Full-scale plant for the elimination of pharmaceuticals in ......16th International EWA Symposium, IFAT 2012, Munich, 8th-9th May Full-scale plant for the elimination of pharmaceuticals

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16th International EWA Symposium, IFAT 2012, Munich, 8th-9th May

Full-scale plant for the elimination of

pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater –

Comparison of advanced treatment technologies

Dr. Issa Nafo

Sven Lyko

Emschergenossenschaft (Essen, Germany)

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Content

• Sources and pathways of pharmaceutical residues

• Current framework regarding pharmaceuticals in waters

• EU-project PILLS: Elimination of pharmaceuticals at local sources

• Results of a full-scale investigation

Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater

Treatment efficiency of MBR, Ozone and Powdered activated carbon

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Emschergenossenschaft (EG) and Lippeverband (LV)

• 2 Water Associations working as a joint company since approx. 100 years

• Public corporations

• Management of the natural catchment areas of Emscher and Lippe

• Different services around the water cycle 3

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Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband Public corporations - Management of the catchment of the rivers Emscher and Lippe

Emscher-

genossenschaft

Lippe-

verband

Area (km2) 865 3,280

Inhabitants (mil.) 2.4 1.4

Inhabitants / km2 2,775 427

→ Operation of 60 wastewater treatment plants

→ Treatment of 1 billion m³ sewage/year (approx.) 4

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Retention and Management of Rainwater

Groundwater Management

Wastewater Disposal Flood Protection

River Management

River –Restoring and Regeneration

Restructuring of mining facilities

Managing Water- flow Residue Disposal

Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband Services around the water cycle

220 km Dikes

49 Flood retention basins

269 Stormwater treatment devices

1.149 km Sewer

289 Pumping stations

752 km Watercourse

806 km² Polder area

3.400 Groundwater monitoring wells

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Human drugs

Sources and pathways

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Veterinary drugs


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Current framework (1)

There are no legal requirements for the discharge of wastewater contaminated by

pharmaceuticals residues into waters

Pharmaceuticals in wastewater are not relevant for the design of wastewater treatment

plants

Clarification Primary treatment Filtration

(optional) Denitrification

Activated sludge

Nitrification

Grid

Phosphate

precipitation

(Fe, Al)

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0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

Ibuprofen Diclofenac Carbamazepine Iopamidol Iohexol Iopromid

Inflow

Outflow

Mean concentration of plant inflow

and outflow in μg/L (n = 4)

(Elimination rate in %)

(99)

(0)

(0)

(30)

(80)

(40)

7,0 4,6

Current framework (2) Conventional wastewater treatment plants are not able to eliminate all pharmaceuticals

residues efficiently

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Current framework (3)

There is still a lack of long-term experiences in operating advanced wastewater treatment technologies in "real life"

Membrane

filtration Oxidation processes

Adsorption on

activated

carbon

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⇒ Which pharmaceuticals are relevant?

⇒ What is the contribution of healthcare institutions to the overall emission?

⇒ What are the practical and economical consequences of advanced (local)

wastewater treatment?

⇒ What steps are needed for a sustainable reduction of the overall emissions?

The EU project PILLS Pharmaceuticals Input and Elimination at Local Sources

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PILLS Partnership

Limoges

Zürich

Luxemboug

Essen

Zwolle

Glasgow

2 Water associations

2 Universities

And 2 research institutes

Budget: 8,0 Million Euro

Project Duration: 2008 – 2012

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LE

AD

PA

RT

NE

R

Pro

ject &

fina

ncia

l ma

na

ge

me

nt

WP 4

Communication

PROJECT STEERING GROUP Representatives of all partners

Responsible

partner: DE

Responsibility & quality control of joint outcomes and products

WP 3

Assessment

WP 2

Technology

WP 1

Analysis

Responsible

partner: LU

Responsible

partner: NL

Responsible

partner: UK

Scientific

Board

PILLS Management Structure

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Membrane

filtration Oxidation processes

Adsorption on

activated carbon

Microfiltration Ozonation Powdered activated carbon

Ultrafiltration Advanced oxidation processes

(TiO2/UV, H2O2/O3, UV)

Granulated activated

carbon

Reverse osmosis

Work Package Technology Development & Investigation of wastewater treatment technologies at local sources

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Investigated pilot plants in the PILLS project S

ma

ll-s

ca

le p

lan

ts

Fu

ll-s

ca

le p

lan

ts

1.2

m³/

day

1-

3 m

³/d

ay

200

m³/

day

10

m³/

ho

ur

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Building of the Pilot plant at Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen (Germany)

