company will treat

the

Chinese University

as a

large electricity

consumptionowner,

a

speciallydiscountrates

are

takeninto

the

calculation

of

the tariff.

11 2 2 Cooling Load Calculation

The cooling loadcalculationof theEngineeringBuilding is based on

th e data logging from the buildingmanagement system through the sensor,

outstation

and

personal computer.

The

chilled water supply

and

return

temperature and chilledwatersupplyflowratearemeasuredevery 10minutes

/ / - 2



there orenomajoralternation

11-3



the power consumption

of the

fluorescentlamp

and

air-conditioningunits

maybe

varied.

11-4



the management should be able to determine whichECO

proposedaretobeimplementedandanactionplancanthenbedrawnup.

11 3 1 Maintenance Record

By

using

the

energy conservationrecordbookÿhich shallinclude

all

identificationprofilesand initialenergyaudit,maintain amimingdiaryofall

actions adopted to implement the energy conservation opportunities. By

comparethedailyÿonthly oryearlyenergyconsumptionunit (e.g.kWhr)we

canget a

detailedenergyconsumptionprofile

ofthe

building. However,

the

electricitybillwill

notbea

goodindicator

for

energyconsumptionsincethere

willbevariationofenergycostwithtime.

11-5



tubes,louversandfixtures;nextÿeplace

lampswithones

of

lowerwattage,

or

with lamps

or

tubesthatprovidemore

lumens

per

watt. Removelampsfromfixtureswhen

the

tasks

donot

require

th e currentilluminationlevels.

11-6





it is hard to findoutasignificantdata of energy consumption for

each service without adequate preparation

for

instrumentation.

Say for

instance,eachbuildingservices equipment shall

be

equipped with individual

volt meter, ammeter meter and electricity consumption (kWhr) meter to

measuretheactualenergyconsumptionthrougha well-calibrateddatalogging

system.

The

otherproblemsencountered

in

thiscasestudieswere

the

time

and

equipment available f o r collecting electricity consumption data. Basically,

datameasurementplay

an

important role

to

establish

a

throughout building

energy audit. It is because inadequate data measurement cannot reflect the

actual energyconsumptionpatternswith seasonalvariation

for

eachbuilding

servicesequipmentofthebuilding. Inthiscasestudies, Ijustgotaboutone

yearrecord

forthe

energyconsumption

ofthe

wholebuilding

for

analysis.

12-1



temperature sensor, chilled water flow meter, current

transformer

for

voltage

and

currentmeasurement,

and the

interfacesbetween

th e

measurement equipment

to the

computer

of the

central building

management system have

not a

comprehensive technical detail

and

information about their sensitivity and accuracy of measurement. The

accuracy

ofthe

measureddatabecame

a

greatquestion

for

consideration.

Even though there were several weaknesses in th e case studies of

building energy auditÿ

got

some ideas

and

appreciated

t he

procedures

f o r

building energy audit. Firstly

of all, I go t a

chance

to

identify

the

major

energyconsumptionequipmentofthebuilding. I twasfoundedthatthecentral

air-conditioningsystem consumed over half

of the

total electricity energy

of

th e

building.

It

provided great opportunities

for

energy conservation

measurement

tobe

implemented,since

the

systemconsisted

ofa

widerange

of

energy consmnption equipment, such asÿhiller plant, chilledwater pumps,

fan

coil unitsÿir handling unitsÿnd ventilating fans,

e tc.. In

addition

t o

central air-conditioning system, lighting installation

is the

other most

concerned equipment f o r energy conservation because o f its long operation

hours.



it w as foundthat t he effectiveenergy conservation measures were

related the application of central buildingmanagement system (BMS) to the

central air-conditioning system. By application of BM S to optimise th e

operation of the chiller plantÿhe estimated amount of annual cost is

H K $

100

5

000.00(calculated

in

Section 10.3.1).

I t is

clearlyindicatedthatwith

th e advancedtechnology in DirectDigitalControl (DDC) andBMS, we can

reduce

the

operation cost

of the

chiller plant

and

minimize

the

general

operationandmaintenancecostof thebuilding. Therefore, theBMS play an

importantrole in buildingservicesdesignandoperationtomaintaina n energy

efficientoperatedbuilding.

Onthe

otherhand,

in

order

to

carry

outthe

energy

conservationmeasures inanexistingbuilding, an effectiveandwell-prepared

building energy audit appears

to be the key

factor

for

successful

implementation.

12-3



it

is

observed that there

is an

immense

potential

for

achievingcost-effectiveimprovements

tothe

energyefficiency

of

buildings.

The

energysavings

maybe

achieved

by

identifyingenergywaste

and process inefficiencies. Energy waste, likemotors ruxming unloaded o r

lightingleft

o n

during non-production periodsÿan

be

controlled

b y a

good

energyconservationprogram

or the

installation

of

automaticcontrols. Plant

equipmentmodificationsand/orcontrolsystemimprovements

canbe

designed

using

the

energymanagementsysteminformation

andthe

improvements

can

be

monitored

to

determine

the

level

o f

savingsachieved.

