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1

1

i

PLUTARCH'S LIVES,

TBAMSLATED IROK

THE ORIGINAL GREEK ;

WITH

NOTES CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL,

t

AND A

LIFE OF PLUTARCH,

BY JOHN IAN6H0ENE, D. D. WILLIAM LAN6H0RNE, A. M.

A NEW EDITION,

IN SEC VOLUMES. WITH CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS BY

THE REV. FRANCIS WRANGHAM, M.A. F.R.S.

VOL. IV.

LONDON:

Printed by W. Flint, Old Bailer,

roR J. MAWMAN; 1. JOHNSON; F. C. AND J. RIVINOTON; R. PAULDER; W. CLARKE AND SONS i WILKIE AND ROBINSON; J. WALKER; G. ROBIN- SON; CADELL ANb DAVIFiS; VERNOR.HOOD, ANDSHARPE; F.WINGRAVE; LONGMAN, HUBST, REES AND ORME; DARTON AND HARVET; B. CROSBY AND CO.; J. RICHARDSON; J. M. RICHARDSON ; J. BOOKER ; BLACK, PARRY, AND KINGSBURY ; J. HATCHARD ; P. AND W. WYNNE ; J. MURRAY i AND WILSON AND SON, YORK.

1809.

Ky^

s'

V

I ^ - r :

\/

.c

s

CONTENTS

OV THE

FOURTH VOLUME.

PAGE

Agesilaus I

Pompey 61

Alexander ........... 185

Julius Casar 316

Phocion 434

C^to the Younger . . , 476

Jgis and Cleomenes . . 572

K^

THE

LIFE

OF

AGESILAUS.

SUMMARY.

''igesilims* bhrthy edudaHon, tharacter, and appearance* Aps does not acknomledgt Iieotyckidas at his sort, till his last sickness, AgesUauSj by Lysendtf^s interest j deprives him of the crd$tard, and couaequently had no right to it. The ^nerality indeed of the citizens knowing the vir- tues of . Agesilaus, and that he had been educated with themselves in all the severity, of Spartan dis* ciptioe, concurred with pleasure in the project.

There was tlien at Sparta a soothsayer named Diopithes, well versed m ancient prophecies, and supposed, to bean able interpreter of every thing rekUtve. to. the gods. This person represented it as contrary to the divine will, that a lame man should occupy the throne of Sparta; and on the day, upon which the point was to be decided^ he publicly read thi oracle :

Illos^rions, Sfarta^ as thou art, beware, J^est a lame ^ government thy strength impair : AVoe unforeseen shall be thy certain doom, And \fwc*s strong tide shali whelm thee In the totab.

I^sander observeer8on, >vho was not a genuine descendant qf Hercules, ft^r that would mak^ the government itself lame. Agesilaus added, that Neptune had borne witneasto the bastardy of Leotychidiis, ^a throwing Agi out of his hed by aa earthquake , upward often nionths after which Leotychidas was born ; though Agis did not co- habit with Timaea duripg the whole of that period.

5y thesp meaps Agesilaus gained the diadem, and at the same time was put into possession

' See Life of Lysajid. and also Fab. in JusUn. tI. 2. * Xenoph. Helien. iii.

6 AGESILAUS.

of Agis* private fortune, Leotychidas being re- jected on account of his illegitimacy. Observing however that his relations by the mother's side though men of merit, were very poor, lie distri- buted among them a moiety of the estate : thus the inheritance procured him respect and hcmo^r, instead of envy and aversion.

By obedience to the laws of his country, as Xtnophon informs us, Agesrlaus gained so much power, that his will was never disputed. The case was as follows : The principal authority was at that time in the hands of the Ephori and the senate. The former were annual magistrates; and the members of the latter had their office for life. They were both, as we have observed in the Life of Ly- curgus, appointed as a barrier against the power of the kings. The kings therefore had an old and hereditary antipathy to them, and there was a per- petual succession*of disputes. But Lysander took a diflFerent course. He gave up all thoughts of opposition and contention^ and upon every occa- sion paid his court to them; taking care, in all his enterprizes, to set out under their auspices. If he was summoried by them, he went faster than usual : If he was upon his throne administering justice, he rose up when they approached: If any one of them was admitted a member of the senate, be sent him a robe and an ox ' as marks of honour. Thus, while he seemed to be adding to the dignity and importance of their body, he was privately increasing his own strength, and the au- thority of the crown through their attachment.

In his conduct with respect to the other citizens, he behaved better as an enemy than as a friend. If he was severe to his enemies, he was not unjustly so ; his friends he countenanced even in their uu-

^ Emblems of magistracy and patriotism.

AGESILAUS. 7

just pursuits. If his enemies performed any thing extraordinary, he was ashamed not to take ho- nourable notice of it ; his friends he could not correct, even when they did amiss. On the con- trary, it was his pleasure to support them, aod to go the same lengths they did ; for he thought no service dishonourable which he did in the way of friendship. Nay, when his adversaries fell into any misfortune, he was the first to sympathize wim them, and ready to give them his assistance if they desired it. By these means, he gained the hearts of all his people.

