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Terminological recommendations for improving the visibility of scientific literature on martial arts and combat sports

Mikel Prez-Gutirrez1ABCDE, Carlos Gutirrez-Garca1ABCDE, Raquel Escobar-Molina2CDE

1 Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Fsica y del Deporte, Universidad de Len, Len, Spain2 Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Fsica y del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

Source of support: Departmental sources

Received: 9 June 2011; Accepted: 11 July 2011; Published online: 5 August 2011

Abstract

Background MartialArtsandCombatSports(MA&CS)terminologyisdiverseandheterogeneous,limitingtheresearchvisi-bilityandinformationretrieval.ThisstudypointsoutthedifferenttermsrelatedtoMA&CSnamesincludedinthescientificliterature.Fromthisbasis,asetofrecommendationsareofferedforimprovingpublicationvisibility.

Material/Methods: WebofScience(WOS)databasesSCI-EXPANDED,SSCI,A&HCIfortheperiod2000-2009wereusedforgen-eratingthedata.Alistof278searchingtermswascompiled,eachofthementerindividuallyinWOSdatabases.Resultswerecollectedinreferencemanagementsoftwareandfilteredmanually.Statisticalanalysiswasfocusedonprecision,noisefactor,recallandsnobberyratioindexes.

Results: Asfaras53.2%searchingtermsshowednoresult,14.0%obtainedsomeresultbutnotrelatedtoMA&CS,and32.7%showedresultsrelatedtoMA&CS.Specificterminologyisquitestandardized,althoughtherearesomeMA&CSshowingdifferentnames.Generally,apreferredandmostcommontermisusedbyauthors.Precisionvaluesvarybetween1and0.02(noisefactorvaluesvaryinversely)whilerecallvaluesvarybetween1and0.04(snobberyratiovaluesvaryinversely).

Conclusions: MA&CSterminologyusedinscientificliteratureisquitevariedandcancausediverseproblemsandslowdownre-searchersbibliographicdatacollection.Romanization,popularizationofsometerms,namesgiventoMA&CSbydifferentorganizationsandtermssyllableseparationarethemainproblemsforthelackofstandardizedtermsinthisareaofknowledge.AgroupofsevenrecommendationsareprovidedforenhancingthevisibilityofMA&CSresearches.

Key words: scientificdatabasesinformationretrievalprecisionindexingdocumentaryanalysis

Authors address: MikelPrez-Gutirrez,FacultaddeCienciasdelaActividadFsicaydelDeporte,UniversidaddeLen,CampusUniversitario,24071Len,Spain;e-mail:[email protected]

Background

TheexponentialcharacterofthescientificproductiondevelopmentdescribedbyscientometricsfatherDerekJohndeSollaPrice(19221983),andrecentlyreviewedbyFernndez-Cano,TorralboandVallejo [1],nowa-daysleadstoarealitywhereusersandresearchersmaybesurprisedbythehugeamountofinformationavail-ableaboutaspecifictopic.Thisisnotastrangeexpe-rienceforMartialArtsandCombatSports(MA&CS)

researchers,asthisfieldofstudyhasbeenrapidlygrow-ingduringlastdecades[25].

Scientificdatabases,asresourcesthatcollectmostofthepublishedworksintheacademicsphere,arethemaintoolsforsearchingandextractingrelevantinformationforresearch.Inaddition,databaseshavebecomemoreandmore important tools forcountries, institutions,journalsandresearchersscientificevaluationbothinlocalandgloballevels[6,7].Therefore,mostscientists

and Study Aim:

Authors Contribution: A Study Design B Data Collection C Statistical Analysis D Manuscript Preparation E Funds Collection

VOLUME 7 | ISSUE 3 | 2011 | 159 ARCHIVES OF BUDO | SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS

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attempttopublishtheirresearchesinjournalsandoth-erdocumenttypes(e.g.proceedingspapers,meetingab-stracts,etc.)indexedinthemostimportantscientificdatabasessuchasWebobScience(WOS),SCOPUS,MEDLINE,etc.