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Membran-Bioreactor

(MBR)

Powdered activated

carbon reactor (PAC)

Exhaust air

treatment

Ozone reactor

Treatment technologies in the pilot plant

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Pilot plant design allows different operation modes of the treatment technologies

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Fine Screen Biological Treatment Membrane

Filtration

Ozone reactor

(3 m³)

Powdered activated

carbon (PAC, 9 m³)

to Sludge

Treatment

(external)

Sand Filtration

(moving bed)

200 m³/d

250 m³

Operation modes:

1. MBR → 100% O3 → 100% PAC → river

2. MBR → 100% PAC → 100% O3 → river

3. MBR → 50% O3 and 50% PAC → river

4. MBR → 100% O3 (partly recirculated) → river

5. MBR → 50% O3 and 50% PAC (recycled to MBR)

6. MBR → 100% O3 → river

7. MBR → 100% PAC → river

8. MBR → river

9. MBR → 100% O3 → SF→ river

10.PAC addition in MBR → river

Applied Doses:

• 5 mg O3/L (0.5 g O3/g DOC)

• 20 mg PAC/L

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Scre

en

ing

Tre

atm

en

t e

ffic

ien

cy

Preliminary sampling

campaign before pilot

plant implementation:

Characterisation of the

hospital wastewater

• Sampling of hospital effluent

• 24 h flow-proportional composite samples

• 1 Week intensive screening (31. Jan - 6. Feb 2011)

• 121 substances

• 17 groups of substances (pharmaceuticals and metabolites ,

dsinfection agents, chemicals, …)

Main sampling campaign

after pilot plant

implementation:

Process analysis

• 24 h flow-proportional composite samples

• Relevant substances in13 groups of pharmaceuticals and

metabolites

• Classical wastewater parameters (TSS, COD, BOD, N, P)

• Sampling of influent and effluent of treatment processes

Conducted sampling campaigns

MBR Ozone reactor

Sand filter

OFI

AC

PAC reactor

Sand filter

OS

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Pharmaceutical loads in raw hospital wastewater Intensive sampling campaign Jan 31 – Feb 06, 2011(24h composite samples), n = 7

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X-ray contrast media98,677%

Analgesics / Anti-Inflammatories

0,392%

Antibiotics0,322%

Enzyme inhibitor0,180%

Diuretics0,166%

Betablockers / Anti-hypertensives

0,119%Metabolites of

pharamaceuticals0,069%

Lipid Regulators0,031%

Antiepileptics0,025%

Psycho-active Drugs

0,009%

Hormones0,004%

Cytostatics0,003%

Andere1,323%

Pharmaceuticals in hospital raw wastewaterIntensive sampling campaign Jan 31 – Feb 06, 2011(24h composite samples), n = 7

total loads 3,59 kg/d

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Load distribution of analgesics and NSAIDs in the raw hospital wastewater Intensive sampling campaign Jan 31 – Feb 06, 2011(24h composite samples), n = 7

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The load of 4 substances (ibuprofen, diclofenac, indometacin and naproxen) represents

60% of the total amount of the detected 14 NSDAIDs in the raw hospital wastewater

Carprofen 0,6%

Diclofenac 9,1%

Fenoprofen 0,0%

Flurbiprofen 0,2%

Ibuprofen 41,3%

Indometazin 8,3%

Indoprofen 1,2%

Ketoprofen 0,0%

Naproxen 1,8%

Paracetamol 30,7%

Phenanzone 1,5%

Propyphenanzone 0,1%

Tolfenamic acid 0,1%

Tramadol 5,0%

total load: 14.06 g/day

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Mean concentration of analgesics and NSAIDs in raw hospital wastewater Intensive sampling campaign Jan 31 – Feb 06, 2011(24h composite samples), n = 7

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

co

nce

ntr

ation

in

µg

/l

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Concentration variation of analgesics and NSAIDs in raw hospital wastewater Intensive sampling campaign Jan 31 – Feb 06, 2011(24h composite samples), n = 7

SunSatFriThuWedTueMon SunSatFriThuWedTueMon

24

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9conc.µg/l Diclofenac

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40conc.µg/l Ibuprofen

0

2

4

6

8

10

12conc.µg/l Indometacin

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4conc.µg/l Naproxen

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Evaluation of pilot plant treatment efficiency

Focus in this presentation:

• analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

• Operation mode MBR → 50% O3 and 50% PAC → river

MBR Ozone reactor

Sand filter

OFI

AC

PAC reactor

50% of MBR permeate

treated by ozonation

50% of MBR permeate

treated by PAC addition

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Process performance of the MBR Stable operation since start-up in April 2011

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From April to September 2011 a total of 16,000 m³ hospital wastewater were treated. The

average flow rate of 100 m³/d is below the maximum design value of 200 m³/d.