The

lack

ofany

realcouplingbetweeneconomics

andthe

environment,

and in the presentcontext between the economics of energy supply and i ts

12-4



through client education

and

participation

and a

coordinatedandprofessionalapproachbytheindustry.

Such

a

policy would

not

simply cover energy conservation

in

buildings,importantasthatmaybe. Developmentofthepolicywouldneedto

includealsoconsideration of such things as energyaspects of transportation

policyÿhirdpattyfinancingof energyefficientappliances,labeling ofenergy-

consumingproducts,setting ofperformanceoremissionstandards forenergy

conversion, supply or utilization,organization ofinformationcampaigns and

establishinganagencytopromoteenergyefficiency.

/ 2 - 5



Census

and

Statistics Departmentÿong Kong Energy Statistics 1979-1989,

The

GovernmentPrinterÿongKong.

ASHRAEStandard90A-1980ÿnergy Conservation

in New

Building Design

AmericanSociety of Heating,Refrigerating,andAir-ConditioningEngineers,

1980,

HongKongGovernment,IndustrialProductionStatistics Section,Census

and

Statistics Department, Hong Kong Monthly Digest

of

Statistics

-

February

99 ÿ

Tse

Vincent.

&

Chan

T . K .,

“Experience with Building Energy Audit

and

Management for Building Energy Conseryation", The Symposium of

Environmental Impact

on

Building Services Engineering,

T he

Hong Kong

Institution

of

Engineers

1994.

D r.

Stuart

B.

Reed

?

"The Use &

Misuse

of

Energy

in

Hong Kong-

Environmental Implications”ÿhe Energy Symposium Proceedings

KongInstitutionof Engineers 1991.

Planning,Environment

and

LandsBranchÿovernment Secretariat,

The

Hong

Kong Environment: A Green Challenge for the Community

t he 1989

White Paper, "Pollution

in

Hong Kong

- A

time

to

actÿhe

GovernmentPrinterÿongKong.

Joseph

C . Lam&

Keith

R.

Roper, "EnergyConservation

in

Buildings”ÿhe

Energy Symposium Proceedings

1991.

PaulIh-feiLiu

?

Introduction

to

Energy

and the

Environment,

V a n

Nostrand

Reinhold

1993.

RonaldSydneyChin,

The

Energy Scene

a nd

Sustainable Energy

Use

Through

Technology,EnergySpecialist SupportGroup'sEnergy

and

EnergyEfficient,

BuildingServicesDesignSeminars,

May 1994.

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Energy 2000:

A

Global Strategy

for

Sustainable Development,

Z ed

Books

Ltd.ÿondonandNew Jersey.

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Trends, Future Prospects



Hong Kong

Engineer

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Conservation: An Overview of Energy Conservation in Buildings",

Green

Productivity, 1991No . l .

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Review,ResearchReportBC/91/01ÿepartment ofBuildingandConstruction,

CityPolytechnic

of

HongKong,

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16. Lam C. Josephÿui C. M . Sam & Chan L. S. Apple, “Overall Thermal

TransferValueControl ofBuildingEnvelopedDesignPart1»OTTV Lmsÿ

Hong Kong Engineer,August 1993.

17. Lam C. Joseph, H ui C. M . Sam & Chan L. S. Apple, “Overall Thermal

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of

Building EnvelopedDesign Part

2 -

Parameters",

Hong Kong Engineer,September 1993.

18.

Handbook

on

Energy Conservation

in

Buildings

and

Building Services,

Development

and

Building Control DivisionÿMinistry

of

National

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19. Tse

Vincent,Chan

K. T”

Chan

T.

K.ÿheung

K.P. ,

DunnAlanÿau

K . M.ÿ

L o T. T.

5

M ui Dennis, So Alfred,Tang Michael and T ao Edwin, "OTTV

Control: Building Services Division Comments", Hong Kong Engineer^

January1993.

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Kong Engineer,February 1991.

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Overview, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

(OECD)Publications.

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OxfordUniversityPress1987.

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and

MaintenanceManners'

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December

1993,

25.

Blake JamesÿEngineering Challenges

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13-2



The Energy Symposium Proceedings,TheHongKongInstitution of

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27. Reed S. B

.ÿ

Environmental Protection - Hong Kong 1987

”ÿ

ong Kong

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Interior Lighting 1984

30. Lam C.

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Li K.

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Survey for CLP Head Off ceÿ

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an d

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for

Hotel Nikko Hong Kong

Department of Building and Construction, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong,

April 1993.

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Occupancy,AmericanSociety ofHeatingÿefrigerationandAir-conditioning

Engineers,Altanta.