The Ephori observed this, and in their fear of his increasing power imposed a fine upon him ; alleging as the reason, that whereas the citi- zens ought to be in common, he appropriated them to himself. As the writers upon physics say, that if war and discord were banished the universe, the heavenly bodies would stop their course, and all generation and motion would by that per- tect harmony be made to cease; so the great lawgiver infused a spirit of ambition and conten- tion into the Spartan constitution, as an incentive to virtue, and wished always to see some difference and dispute among the good and virtuous. lie thought that general complaisance, which leads men to yield to the first proposal, without explor- ing each other's intentions and without debating on the consequences, was au inert principle unde- serving of the name of harmony ' . Some imagine,

^ Upon the same principle, we need not be much alarmed at party-disputes in our own nation. They will not expire, but with liberty. And such ferments are often necessary to throw off icioas humours. (L.) One of the ancients has indeed pronounced war '' the mother of all things ;" and this might perhaps faccti. ously be interpreted of the old moral pedigree, " War begets po- verty, poverty peace, peace plenty," &c. &c. &c. Horace like- wise, as well as Ovid, (Metam.i.433.) speaks of Rerum concordia discors. (Epist. 1. xii. 19.)

a A.GESILAUS.

that Homel* saw this ; and that he ivould not have made Agamemnon rejoice', when Ulya^es and Achilles contended in such opprobrious terms, if ha had not expected that som^ considerable benefit- would arise to the public from this particular quarrel among the great. This point, however, cannot be admitted without exception ; for vioteijt dissentions are pernicious to a state, and productive of extreme danger.

Agcsilaus had not been long seated upon the throne, before accounts were brought from Asia, that the king of Persia was preparing an immense fleet to dispossess the Lacedemonians of their do- minion of the sea.- Lysander was very desirous to be again sent into Asia, that he might support his friends, whom he had left governors and masters of the cities; and of whom many, havjng abused their authority to the purposes of violence and injustice, hatl been banished or put to death by the people, He therefore persuaded Agesilaus to enter Asia with his forces, and fix the seat of war at the farthest distance from Greece, before the Persian could have finished his preparations. At the same time, he instructed his friends in Asia to send deputies to Lacedsemon, to desire that Agesilaus might be ap* pointed to that command.

Agesilaus received their proposals in a fulF as- sembly of the people, and agreed to undertake the war, on condition that they would give him thirty Spartans for his officei^s and counsellors, a select corps of two thousand newly- epfrapchised Helots, and six thousand qf the allies. All this was rea- dily decreed, through Lysander's influence, an4 Agesilaus sent out with the thirty Spartans; Ly- sander was soon at the head of the council, not only on account of his reputation and po\vcr, but

? Odyss. viii. 11 .

AGESILAUS. 9

throu^ the friendship of Agesilaus, M'ho thought the having procured nim this oomniand a greater favour than the having raised him to the throne.

While his forces weie assembling at Gersestus, he went with his friends to Aulis ; and, passing the night there* dreamed that a person addressed him in this manner : '^ King of Sparta, you are sensible that, since Agamemnon, none has been appointed c^tain-general of all Greece except yourself: as therefore you command the same people, and go against the same enemies with him, as well as take your departure from the same place, you ought to propitiate the goddess with the same sa- crifice which he offered before he sailed."

Agesilaus at first thought of the sacrifice of Iphi- genia, whom her father offered in obedience to the soothsayers. This circumstance, however, did not give him any pain. In the morning he related the vision to his friends, and told them he would ho* nour the goddess with what a superior being might reasonably he supposed to take pleasure in, and not imitate the savage ignorance ot* his prede* cesser ^ In consequence of which he crowned a hind -with flowers, and delivered her to iiis own {soothsayer, with orders that he should perform the ceremony, and not the person appointed to that office by the Boeotians. The first magistrates of Bo&otia, incensed at this innovation, sent their ofl ficers to insist that Agesilaus should not sacriifice contrary to the laws and customs of the country : Hud the officers not only gave him such notice, but threw the thighs of the victim from the altan Agesilaus was highly offended at this treatment, 3nd departed in extreme wrath with the Thebans. Neither could he conceive any hopes of success ^fter such an omen ; on the contrary, he concluded

. ^ See Hot. Sdi* 11 iik for a fiae discussion of this subjeet.*

10 AGESILAUS.

his operations would be incomplete, and his' expe- dition fail of attainino; his object.