Nevertheless,theindexationprocessper sedoesnotguar-anteethehighestvisibilityforanarticle.Documentre-trievalfromdatabasesmainlyoperatesthroughwordssearch,andthiscanbeproblematicforMA&CSresearch-ers.MA&CSterminology isverydiverseandhetero-geneousduetotheamountofdifferentstyles,schoolsandmartialpracticesorsportsthatexistallaroundtheworld[3].Also,romanizationofEasternMartialArtstermsand theiradaptation toeachcultural contexthavefurtherextendedthediversityandheterogeneityofMA&CSterminology.Therefore,researchersmayeasilyfindinscientificliteraturedifferenttermsforthesamemartialart,suchasTaekwondo, Tae-kwon-do, Taekwando, Taekwandoo,etc.

Thehugeamountof scientific literatureonMA&CStogetherwiththeincreasingnumberoftermsrelatedtotheMA&CScanopymaycausea limitedresearchvisibilityandtheretrievalofdocuments.Generalrec-ommendationsforwritingandpublishingscientificpa-persareusuallyprovidedbydifferentinstitutions,jour-nalsandresearchesinordertoachieveastandardlevel[e.g.,810],butthereisalackofspecificityanddepthintheuseofkeywords.TheseproblemsaswellastheprogressiveacademicsinterestaboutMA&CSwerefun-damentalforexploringtheinformationretrievalbasedonMA&CStermsandspellings.

TheaimofthisstudyistopointoutthedifferenttermsrelatedtothewidespreadMA&CSterminologyinclud-edinthescientificliterature.Fromthisbasis,asetofrecommendations forauthors, reviewersand journalspublishingMA&CSresearchesareofferedforimprov-ingpublicationvisibility.

Material and Methods

Articleor reviewdocumentspublished from2000to2009 inWebofScience (WOS)databases suchasScienceCitationIndexExpanded(SCI-EXPANDED),SocialSciencesCitation Index (SSCI)andArts&HumanitiesCitationIndex(A&HCI),wereunderthescopeof this research.WOSdatabaseswere selectedasworldleadingscientificdatabases,indexingthetopjournalsinallareasofthesciences,socialsciences,andartsandhumanities[11].

A listof278searching termswasmadeup, includ-ingthenamesofdifferentMA&CS(e.g.,Judo,Karate,

Taekwondo),thevariednamesfoundforaspecificmar-tialart(e.g.,Tai Chi, Taichi, Tai Ji, Taiji, Taijiquan,etc.),andthedifferentgenericnamesusedforMA&CS(e.g.,Martial Arts,Fighting Arts,Martial Sports,Martial Ways,etc.),accordingtoMoreiro-Gonzalezsrecommendations[12].Thislistwascreatedfromdifferentsources,suchasGreenandSvinthsmartialartsencyclopaedia,Prez-GutirrezandGutirrez-GarcasMAbibliographyorBrakelsMAthesaurus[3,13,14].Also,newMA&CSnamesfoundwhilesearchingwereaddedtothelistofsearchingterms.

TermswereenteredindividuallyinTopicsearchfieldofselecteddatabasesfordatamining.Databasessearch-ingruleswerecarefullyconsideredforimprovingdatare-trieval[11].ResultswereexportedandclassifiedinthereferencemanagerEndnoteX3programme.Twoclassi-ficationsweremade,thefirstbasedonthesametermusedforeachsearch(278categoriesinthislist),andthesecondgroupingthedifferentnamesofaspecificMAorCSinthesamecategory(e.g.,Karate,Karatedo,Karate-do,inKaratecategory).Thislattercategoriza-tionwasbasedonGutirrez-Garca,Prez-GutirrezandCaldern-Tueroswork[15],althoughGenericcategorywasadaptedforthepresentresearchpurpose.

Totalnumberof references ineachcategorywereex-portedtoSPSS(v.19)programmefordescriptivesta-tisticalanalysis.Theanalysisfocusedon:1.Precision: the fractionof retrieveddocuments that

arerelevanttothesearch(Precision=relevantre-trieveddocuments / total retrieveddocuments). Inthisway, the1527 relevant resultsandcategoriesobtained inGutirrez-Garca,Prez-GutirrezandCaldern-TuerosanalysisofthescientificproductiononMA&CSintheWebofSciencedatabases(SCI-EXPANDED,SSCI,A&HCI)fortheperiod2000-2009weretakenasreference[15].