35. LybergM.D

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ource Book for Energy Auditors, Volume 1 2

EnergyAgency1987.

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Institutiono fBuildingServicesEngineers.

37. Freeman Peter,

Energy Auditing for Conservation,

University of Bradford

PostgraduateSchool o fStudiesinScienceandSocietyÿ993.

38

#

Thumaim Albert, Energy Conservation

in

Existing Buildings Deskbook

y

FairmontPress, Inc.1992.

39 . Haberl J. S

.ÿ

mith L. K"ÿCoony K .P & S em

Building Energy Consumption Analysis: Applications at a University Campus.

ÿ3-3



Electrical & Mechanical Services Department,

Hong Kong Govermnent, Energy Conservation in Buildings

GovernmentPrinter.

41. ChowT . T . &Lam C. Joseph,“EnergyConservation in Building Services",

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1991No .l

4 2 . L in C. M . &

Ching

M . K .

EricÿEnergyAudit

- A

SystematicApproach

to

SaveMoney

”ÿ

ong Kong Engineer,March 1991.

4 3 . Bradley GeoffreyÿhillisA . G . Ian & Tao H. C . EdwinÿThe Roleo f the

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Monthly ConsumptionDataCan Help -Pre-screeningIndices for an Energy

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Building Services Engineering

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13-5



Thisquestionnaireisfor researchpurpose and allthe informationwill be treated in

strictconfidence.

Pleasecompletethisquestionnaireand return it to Mr Li Ka-mingeither by mailto

the Buildings Officeof the CUHK or by fax (2603 5415) not later than 20 January

1995.

Pleasetick "Z" as appropriateandfillintheblank.

Department

:

Floor

no. :

Date

:

Time

:

1. Sex :

Male Female

2.

Normalworkinghour

:

Fri ÿ

rom

Sat :

From

Sun :

From

Lunchhour

:

From to

Laboratorywork

Others

Nature

of

work

Seated,generalofficework

Lifting/Packing



shortsleeve

Light

longsleeve

Heavy

Trousers Slacks

Light Light

Heavy Heavy

Jacket

Dress

Light

Light

Heavy

Heavy

Jacket

Light

Heavy

What do you feelabouttheairtemperatureofthe room in which you areworking?

Cold Cool Slightlycool

Aboutright Slightlywarm Warm Hot

What isyourcomment on theairmovement?

Too strong,uncomfortable Strongÿcceptable Justright

Weak,acceptable Tooweakÿncomfortable

What isyourcomment on humiditylevel?

Veryhumid Humid Slighthumid

Justright Slight dry Dry Verydry

Areyou

sittingnear

the

window?

Yes No

10. Areyou sittingneartheair-conditioningoutlet(airgrille)?



electric typewriter,

etc.)

duringworkinghour?

Yes No

Please list

the

type

and the

approximate operating hours

(hrs. per day) of

each electric

equipmentyou used:

Type

of

electricequipment Approximateoperatinghours

hrs.perday)

Thank you for your co-operation)

PleasereturnthecompletedquestionnairetotheBuildingsOffice of the CUHK or by fax

(2603-5415) on orbefore20January 1995.



°C DBÿ6% RH

Winter 10

o

CDBÿ0%RH

Internal Condition^

281

Internal design conditions

f o r

each area

a re in

accordancewith

the

following

designparameters:

Location

Summer

Relative

Winter

Design Humidity Design

Temp

(C

0

)

(%)

Temp

(C

0

)

Professoroffice

24

55

20

Lectureroffice

24 55

20

Openplanoffice

24

55

20

Generaloffice

24

55

20

Auditorium

24 55

20

Foyer

24 55

20

Classroom

24

55

20

Seminarroom 24 55 20

Readingroom

24 55

20

Computerlab

24 55 20

Teachinglabforundergraduates

24 55

20

Conferenceroom 24

55

20

Staffcommonroom

24

55

20

Studentunion

24

55

20

Studentcommonroom

24 55 20

Copy/store

24

55

N

En ance oye

26

-

L i f t obby

26

-

Corr dor

26

55 -

Pan y

26

- -

The a cond on ng prov s on s based on he fo ow ng daa

a

B u d n g ab c w h

he

fo ow ngU ac o s

G az ng = 56 W m

2o

C

W a = 31 W m

2o

C

R o o f

= 06

W m

2o

C

Par on 33 W m

2o

C



= 9:00-17:00

auditoriumandreadingroom

2 Lighting System

The

designlightinglevel

ofall

majorareas

inthe

building

are

based

on

the recommendation laid down by The CIBSE

a

Code fo r Interior Lighting

1 9 8 4 _ a s

follow:

Location Lightinglevel

(lux)

Office

500

Circulationarea

150

Waitingarea

200

Conference 500

Laboratory 500

Computerroom 500

Pantry 300

Documents

FullText.pdf Thesis Energy Audit China