When he came to Ephesus, the power and inte- rest of Lysander appeared in a most obnoxious light. The gates of that minister were continuaUy crowded, and to him all applications were made ; as if Agesilaus had only the name and badges af command in order to save the forms of law, and Lysander had in fact the power, and all business were to pass through his hands. None of the ge- nerals indeed^ who had been sent to Asia, ever possessed greater sway or were more dreaded than be; none ever sei^ved their friends more eflfectu-. ally, or so much humbled their enemies. These were things fresh in every one's memory ; and when they compared also the plain, mild, popular behaviour of Agesilaus with the stern, rough, au- thoritative manner of Lysander, they entirely sub- mitted to the latter, and attended solely to his orders.

The other Spartans first expressed their resent- ment, because this attention to Lysander made them appear rather as his ministers, than as the , counsellors of the king* Afterward, Agesilaus himself was piqued at it. For though he had no envy in his nature, or any jealousy of honours paid to merit, yet he was ambitious of glory, and firm in asserting his claim to it. Besides, he was apprehensive that if any signal action were per- forme Ephesus, to raise that species of troops in which he was deficient. His method was, to insist that every person of substance, if he did not choose to serve in person, should provide a horse and a man. Many accepted the alternative ; and instead of a parcel ofindiflferent combatants, such as the rich would have been, he soon levied a nu- merous and respectable cavalry'. For those who did not choose to serve at all, or not to serve as ht>rse, hired others that wanted neither courage nor inclination. In this he professedly imitated Aga^- memnon, who for a good mare excused a dastardly rich man the service*.

One day he ordered his commissaries to sell the prisoners, but to strip them first. Their clothes found many purchasers ; but as to the prisoners themselves, their skios being soft and white on account of their having lived so much within

' f^iAofv oKXtlwv, the. presnit cornipt reading, shonld be altered from a passage in the Apophthegms (d. St. p. 369.) to hi\wv xtu

'itXaa-iiuv . The passage is this ; cJrc TOLyjj (njvr^')(^brffroLv tcqu iWw %Zi ccif$ 7rtlr,0ioi iSivli AEIdllN KAI nAOTSmN.

* Then Men^us his Podargus brki^,

And the famed courser of the king of kings ;

Whom rich Echepolus, more rich than brave,

To ^scape the wars to Agamemnon gave,

(iEthe bernatne) at home to end his days,

Base wealth preferring to eternal praise. (II. xxiii. 2S5.)

Thns Scipio, tdien he went orer to Africa, ordered the Sicilians tiiih^ to attend him, or to giTe him horses or men.

/

14 AGESILAUS.

doors, the spectators only laughed at them^ thinking they would be of no service as slaves. Upon which Agesilaus, virho stood by at the auc- tion, said to his troops, *^ These are the persons ye fight with;" then, pointing to the rich spoils, " And those are the things ye fight for."

When the season again called him into the field, he announced that Lydia was his object In this he dicf not deceive Tisaphernes : that general de- ceived himself. For giving no heed to the decla- rations of Agesilaus, because hehad previously been duped by hini, he concluded that he would now^ enter Caria, a country not convenient for cavalry, in which he was much the weakest. Agesilaus, as lie had proposed, went and sat down on the plain of Sard is, and Tisaphernes was forced to march thither with succours in the utmost haste. The Persian, as he advanced with his cavalry, cut oft* a number of the Greeks, who were scattered up and down for plunder. Agesilaus however con- sidered that the enemy's infantry could not yet be come up, whereas he himself had all his forces about him, and he therefore resolved to give battle immediately. Pursuant to this resolution, he mixed his light-armed foot with the horse, and ordered them to advance swiftly to the charge, while he was bringing up the heavy-armed troops which woukl not be far behind. The barharians were soon put to flight : the Greeks pursued them, took their camp, jnd killed immense numbers.

In consequence of this success, they could pil- lage the king's country in full security ; and they had liKewise the satisfaction to see Tisaphernes, a man of abandoned character and one of the bitter- est enemies to their name and nation, properly pun- ished. For the kinji: immediately sent Tithraustes against him, who cut off his head. At the same time he desired Agesilaus to grant him peace, j)ro-

AGESILAUS. 15

mising him large sums-*, on condition that he evacuated his dominions. Agesilaus replied, '^ His country was the sole arbitress of peace. For his own part, he rather chose to enrich his soldiers than himself : and the great honour among the Greeks was to carry home spoils and not presents from their enemies. " Nevertheless, to gratify Ti- thraustes for having destroyed Tisaphernes, the common enemy of the Greeks, he decamped and retired into Phrygia, receiving thirty talents of that viceroy to defray the charges of his march.

As he was upon the road, he received the scy tale* from the magistrates of Lacedsmon, which in- vested him with the command of the navy as well as army, an honour never granted in that city to any one but himself. He was indeed, as Theo- pompus somewhere observes, confessedly the first and most illustrious man . of his time ; yet he placed his dignity rather in his virtue, than in his

Eower. Notwithstanding, there was this flaw in is character: upon being entrusted with the con- duct of the navy, he committed that charge to Py Sander, when there were other officers of greater age and abilities at hand. Pysander was his wife's brother ; and, in compliment to her, he respected that alliance more than the public good.