2.Noise factor: the fractionof retrieveddocumentsthatarenotrelevanttothesearch(NoiseFactor=nonrelevant retrieveddocuments / total retrieveddocuments).

3.Recall: the fractionof thedocuments thatare rel-evant to the search thatare successfully retrieved(Recall=relevantretrieveddocuments/totalrele-vantdocuments).

4.Snobberyratio:thefractionofthedocumentsthatarerelevanttothesearchthatarenotsuccessfullyre-trieved(Snobberyratio=relevantnotretrieveddoc-uments/totalrelevantdocuments)[16].

results

Agroupof148of the278searching terms (53.2%)showednoresult.Another39searchingterms(14.0%)

Scientific databaseAlarge,regularlyupdatedfileofdigitizedinformationrelatedtoaspecificsubjectorfield,consistingofrecordsofuniformformatorganizedforeaseandspeedofsearchandretrievalandmanagedwiththeaidofdatabasemanagementsystemsoftware[19].

Information retrievalTheprocess,methods,andproceduresusedtoselectivelyrecallrecordedinformationfromafileofdata[19].

PrecisionIninformationretrieval,ameasureofsearcheffectiveness,expressedastheratioofrelevantrecordsordocumentsretrievedfromadatabasetothetotalnumberretrievedinresponsetothequery[19].

IndexingDescribingandcharacterizingadocumentusingtherepresentationsoftheconceptsincludedonit,aimingtofacilitetheeffectivesearchofinformationcontainedonadocumentcollection[12].

Documentary analysisAgroupofoperationsappliedtotheformandcontentofadocument[20].

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obtained some resultbut theywerenot related toMA&CS.Finally,91searchingterms(32.7%)showedresultsrelatedtoMA&CS.

Table1showsthetotalandrelevantresultsachievedforrelatedMA&CSspellings(querieswithoutresultsarenotincluded).Asitcanbeobserved,17MA&CSspellingswithrelevantresultswereunique(e.g.,Aikido,Archery),while14hadtwoormoredifferentspellingswith relevant results (e.g.,French Boxing andSavate).Normally, thereexistsapreferredtermwhenappear-ingdifferentnamesforthesameMAorCS,thatis,thetermthatshowsthehighestnumberofrelevantresults(e.g.,Jujitsu).Also,thereexistsanimportantdiversityrelatedtogenerictermsforMA&CS.

SomeMA&CStermsretrievedahighamountofresultsbutwithscarceorevennorelevance,likeAti(551),Sumo(1593),K1(3624)orMMA(4630).Onthecontrary,otherrelatedtermsjustretrievedascantnumberofdoc-umentsandwithseveralgradesofrelevance.Precisionandrecallanalyseswouldexplainindepththoseresults.

AccordingtothemostrelevantMA&CStermsshowninTable1,Table2 illustrates the resultsofprecisionandrecallanalysis.Noise factor isdirectly related toprecisionandvaries in inverseproportion,observingthehighestratesinthosetermswiththelowestpreci-sion.Inthesameway,snobberyratiovariesininverseproportiontorecall.

Thehighestprecision(value=1)wasachievedby13MA&CSterms.Another16termsachievedvaluesequalorover0.50but

Table 1. Total and relevant results achieved for related MA&CS spellings.