Process Parameter Unit Median ± Standard

deviation

Flow rate hospital wastewater m³/d 90.0 ± 21.4

MLSS concentration kg/m³ 9.5 ± 0.9

T in bioreactor °C 26.8 ± 1.0

pH in bioreactor - 6.8 ± 0.2

O2 in bioreactor mg/L 0.8 ± 0.5

Sludge production kg/m³ 0.095

Organic sludge load gCOD/gTSS/d 0.0396

Permeability L/m²/h/bar 171 ± 46

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Effluent quality of the pilot plant MBR had a good biological removal efficiency regarding classical parameters

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Biological transformation in the MBR is the major treatment process to achieve the current

required effluent quality for the rejection of plant effluent into surface water body

Parameter Unit Required

effluent quality Influent Effluent Elimination

COD mg/L 110 709 ± 280 31.0 ± 6.0 96 %

Total N mg/L - 64 ± 11 3.3 ± 5.8 95 %

Total P mg/L - 8.3 ± 1.3 2.0 ± 5.6 76 %

TSS mg/L - 97 ± 33 < 10 > 90 %

BOD mg/L - 325 ± 112 < 3 > 99 %

n = 7

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Elimination of the selected NSDAIs MBR reduced the load of the selected NSAIDs considerably

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0,00

1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

5,00

6,00

MBR influent MBR effluent MBR + 5mg O3/L MBR + 20 mgPAC/L + SF

load (g/day)

Naproxen

Indometacin

Diclofenac

Ibuprofen

96% removed

n = 7

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Elimination of the selected NSDAIs Pilot plant reduced the concentration of the selected NSAIDs considerably

NSAID Elimination MBR Elimination

Ozonation Elimination PAC-SF

Ibuprofen 99.9% 62.% 52%

Diclofenac 25.9% 95.% 59%

Indometacin 87.5%* -* -*

Naproxen 91.9% 53.8%* 53.8%*

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n = 7

* Concentration below detection limit (calculation with detection limit)

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NSAIDs in effluent of the advanced treatment

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0,05 0,02 0,02

2,00

0,10

0,82

<LOQ <LOQ <LOQ

0,026 <LOQ <LOQ

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

MBR effluent MBR + 5mg O3/L MBR + 20 mgPAC/L + SF

conc. (ug/L)

Ibuprofen

Diclofenac

Indometacin

Naproxen

n = 7

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Some options to reduce pharmaceuticals in waters

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Politics and

Authorities Labeling of existing "water relevant" drugs

Changes in the legal framework (human and veterinary drugs)

Development and optimization of recycling schemes

Industry Development of degradable "water-friendly" drugs

Adjustment of the dosage amounts to the needs of the human body

Medical

System

Change in prescribing practice

Appropriate counseling in pharmacies

Information for a changed use of medicines

The minimization of the emissions is a common task!

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Communication Encourage stakeholders for actions

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Key messages

• Local sources may be hot spots for pharmaceuticals emission in the

sewer system

• MBR, Ozonation and PAC addition can reduce pharmaceutical loads

at local sources considerably

• Advanced wastewater treatment at local sources can be one measure

among others for the reduction of pharmaceuticals emissions to

waters

• Integrated actions are required in all steps of the life cycle of

pharmaceuticals to reduce the emissions to waters

• Policy framework is needed which ensure a sustainable approach:

Produce environment-friendly substances

Use environment-friendly substances or use less substances

Reduce losses & emissions

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Thank you for your attention!

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Acknowledgment: • Investments of the full-scale plants and investigations co-financed in the

framework of the EU INTERREG IV B project PILLS

• Staff of the Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen

• Operation staff of the pilot plant Emschergenossenschaft

• Joint laboratory of Ruhrverband/Emschergenossenschaft/Lippeverband

(chemical analyses)

• IUTA (chemical analyses)

• Tuttahs & Meyer (engineering consultancies)

www.pills-project.eu

Documents

Full-scale plant for the elimination of pharmaceuticals in ......16th International EWA Symposium, IFAT 2012, Munich, 8th-9th May Full-scale plant for the elimination of pharmaceuticals