He took up his own quarters in the province of Pharnabazus, where he not only lived in plenty, bill raised considerable subsidies. Thence he pro- ceeded to Paphlagonia, and drew over to his inte- rest Cotys the king of that country, who had been for some time desirous of such a connection, on

"^ He promised also to restore the Greek cities in Asia to their liheTtjy^on, c^^iditioii that they paid the established tribute : and he jhoped (he said) that this condescension woald induce Agesilaus to accept the peace, and to return home ; the rather, because Tisa- phernes, who was guilty of the first aggression, had been punished -AS. he deserted. (Xenoph Uellen. iii.)

* See Life of Lycurgus,

16 agesilaus.

account of the virtae and honour which marked his character. Spithridates, the fii-st person of consequence that came over from Pharnabazus, accompanied Agesilaus in all his expeditions, and participated in all his dangers. This Spithridates had a soii a handsome youth, for \vhom the Spar^- tan prince had a particular regard^ and H beautiful daughter in the flower of her age, whom he per- suaded to marry Cotys* Cotys give Agesilaus a thousand horse, and two thousand men draughted from his light-armed tmops^ and with these he re*- turned into Phiygia.

In th^t province he committed dreadful ravages ; but Pharnabazus did not wait to oppose him, ot trust his oun garrisons. Instead of that, he carried off with him his most valuable property, and moved from place to place to avoid a battle* Spithridates however watched him so narrowly that, with the assistance of Herippidas/ the Spartan, he at last made himself master 6f his camp arid all his ti-easures. Herippidas minutely examined what part of the baggage was secreted, and compelled the barbarians to restore it ; he looked, indeed, with a keen and scrutinizing eye into every thing. This provoked Spithridates to such -a degree, that he immediately marched off with the Paphlagoni- ans to Sardis.

No occurrence, during the whole War, touched Agesilaus more nearly than this. Beside the pain of reflecting that he had lost Spithridates, and with him a considerable body of meii^ he wai ashara^ ed of a mark ot* avarice and illiberal rneanness, from which he had ever studied to improve both himself and his countrv. These were causes of uneasiness, that might be publicly acknowledged:

* Herippidas was at the head of the new councU of thirtyj wwt to Agesilaus in the second year of the war.

I -

AGESttAVl i7

Wt he had a more sensible one in his devoted at-^ tachment to the son of Sptthridates ; though, while he was with him, he had made a point of combating that attachment.

One day Megabates approached to salute him^ and Agesiiaus declined that mark of his affisction. The youth, after this, was more distant in his ad- dresses. Agesiiaus was then sorry for the repulse which he had given him, and affected to wonder why Megabates kept at such a distance. His friends told him, he must blame himself for havinc^ rejected his former application : " He would still, they added, ** be glad to pay his most obliging re- ** spects to you ; but take care, you do not reject " them again.** Agesiiaus was silent for some time ; and when he had considered the thing, said, ^* Do '* not mention it to him : for this second victory ** over myself gives me more pleasure, than I should " have in turning the whole of what I see to gold.** This resolution of his held, so long as Megabates was with him; but he was so much afflicted at his departure, it is hard to say how he would have behaved, if he had found him again.

After this, Pharnabazus desired a conference with him ; and Apollophanes of Cyzicus, at whose house they had both been entertained, effected an interview. Agesiiaus came first to the place appointed with his friends, and sat down upon the long grass in the shade to wait for Pharnabazus^ When the Persiaa grandee came, his servants spread soft skins and S-t. Xipurablefrom^ishonqurable pursuits. JBrut Age$ilau$ wa3 i^ptrnpyed by this consider^tioi^, ixeith^r did hs Qok upon^ny public service as unworthy of /^iin^ he thought it piuch more so tQ lead an iut Ip^ivp iy^^ at homcj apd fp sit dovyn i^i patieni e|c^ pectatipn of a natural death. He therefore raise^d ^ body of mercenaries, and fitted oqt a fleet with |he money ^vhici|.Tachosi had ^ent hiia, and then sets^ii; taking with him thirty Spartans, as for* .^Berfy^.'fpT his. GO\ipsellors.

tlppfl ^list arrival i^ %ypt, aU the s.tate-QfficeM imipaedif^tely ca,pie to p^y: him their court. The nanle and d^^tt^Qt^r indeed of Agesjlaus. had i?ai$ed g^ea^ furiosity and ^^tpectation in the^ Egyptians iri general, ^d they crpwded tP the shore to get It ^h^ -of him., j^ut when they beheld no pomp or gTandefljr^il^ ap^gar^mp^, ae^t s^w only a littlt fiiaiu ofil sn^n im n\ea,]) sihabby 4tire seated on the ss by the sea-side, they could not helpregardr _ t^ cn^lter in a ridigUlovm light, iwid observing |iat thisk Vg^s the very thing represeuted in the

sfable'4 "^^^Tie mouAtaiu *had broMght foxth a

>

' Athcnaeus makes Tacbos say this, and Agesllaus answer^ *^ Yau will fiijd Bttj^ a Uon bj w:^ !>y.** >