Term Results Relevant

Mixed Martial Arts 13 12

Grappling 227 0

K1 3624 0

MMA 4630 5

Shooto 1 0

Street fighting 9 0

UFC 257 1

Vale todo 1 1

Vale tudo 1 1

Muay Thai 6 6

Muay Thay 1 1

Muaythai 1 1

Thai boxing 3 3

Mukumbusu 1 1

Pakua 6 0

Pancration 1 1

Professional wrestling 18 18

Pro wrestling 5 4

Catch as catch can 58 0

Qigong 173 139

Chi gong 1 1

Chi gung 1 1

Chi kung 6 3

Qi gong 22 13

Rough and Tumble 50 1

Sambo 13 0

Self defense 481 29

Self defence 113 6

Sereer wrestling 1 1

Silat 5 4

Pencak silat 3 3

Soo bahk do 2 2

Ssireum 1 0

Stick fighting 1 0

Sumo 1593 18

Taekwondo 55 48

Tae kwon do 23 10

Taekwando 2 2

Tae kwan do 1 0


Aikido 18 18

Aiki do 2 0

Archery 66 7

Arnis 1 0

Ati 551 0

Bagua 2 0

Bando 35 0

Boxing 312 176

Pugilism 3 2

Capoeira 31 19

Chausson 1 0

Combat Sports 59 57

Combative sports 5 5

Fighting sports 5 5

Martial sports 1 1

Dambe 4 0

Fencing 462 51

French boxing 3 2

Savate 1 1

Full contact 126 0

Gumdo 1 0

Hapkido 1 0

Iai do 165 0

Indian wrestling 1 1

Jailhouse Rock 1 0

Jeet kune do 1 1

JKD 2 0

Jodo 7 0

Judo 224 195

Jujitsu 10 6

Jiu jitsu 4 2

Ju jitsu 3 2

Ju jutsu 1 1

Jujutsu 1 1

Kalapariyatt 1 1

Kalarippayattu 1 1

Kali 170 0


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andeditorsshouldbeawareofthepreferredtermsrelat-edwiththeirworksandarticlesatinternationallevelinordertostandardizetheminscientificliteratureaswasobservedintheabovementioned17MA&CSspellings.Otherrelatedtermsmayalsobeincludeddespitethissuggestion,forexample,authorsoreditorsmayconsid-ertheindexationofpinyinromanizedtermTaijiquaninsteadoftheusualTai Chi,orBudobeforeMartial Arts,fortheirownreasons.Thepreferredtermusedinscientificliterature(e.g.,Tai Chi,Martial Arts)shouldbeincluded,atleast,insomeofthemostcommonda-tabasesindexingfields(i.e.,title,abstract,keywords).

Accordingtoprecisionandcomplementarynoisefactorresults,Archery,Fencing,Rough and Tumble,Self DefenseandSumoachievedthelowestresultsfordifferentrea-sons.Archeryisatermwidelyrelatedwithitspracticeasacompetitivesport,asatechniqueforhuntingorasadecorativeelementinarchitecture.Moreover,FencingandSumoarepolysemictermsthatareusedinagricul-turalfieldandmedicinerespectively,whileSelf DefenseandRough and Tumble are referred to severalaspectsinarealormetaphoricalwaynotrelatedtoMA&CS.Termswithahighamountofretrieveddocuments,likeWrestling,BoxingorKarate,alsoachieveda0.5precisionduetotheirmetaphoricalmeaninginthefirsttwotermsanditsuseintheagrochemicalfieldforthelastone.Inthesecases,abroadertermshouldbeincludedinthe

indexingfieldsforfacilitatinguserssearchesthroughacombinedqueryofdemandedterms(e.g.,FencingandCombat Sports),avoiding itsmanual filteringprocessandimprovingthecollectionofinformation.Thisrec-ommendationmaybeappliedtothosetermsincludedinthegenerallistthatdidnotretrieverelevantdocu-mentsbutahighpercentageofnon-relevantdocumentsaswell(e.g.,Ati, Bando, Full Contact, K1, MMA,etc).

Inthispoint,keywordsplusshouldbeexplainedforbet-terunderstandingtheprecisionandnoisefactormea-sures.Sincekeywordsplusarederivedfromthetitlesofthecitedreferencesineveryarticle[11],someofthekeywordsplustermsmaybereferredtoanyofthethe-oreticalbackgroundstudiessupportingthepresentar-ticle,andsoincreasingthenoisefactor indexofthatterm(e.g.,Tai Chiaskeywordplusinrelationtostud-iesaboutbalanceinolderpeople,evenifthosestudieshavenothingtodowithTai Chi).

On thecontrary, thereare somespecific terms thatachievedthehighestprecisionlikeAikido,Kempo,Muay Thai orPancrationjustfornamingafew,soauthorsandeditorsshouldconsiderthesetermsasthebestonesfortheirworks.Nevertheless,ahighpercentageofprecisiondoesnotinvolveastraightinformationretrievalofrele-vantdocumentsaboutaspecifictheme(orviceversa);so,recallandsnobberyratiohavetobeconsultedforcompletelyassessingthepresentresults.

Table 1 continued. Total and relevant results achieved for related MA&CS spellings.