1

AGESILAUS. ^55

innuK/' Tliey were still more surprised at his want of politeness when they brought Him such presents as were jeomroonly n^ade to strangers of distinction ; and he took only the flour, tlie veal^ and the geese, refusing the pasties, the sweetin^ts, and the perfumes : and, on their pressing and teazl- ing him to accc|it them replied, *' They might carry them to his llelots/' Theoprastus tells us, he wa^ pleased with the papyrus, on account of it% thin md pliant texture, which made it very proper for chaplets ; and, when he left Egypt, he begged some of it from the king*

Tachos was preparing for the war ; and Agesi- bus^ upon j oioing h im, was much d isappointed to find he had not the command of all the forces given lm, but only that of the mercenaries. Chahrias^ the Athenian, was pished at the head of the nary ; andXachos reserved to himself the chief direction, hoth at sea and land. This was the first disagreea* ble circumstance, that occurred to Agesilaus ; and others quickly followed. The vanity and insoience of the Egyptian- gave him great pain, but he was forced to bear them. He consented to sail with ^im against the Pheeiiiciansj and contrary to his uignity and natiire submitted to the barbarian, till he could find an opportunity of shaking off hia yoke. This soon presented itself. Nectanadbis, ftchos' cousin, m4io commanded part of llieforces^ revolted, and was proclaimed king by the*Egyp- tians. ' ^ \^ ^

In* consequence of this, Ne^anabis sentembas- saidors to 4l|;esilaus, to cillreat liis assistance. The satne applicatioli he m^e to Chabrias, and pro-^ mised them both immense rewards. Taolios waa apprised of these proceedings, and implored them Bot to abandon him. Chabrias Irstened to his request, and endeavoured also to appeases Agesi' laus^ resentment, and to retain him in the cause in

)

56 AGESILAUS.

which he had embarked. Agesilaus auswerad, '* As for you, Chabrias, you came hither as a vo- 'Uunteer, and therefore may act as you think '^ proper ; but I was sent by my country, upon the " appHcation of the Egyptians for a general. It " would not then be right to commence hostilities ** against the people, to whom I wfis sent as anas- *^ sistant, exceptSparta should give me suchorders. " At the same time he despjitched some of his officers home, with instructions to accuse Tachos, aad to defend the cause of Nectanabis. The two rival kings also applied to the Lacedemonians; the one as. an ancient friend and ally, and the other as one who had a stronger regard for Spasrta, and who would give her more valuable proofs of his attach- ment.

The Lacedaemonians gave the Egyptian deputies an audience, a;nd this pubHc answer, . ^' That they ** should leave the business to the care of Agesilaus.'* But their private instructions to him were, ** to do ^* what should appearmost advantageous to Sparta." Agesilaus had no sooner received this order, than he withdrew with his mercenaries and went over to. Nectanabis, covering this strange and scandalous proceeding with the pretence of consulting the interest of his country ' : when that slight veil is taken off, it's right name is treachery and base desertron. The Lacedaemonians, it is true, by placing a regard to those interests in the first

^ Xenophon has succeeded tcdiprably well in defen^g Agesilaii3, "With respect to his undertaking the expedition into Egypt. He represents him as pleased with the hopes of making Tachos some requital for his many seryices to the Lacedaemonians, of restoring through his means the Greek cities in Asia to their liberty, and of returning the ill- offices done the Spartans by the king of Persia* But it was in vain for that historiati to attempt to exculpate him with respect to his desertion of Tachos^ which Plutarch justly treats as an act of ^ treachery.'

^

AGESILAUS- 57

rank of honour and virtue, left themselves no criterion of justice but the aggrandisement of Sparta.

Tachos, thus abandoned by the mercenaries, took to flight. But at the same time there rose up in Mendes another competitor, to dispute the crown with Nectanabis ; and that competitor advanced witti a hundred thousand men, wliom he had rea* dily assembled. Nectanabis, in order to encou- rage Agesilaus, represented to him, that though. the numbers, of the enemy. were considerablei they were only a mixed multitude, many of them mechanics, who were to be despised for their ut- ter ignorance of war : ** It is not their numbei^'* said Agesilaus, ^^ that I fear, but tliat ignorance '' and inexperience, which render tbem incapabieof " being enconntered by art or stratagem ; for thbse *' can be successfully exercised only upon such as, ^' having skill enough to suspect thedesigns of their *' enemy, form schemes to countermine him, and in ** the mean time are caught b}'^ new contrivances. '' But he, who has neither expectation nor suspicion ** of that kind, gives his adversary no more oppor- *' tunity, thanhe who stands still gives toawrestler."

Soon afterward, the adventurer of Mendes sent persons to sound Agesilaus. This alarmed Necta- nabis; and when Agesilau9 advised him to give battle immediately, and not to protract the war with men who had seen no service, but who by the advantage of numbers might draw a line of circumvallation about his trenches, and forestal him in most of his operations, his fears and suspi- cions increased, and suggested to. him the expedi- ent of retiring into a large and well- fortified towti. Agesilaus was offended, and could not well digest this instance of distrust ; vet he was ashamed to change sides a second time, and at last return without having effected any thingl He therefore

Sa A6ESILAU3.

followed his standard, and ejitered tlie town along with him.

When the enemy however came up, and began to open their trenches in order to enclose him, the Egjtptian, afraid of. a siege, was incHned to risk an immediate engagement; and the Greeks were of his opinion, because tljere was no great quantity of provisions in the place. But Agesilaus opposed it ; and the Egyptians on that account looked upon him in a worse light than before, not scrupling to call him a traitor to their king. These censures he now bore with patience, because he was* waiting a favourable moment For carry- ing into execution the ^following design. The enemy, as we have observed, with an intent to shut up Nectanabis, were drawing a deep trench rodnd the walls. When they had proceeded sd far in the wcrfk, that the two ends were almost ready to meet, as soon as night came on, Agesilau^ ordered the Greeks to arm : he then went to the Egyptian, and said ; ** Now is the time, young man, '* for you to save yourself, which I did not choose *^ to mention before, lest it should be divulged and * lost. The enemy with their own hatids have work- *^ ed out your security, by labouring so long upon " the trench, that the part which is finislied will*. * prevent our suffering by their numbers, and the " space which is left puts it in our power tq fight ** them upon iair and equal terms. Come on then, ** and showy our courage; sally out vigorously alon .** with us, and save both yourself and your army. * The enemy will not dare to stand ms in front, and * our flanks are q^cuied by the trench.*' Nectanabis, ad'miring his capacity, immediately placed himself in the middle of the Greeks, and advancing to the charge, easily routed all that opposed him.

Agesilaus, having thus gainea the prince's con* fidence, avajled himself gnce more of the same

rr

ftfktagem;:. as a Avrastler occasionally uses the astaie.dight twice in one day. By sometimes pre- tendmg tq %, and sonielimes faciii)^ about, he ditw the enemy's whole artny into a narrow place^ enclosed with two flitches that were very deep and full of water. When he saw them thus entangled, he advanced to the charge with a ftpnt equal to theirs, and secured by the nature of the grouiid ^om being^einmed in or surrounde^l. The con- sequence was, that they made but little resistance^ numbers were killed, and the rest fled and were entirely put to the rout

The EgyptfaiV^thlift^^ocMsftil ihh affairs and

firmly established in his kingdom, had a grateful

sfensifof the services of Agesilaus, and pressed him

to spend the winter with him. Bathe hastened

his return toTSparta, on account of the war which

she had upon her hands at home; for he knew

that ifer finances were low, though at the same

time she found it necessary to employ a body of

mercenaries. Nectanabis dismissed him with sig:-

lydh marks of* honour, and beside other presents

furnished him with two hundred and thirty talents

of silver, for the expences of the*Grecian war.

But as it was winter, he met with a storm which

.drove him upon a desert shore in Africa, called the

* Haven of Menelaus' ;' and there he died at the

age of eighty-four years, of which he had reigned

forty-one in Lacedaimon. For above thirty years

of tnat tiiJle he made a most splendid figure, both

gs to repi#ition and power ; being looked upon,

till the battle of Leuctra, as commander in cnief,

and l it were king of Greece.

It was the custom of the Spartadis to bury per- sons of ordinary rank in the place where they

* An African port in the Mediterranean) betireen Egypt an! Cyrenaica.*

^^0 AGESILAUS.

expi|ied| when they happened to die in a foreign (Country, but to carry the corpses of their kings home. And as the fittendants of Agesilaus had not honey to preserve the body, they embalmed it ivith melted wax, and in this manner conveyed it to Lacedasmon* His son Archidamus succeeded to the crown, which desciended in his family to Agis, the fifth from Agesilaus. This Agis, the third of that name, was assassinated by Leonidas, for attempting to restore the ancient discipline of Sparta ' . *