Kapap 1 0

Karate 189 107

Kempo 1 1

Kendo 17 12

Kickboxing 15 11

Kick boxing 5 2

Kobudo 1 0

Kung Fu 32 25

Gong fu 1 0

Wushu 9 7

Kyu do 21 0

Martial Arts 215 205

Budo 16 9

Bugei 2 0

Bujutsu 1 1

Martial Ways 555 238

Fighting arts 2 2


Taekwandoo 1 1

Taekwon do 12 12

Tai chi 404 299

Tai Chi Chuan 70 63

Tai ji 7 7

Taiji 25 10

Taijiquan 5 5

Taiqi 1 0

Wrestling 364 165

Yawara 1 0

Yongchun 2 0

Yongmudo 1 1

The same terms separated by a space or a hyphen (e.g., kick boxing and kick-boxing) have been gathered as WOS databases searching rules ignore hyphens (similarly other databases such as SportDiscus or Scopus). Also, WOS databases consider the word do as a stopword, so a MA or CS term and the same name followed by do have been also gathered (e.g., karate and karate-do).

Prez-Gutirrez M et al Terminological recommendations


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Term Total relevant results* Results Relevant Precision Recall

Aikido 19 18 18 1 0.95

Archery 8 66 7 0.11 0.87

Boxing 210 312 176 0.56 0.84

Capoeira 19 31 19 0.61 1

Combat sports 1527 59 57 0.97 0.04

Fencing 55 462 51 0.11 0.93

French boxing 2 3 2 0.67 1

Indian wrestling 1 1 1 1 1

Jeet Kune Do 1 1 1 1 1

Judo 232 224 195 0.87 0.84

Jujitsu 12 10 6 0.60 0.67

Kalaripayatt 2 1 1 1 0.50

Kalarippayattu 2 1 1 1 0.50

Karate 122 189 107 0.57 0.88

Kempo 2 1 1 1 0.50

Kendo 13 17 12 0.71 0.92

Kickboxing 15 15 11 0.73 0.73

Kung Fu 32 32 25 0.78 0.78

Martial arts 1527 215 205 0.95 0.13

Mixed martial arts 15 13 12 0.92 0.8

Muay Thai 7 6 6 1 0.86

Mukumbusu 1 1 1 1 1

Pancration 3 1 1 1 0.33

Professional wrestling 19 18 18 1 0.95

Qigong 162 173 139 0.80 0.86

Rough and tumble 1 50 1 0.02 1

Self defense 35 481 29 0.06 0.83

Sereer wrestling 1 1 1 1 1

Silat 4 5 4 0.80 1

Soo Bahk Do 2 2 2 1 1

Sumo 18 1593 18 0.01 1

Taekwondo 76 55 48 0.87 0.63

Tai Chi 312 404 299 0.74 0.96

Wrestling 173 364 165 0.45 0.95

Yongmudo 1 1 1 1 1

Table2. Preferred MA&CS terms retrieval, precision, noise factor, recall and snobbery ratio.

*BasedonGutirrez-Garca,Prez-Gutirrez&Caldern-Tuerosresearchdata[15].


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Accordingtorecall,mostofthepreferredtermsarehigh-erthan0.80,showingtherelevanceoftheirindexationoverthoserelatedtermslistedinTable1.MA&CSsuchasKalaripayatt /Kalarippayattu, KempoandPancrationshouldbementionedduetotheirrecall,butthetotalnumberofrelevantdocumentscollectedintheirowncategoriesisveryscarce.Taekwondo(0.63),Jujitsu(0.67),Kickboxing(0.73)andKung Fu(0.78)achieveahigherto-talnumberofrelevantdocuments,andtheinformationlossshowedbyrecallindexmayslowdownthesearch-ingandcollectionoftheirrelatedstudies.Inthesameway,arecallrateover0.80maydepictagreatamountoflostofinformation,especiallyinthosetermswithahighnumberofresults,likeJudo,Boxing,Wrestling,Qigong orKarate.Forimprovedinformationretrieval,research-ersshouldundertakeotherstrategies,suchastrunca-tionrules,theuseofwildcards(e.g.,box*orwrestl*,althoughthesetechniquesmustbeusedcarefullysincetheymayalsoraisethenoisefactor),orbeawareandin-troducetheseveralMA&CStermsregardingtheirscope.