' Platardi has written bis Life.*

OF

P O M P E Y

SUMMARY-

Hatred intetiained by the Romarts agaitui Stralo the father tf Pompey ; and their attachment to the son. Florals extraordinary regard for him. He ii accused of having had too much com^ merce wth married women. His frugality. He saves his fa* therms lifcf and quells a mutiny : it prosecuted on a charge brought against his father. Assassination of Cinna. Pomfief collects his troops ^ and marches to join Sylla : gains several ad* vantages over the opposite party : is received by Sylla with great respect: goes to Metellus^s assistance in Gaul: divorces his wife jintistia in order to marry Mmelia, He passes over int Sicily ; and thence into Africa^ where he defeats Domitiusy and reduces the whole country in forty days, Sylla recalls him, and gives him the surname of the * Great.* He attains a triumph^ in opposition to that general's wishes, who becomes jealous of his re* nown. He > drives Lepidus out of Italy : and marches into Spain against Sertorius, Battle of Sacro. He writes to the Senate for money. The war terminated, Sertorius* death, Pompty cuts in pieces the fugitive slaves : is elected consul with Crassus : re-establishes the authority of the Tribunes is r/econcikd with Craistts,. Their conduct after the Consulship. Origin of the War of the Pirates, Their successes and insolent behaviour. Pompty is appointed general qgainst them. Fruitless protett of the * more respectable citizens againft (he unlimited power granted

.^ ^. happeu ,

to htm upon^ this dccasloftf^^ ^l J-ST suceesics. He returns n Romcy passes over to Atm, .y ,..td puts an end to the war, Hh onduct with regard to the pirates in Crete* He is chosen to 0m' tinue the war against Mithrid^s. In what manner he receives the notification of this appointment. His shameful treatment of Lucullus. Mithridatesf enclosed hy Pomftesfj * -makes his escape : hut is overtaken^ ^d defeated, Tigrarics sets a price on that princess head* Pompeif makes peace with Tigranes : defeats the Albanians and Iberians ; over the former of whom he gains a second victory. Stratontce surrenders to him the forty containing Mithridates^s chief treasures. He tukes another castle^ in which he finds his private paper a : . subdues Syria and Judaa. Inso^. lence of his freedman Demetrius, He is informed of Mithru d^tes^s. death. Presents sent to him by Pharnaces. He' visits Mitylene and Rhodes : counteracts the reports spread at Rome in his dispraise. Cat% refuses him his two nieces ^ whom he asks in marraige for himself and his son* His triumph, St^s which lead to his fall* His seditious speeches^ and conduct.. Clodius*s insolence. Pompey procures Cicero^ s recal from exile. Is entrusted with the care of importing corn to Rojne, and pro* cures it in great abundance. Casar arrives in Italy. The first triumvirate. Pompey and Crassus obtain the consulship by vio' iencct and get Cssar a prorogation of his government of Gaul. Death of Julia. Quarrel between Pompey and Casar. The former declared sole consul : marries Cornelia obtains a con* tinuation of his government for four years : demands the con* sulship for CasoTf at that time absent. His extravagant pre* sumption ; and preparations against Casar^ who passes the Ru* bicon. Pompey placed at the head of the commonwealth^ with a discretionary power. General consternation at Rome, Casar arrives there ^ and mikes himself master of the whole cf Italic' Pompey collects his land and seaforces. Hts illustrious asso^ dates. Overture proposed by Casar^ and rejected by Pompey^ who neglects an opportunity of improving a victory. His confi-^ dcnce. He pursues Casar. Complaint raised against him. His hesitation about f^^hting, Qrder of battle of both generals Reflections upon their ambition and folly, Ihe battle of PharsaKm

fOMPEY. 63

now htf Casar^ . Pomftty JTtes : u recnved fy Petkim on board his thifif Mid joint ComeRa at Leshot s adviset the inhaSiiantS if JIhylene to surrender themtelvee to Catar .' moiety eomi efforts to draw together Mi scattered forces : retires to Egypt* Ptolemy determines to have him assassinated : sends AeluSas to meet him, Pon^y is murthered. Mis freedman Philifi bum^ his corpse, Cesar avenges his death.

1 HE people of Rome appear from the first to have been affected toward Pompey, nearly in the same manner as Prometheus, in iEschylus, was to- ward Hercules; when, after that hero had deli- vered him from his chains, he says,

The sir I hated, but the son I Io?ed i .

For never did the Romans entertain a stronger and more rancorous hatred for any general, than for Strabo, the father of Pompey. While he lived indeed, they were afraid of his abilities as a soldier, because he had eminent talents for war; but updn his death, which happened by a stroke of lightening, they dragged his corpse from the bier, on the way to the funeral pile, and treated it with the greatest indignity. On the other

' Of the tragedy of * Prometheus released^' wheace this line b takeu, we hare only some fragments remaining. Jupiter had confined Prometheus' to the rocks of Caucasus, by chains, itam which fltercules the son of Jupiter set him free. L,

(J4 , IpOMPEY;

hand^ no man ever experienced from the same Romans an attachment begun at a more early period, more disinterested in all the stages of bis prosperity, or more faithful in the decline of his fortune, than Pompey himself.

The sole cause of their hatred of the father was his insatiable avarice, but there were many causes of their affection for the son; * his tem- perate way of living, his application to martial exercises, his per^suasive address, his strict ho- nour, and his invariable accessibility; for no man was ever less importunate in asking, or more gra- cious in conferring favours. When he gave, it was without arrogance ; and when he received, it was with dignity.

In his youth he had a very engaging counte- nance, which spoke for him before he opened his lips. Yet that grace of aspect was not unat- tended with dignity, and amidst his youthful bloom there was a venerable and princely air. His hair naturally curled a little before ; M^hich, together with the shining moisture and quick turn of his eye % produced a reputed, rather than an actual hkeness of Alexander the Great, as re-

' See, for a fine amplification of this character, Velleius Patercu- lus, ii. 29. Forma excellens, timiea quajlosxammendatus (Btatis, sed .v digrtitate constantly quce in illayn cotiveniens amplUudmtm, fortU" nam quoque ejus, ad ultimum vies comitata est diem. Innoceiitia ex-- imus, sanctitate prcecipum, eloquentia medius, potentice (qum Iiotiq, ris causa ad um dcferrefur^non utiab eo occvpareturj cupidissimys ; dux bello petit issimus, ivt in toga, nisi vhi 'cerereturne quern h(U beret pa rem modestzssimvs : amicitiarum tendXy in offtniis exorabUis, . in reconciliavda gratiajidelissimus, SfC. . .

Almost all the Roman writers, indeed, agree in the above- mentioned drawback upon his excellence, his intolerance of an equal.

' *rypolr)$ signifies not only ^ moisture/ but.^ flexibility.' Lifc- ;uian has vycolrig f/^eXcvv. And rcov it^pi ra oij^^^oblx fv^[^ujy 'vypolr^ jeems more applicable to the latter Sense.

poMPEY. es

prtsti^led in his statues. So that some at first gave him the name of Alexander, and he not refusing it, others appHed it to him, by way of ridicule. And Lucius Piiilippus% a man of consular dignity, as he was one day pleading for him, said, ** It was tio wonder that he, being a " Philip, should be attached to an Alexander."

We are told that Flora the courtesan took a pleasure, in her old age, in speaking of the com* inerce she had had with Ponipey ; and she used to say, she could never quit his embraces without giving him a bite. She added, that Geminius one of Pompey's acquaintance had a passion for ber, and caused her much trouble by his impor- tunities. At last she told him^ she could not con- sent on account of Pompey. Upon which he ap- plied to Pompey for his permission, and he gave it him ; but, though he seemed to retain' a regard for her, he himself never approached, nor had any intercourse with her afterward. She bore the loss of him, not with the slight uneasiness of a prostitute, but was long sick through sorrow and regret. This Flora, it is said, was so celebrated for her bloom and beauty, that when Caecilius Metellus adorned the temple of Castor and Pol- lux with statues and paintings, he gave her pic- ture a place among them.

Demetrius one of Pompey 's freedmen, who had great interest with him, and who died worth four thousand talents, had a wife of irresistible beauty. Pompey, upon that account, behaved to her with less politeness than was natural to him, that he Juight not appear to be caught by her charms. But, though he took his measures with so mui^h

^ Lucius Marcius Philippus, one of the ereatest orators of )ns time. He was Augustus' father-in-larW, haTing married his mother Atia. Horace mentions him, ep. I. Tii* 46\ And Cicero also, de Clar. Orat. 47-

VOL. IV. F

POMPEY.

care and caution in this respect, he could not es^ cape the censure of his enemies ; who accused him pf a commerce with married women, and said, that for the sake of gratifying his mistresses, he often neglected or gave up points essential to the pubHc welfare.

As to the simplicity of his diet", there is a re- markable saying of his on record. In a severe ill- ness, when his appetite was nearly lost, the physi- cian ordered him a thrush. His servants, upon inquiry, found there was not one to be purchased, for the season was past. They were informed, however, that Lucullus liad them in his menage- ries all the year round. This being reported to Pompey, he said, ** Does Pompey's lite depend ** upon the luxury of Lucullus ?" He theii, with- out any regard to the physician, ate something that was easy to be procured. But this happened at a later period of his life.

While he was very young and served under his father, who was carrying on the war against Cin- na*, one Lucius Terentius was his comrade, and they slept in the same tent. This Terentius, gained by Cinna's money, undertook to assassinate Pompey, while others set fire to the general's tent. I^ompey received information of this, when he was at supper, but it did not throw him into the least contusion. He even drank more freely, and caressed Terenlius more than usual; but when they were to have retired to rest, he stole out of the tent, and went and planted a guard about liis father. This done, he waited quietly for the event. Terentius, as soon as he thought Pompey was asleep, drew his sword, and stabbed the bed- clothes in many places, imagining that he was in it,

A. U. C. 666. Arid as Pompey was born in the same year ivith Cicero, viz. A. U. C. 647, he must in this war with Cinna hate been nineteen years old.

POMPEY. 67

Innpediately after this, there was a great mutiny ki the camp. The soldiers, who hated their ge- ttetzl, were determined to go over to the enemy, and began to strike their tents and take up their arms. The general, dreading the tumult, did not dare to tnake hid appearance. But Pompey was