Ontheotherhand,somespellingscollectedinGutirrez-Garca,Prez-GutirrezandCaldern-Tuero[15],suchasCanaryIslandsmartialarts,Kenjutsu,KyudoandNinjutsudidnotretrieveanyrelevantresultinourresearch,indi-catingalossofinformationandproblemsrelatedwithaproperindexingstrategy(i.e.,authorsdidnotusetheMAnamesinindexedfields).Thus,MAorCSnameshouldbeaddedinanyoftheresearchindexingfields.

Finally,accordingtoMA&CSgeneralterminology,Table1resultsdistinguishbetweenthosesports-oriented(e.g.,Combat Sports,Combative Sports,etc.)ormartial-orient-edterms(e.g.,Martial Arts,Budo,Bugei,etc.).Firstex-amplesofbothorientationsareclearlypreferredamongtheotherrelatedspellings,butMartial Artsachievedahigherratewithinscientificliterature.Thus,thetermMartial ArtsisusuallyinterpretedasreferringtoAsianmartialartswhilethoseWesternmartialartssuchasFencingorBoxingusedtobeclassifiedasCombat Sports.Nevertheless,modern literature includesnonAsiancombativetraditionsintheMartialArtsconcept.Forexample,GreenandSvinthdefinemartialartsassys-tems thatblend thephysical componentsofcombatwithstrategy,philosophy,tradition,orotherfeatures,therebydistinguishing themfrompurephysical reac-tion[3,p.xix].Consideringthesecircumstances,theMartial Artstermisproposedforindexingthespecif-icliteratureunderthisscopesinceitisthemostrele-vantandintegrativeone.Atleast,bothtermsshouldbeincludedintheindexingfieldsifresearchersconsid-erthatCombat Sportstermismoreaccuratetotheir

goal.AccordingtothegreatamountoftermsrelatedwiththeMixed Martial Artsandthehighnoisefactorachievedbysomeofthem,Mixed Martial Artstermshouldbeincludedalways.

conclusions

MA&CSterminology isquitevariedcausingdiverseproblemsandslowingdownresearchersbibliographicdatacollection.Romanization,popularizationofsometerms,namesgiventoMA&CSbydifferentorganiza-tionsandsyllableseparationarethemainproblemsforthelackofstandardizedtermsinthisareaofknowledge.

Fromthepresent study, thenext recommendationsshouldbeextractedinrelationtotheterminologyusedforenhancingthevisibilityofMA&CSresearch.Theserecommendationsmaybefollowedbyauthors/academ-icsbutalsobythosepeopleinvolvedinarticlesreview-ing,editingorindexingprocesses:1.AlwaysprovideEnglishtitles,keywordsandabstracts.2.Databasessearchingrules,featuresandlimitsshould

bewellknownandconsidered.3.EnterthemostcommontermforeachMA&CS(Table

2)intheindexingfields.4.InthoseMA&CStermsthathavenotbeenusedyet,

getinformationandchoosethemostcommontermlabellingtheminternationally.

5.IncludeMartial ArtsandCombat Sportstermsinthe indexing fields,butmainly the former.This isespeciallyimportantinthosetermsachievingahighrateinnoisefactormeasureorwithalownumberofresultsduetoitslackofresearchatpresent.

6.ChooseMixed Martial Artstermfordesignatingtheseveralstylespracticedregardingthistopic.

7.Fornow,anduntilMA&CStermsstandardizationinscientificliteratureisachieved,beawareandincludetheseveralknowntermsandspellingsinrelationtoeachMAorCSinyourdatabasessearches.

Finally,authorswouldliketoemphasizethatalthoughMA&CSterminologystandardizationisnotclaimedinthispaper,academicsareencouragedtotakeintoac-counttheserecommendationsforthehighervisibilityoftheirpublicationsandsubsequentfacilitationfortheresearchersbibliographicsearchesasithasbeenstressedinpastevents[18].

Acknowledgement

AnearlierversionofthispaperwaspresentedduringtheScientific Congress on Martial Arts and Combat Sports inViseu,Portugal,13th15thMay2011.

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